Quantification Of Enrofloxacin Research Articles

Bridging one health and sustainable analysis: enrofloxacin quantification amid combined therapy and its active metabolite in various matrices using green RP-HPLC

Antibiotics play a crucial role in the treatment of infectious diseases in both humans and animals. However, their extensive utilization has caused significant potential harm to both wildlife and humans. Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a common veterinary antibiotic, which is not approved for human use due to associated toxicities. It is often combined with other antibiotics to expand the antibacterial range. It is crucial to monitor and measure the levels of ENR medication in various matrices. RP-HPLC is highly effective for analyzing antibiotics due to its sensitivity, specificity, and ability to handle complex samples. By adopting eco-friendly solvents, decreasing solvent consumption, and limiting waste we developed a method for determination and quantification of ENR, amoxicillin (AMX), and ENR active metabolite in different matrices. The method utilized a reversed stationary phase and a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer pH 3.0: ethanol (90:10 v/v) pumped at 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 254.0 nm. Moreover, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental friendliness of the established method was conducted using various tools including the Green Certificate Classification (GCC) and Analytical Greenness AGREE and RGB12. The method was validated for its accuracy and precision in quantifying ENR, demonstrating its potential for the effective monitoring of ENR and contributing to public health protection.Graphical

HPLC Method for Simultaneous Identification and Quantification of Enrofloxacin, Bromhexine*HCl and Their Related Substances/Degradation Products, in Veterinary Pharmaceutical Product, Bromflovet

HPLC Method for Simultaneous Identification and Quantification of Enrofloxacin, Bromhexine*HCl and Their Related Substances/Degradation Products, in Veterinary Pharmaceutical Product, Bromflovet

Reliable and Rapid Detection and Quantification of Enrofloxacin Using a Ratiometric SERS Aptasensor

Reliable detection and quantification of antibiotic residues in food using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy remain challenging, since the intensities of SERS signals are vulnerable to matrix and experimental factors. In this work, a ratiometric SERS aptasensor using 6-Carboxyl-X-Rhodamine (ROX)-labeled aptamers and 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN)-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as SERS probes was established for the reliable and rapid detection and quantification of enrofloxacin. In the presence of enrofloxacin, the conformational transform of aptamers took place, and the distance between ROX and Au NP increased, which resulted in a decrease in the SERS signal intensity of ROX. Meanwhile, the intensity of the SERS signal of 4-MBN was used as an internal standard. Reliable determination of enrofloxacin was realized using the ratio of the SERS signal intensities of ROX to 4-MBN. Under optimal conditions, the developed ratiometric SERS aptasensor provided a wide linear range from 5 nM to 1 µM, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.12 nM (0.043 ppb). In addition, the developed ratiometric SERS aptasensor was successfully applied for the determination of enrofloxacin in fish and chicken meat, with recovery values of 93.6-112.0%. Therefore, the established ratiometric SERS aptasensor is sensitive, reliable, time-efficient, and has the potential to be applied in the on-site detection of enrofloxacin in complex matrices.

Electrochemical techniques to detect and quantify Enrofloxacin in presence of highly potential interferences: Assays in Chilean aqueous-soil matrices

The bio-availability of antibiotics on the environment is an issue of great interest and concern due to the high impact they can produce over it. In this context, the high use of fluoroquinolones, such as Enrofloxacin, due to the agricultural activity in Chile, has provoked the accumulation of these compounds in the soil. At this point, the detection and so the quantification of Enrofloxacin becomes a real challenge due the presence of potential interferences. In this work, a comparative study of two electrochemical techniques is presented, in order to detect and quantify Enrofloxacin in presence of potential interferences such as Ciprofloxacin and humic acids from Ralun and Frutillar, as well as commercial humic acid. The results show that electrochemical techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry and Square Wave Voltammetry can be very useful over conventional techniques in order to detect and quantify this antibiotic in presence of abovementioned interferences in a soil-solution matrix, since they show high linearity, low limits of detection and quantification, which open the chance of using these electrochemical devices as possible amperometric sensors, considering the complementary use of other analytical techniques (LC-MS) in order to improve selectivity, by using these electrochemical techniques.

Investigation of the possibility of detection of fluoroquinolones in carp kidney by microbiological diffusion method

Fish is one of the most valuable food products used in human nutrition, due to the content of proteins, fat, minerals, vitamins, essential n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cholesterol. To meet the growing needs of the population for this kind of food, fish are increasingly grown in aquaculture. Intensive fish production, due to increased stock density, is favoring the occurrence of bacterial diseases. As a consequence, there is increased morbidity and mortality, reduced growth and reduced leasing sockets materials, which pose a serious problem for the aquaculture and lead to massive use of chemotherapeutics. Antibiotics are the common practice for the treatment of bacterial infections in fish ponds, and flurohinolones are used as antibiotics of choice. Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics that have a broad spectrum of activity, low toxicity and only a few side effects in the treated fish. However, residues of antibiotic in fish tissues represent a real risk to human health. Consumption of fish containing residues of antibiotics can cause allergic, toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the residual amounts of antibiotics in fish tissues, that can be achieved by using reliable laboratory methods and techniques. Because of this, the goal of the work was set to investigate the possibility of identification and quantification of fluoroquinolones in the kidneys of carp by microbiological diffusion method, using the test organism E. coli ATCC 11303. The investigations revealed that microbiological diffusion method enables detection of all five fluoroquinolones (oxolinic acid, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, difloxacin and flumequine) in kidney of carp at different maximum residue levels, MRL (100 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 600mg/kg, respectively). Identification and quantification of fluoroquinolones at MRL levels was only achieved for enrofloxacin, flumequine and difloksacin. These fluoroquinolones can be detected and quantified at the level below the MRL, i.e. at the level of 1/4 MRL. Contrary to these fluoroquinolones, sarafloxacin can be detected only at the level of 2MRL and oxolinic acid can be detected at the level of 4MRL, as well. EU regulations provide that a screening method can be applicable only if a compound can be detected in the amount of at least at the MRL, and the ½ MRL is recommended. This means that the microbiological diffusion method can be used in routine analytical practice for the identification and quantification of enrofloxacin, flumequine and difloxacin in kidney tissues of carp.