Quality Traits In Wheat Research Articles

Associations between agronomic and bread-making quality traits in wheat: location and crop-year effects

The present study aimed to evaluate the associations between agronomic and bread-making quality traits in wheat under different growing environments. Nineteen Brazilian wheat cultivars were evaluated at six locations (Cascavel-PR, Castro-PR, Guarapuava-PR, Palotina-PR, Abelardo Luz-SC, and Não-Me-Toque-RS) during five years (2007 to 2011). The direction and magnitude of the associations between agronomic and bread-making quality traits were strongly dependent on the test location and year of evaluation. This study discusses the impli­cations of choosing test locations on bread-making quality traits and for breeding purposes, with emphasis on indirect selection.

Stability analysis for grain yield and some quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.

The present study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and stability for grain yield (GY), 1000- grain weight (TGW), protein content (PC), grain iron (Fe) and grain zinc (Zn) concentration under three varied environmental locations using 28 diverse wheat genotypes (including three checks i.e., WH1105, DPW621-50, and HD2967 ). The material was sown at three locations during Rabi 2015-2016. Pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant variance due to environments for all the traits studied indicating differential response of the genotypes. The genotype BWL 3584 exhibited stable performance across the environments for grain yield and grain zinc concentration under un-favorable environment also shows potential for high grain yield and high grain zinc concentration. After further confirmation, genotype BWL 3584 could be utilized as potential donor in hybridization programme to improve grain yield and grain zinc concentration. Further, genotype SABW 225 showed consistent performance across the environments for TGW and PC content. Whereas, PBW 744 was found to be suitable for GY (6142 kg/ha), coupled with PC (12.09%) and Zn (52.18ppm) across the locations followed by PBW 725 (6094, 12.26 and 46.96) and BWL 3584 (5219, 12.63 and 50.23) GY, PC and Grain Zn, respectively)and BWL 3584 (5219, 12.63 and 50.23) could be utilized as a donor in routine breeding programme to improve grain yield and quality traits in bread wheat.

Genetic diversity analysis for various morphological and quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present investigation was carried out during 2011-12 in a randomized block design (RBD) with 35 diverse wheat genotypes to assess the genetic diversity for various morphological and quality traits. The analysis of variance for grain yield and its contributing components namely days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, productive tillers, plant height, spike length, spikelets pet spike, grains per spikelet, biological yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and gluten content showed highly significant differences (at <1% level of significance) among the genotypes under present study. High heritability along with high genetic advance and high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for grain yield (g), biological yield (g), harvest index (%), spike length (cm) and 1000 grain weight (g) indicated substantial contribution of additive gene action in the expression and thus selection would be effective for genetic improvement of these traits for improving grain yield in wheat. On the basis of multivariate analysis, 35 genotypes were grouped into ‘6’ clusters based on genetic divergence (D2 ) value. The compositions of clusters revealed that the Cluster IV contained the highest number of genotypes (9) followed by Cluster II (8), Cluster VI (8) and Cluster III (7). The highest inter cluster values were recorded between cluster III and V (8357.19) followed by cluster IV and V (7513.88), cluster IV and VI (6009.44) and cluster III and VI (5530.40) exhibiting wide genetic diversity. Among different traits, biological yield (32.12%), productive tillers (28.74%), harvest index (26.71%), plant height (24.20%), grain yield (19.23%) and grains per spikelets (14.89%) had maximum contribution to total genetic divergence, therefore may be used as selection parameters in transgressive segregants. Selection of genotypes from the clusters may be used as potential donors for further hybridization programme to develop genotypes with high yield potential in wheat crop.

Genome-Wide Association Studies and Comparison of Models and Cross-Validation Strategies for Genomic Prediction of Quality Traits in Advanced Winter Wheat Breeding Lines.

The aim of the this study was to identify SNP markers associated with five important wheat quality traits (grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation, test weight, thousand-kernel weight, and falling number), and to investigate the predictive abilities of GBLUP and Bayesian Power Lasso models for genomic prediction of these traits. In total, 635 winter wheat lines from two breeding cycles in the Danish plant breeding company Nordic Seed A/S were phenotyped for the quality traits and genotyped for 10,802 SNPs. GWAS were performed using single marker regression and Bayesian Power Lasso models. SNPs with large effects on Zeleny sedimentation were found on chromosome 1B, 1D, and 5D. However, GWAS failed to identify single SNPs with significant effects on the other traits, indicating that these traits were controlled by many QTL with small effects. The predictive abilities of the models for genomic prediction were studied using different cross-validation strategies. Leave-One-Out cross-validations resulted in correlations between observed phenotypes corrected for fixed effects and genomic estimated breeding values of 0.50 for grain protein content, 0.66 for thousand-kernel weight, 0.70 for falling number, 0.71 for test weight, and 0.79 for Zeleny sedimentation. Alternative cross-validations showed that the genetic relationship between lines in training and validation sets had a bigger impact on predictive abilities than the number of lines included in the training set. Using Bayesian Power Lasso instead of GBLUP models, gave similar or slightly higher predictive abilities. Genomic prediction based on all SNPs was more effective than prediction based on few associated SNPs.

Stability analysis for yield and quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Experiment was conducted with eleven varieties of wheat for fourteen qualitative and quantitative traits in three date of sowing with 15 days interval viz. , 08 th Nov. (Early sown as E 1 ), 23 rd Nov. (Normal sown as E 2 ), 08 th Dec. (Late sown as E 3 ) during Rabi-2016-17 season at Experimental Farm of Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture, Latur, Maharashtra. Highly significant variations due to genotypes against pooled error revealed the presence of genetic variability for all the traits except yield per plant under study. The component G x E interaction being highly significant indicated that genotypes interacted considerably to environmental conditions in different environments. The predominance of linear component would help in predicting the performance of genotypes across environment. For yield per plant the genotypes, MACS-6222, PBN-3958 and GW-480 exhibited higher mean, bi near to unity and non-significant deviation from regression line, that genotype was stable under all environments. However, the genotypes MP-1323 for number of tillers per plant and harvest index (%), MACS-6222 for protein content (%) were stable over all environment. November 23 rd normal sown was the most optimum time of sowing for wheat crop.

Combining ability analysis of some yield and quality traits in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf

Combining ability analysis of some yield and quality traits in durum wheat (<i>Triticum</i> <i>durum</i> Desf

English

English

Identification of heterotic cross combinations for various agromorphological and some quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A study was conducted to identify the best heterotic cross for various agromorphological and some quality traits involving 10 parents and their 45 F1s excluding reciprocals during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The higher magnitude of heterosis for all the agromorphological and quality traits was not expressed in a single cross combination. It varied from cross to cross due to diverse genetic background of their parents. The highest heterobeltiosis (35.68%, 11.11%, 11.44%), average heterosis (38.97%, 9.13%, 10.26%) and standard heterosis (31.09%, 7.84%, 10.41%) for grain yield, spikelets per spike and grains per spike respectively, was showed by HD 3095 x RAJ 4246 and this cross also showed highly significant (at &lt;1% level of significant) heterosis for biological yield, flag leaf area, spike length and productive tillers. Whereas PBW 435 x RAJ 4246 were common for gluten content (8.52% and 7.72%), grain yield (33.11% and 33.64%), productive tillers (16.15% and 13.53%) and biological yield (36.27% and 21.98%) which showed superior average heterosis and heterobeltiosis respectively, therefore, these crosses may be exploit-ed in a national hybrid wheat breeding programme may offer genetic improvement in breeding for higher grain yield, agromorphological and quality traits in bread wheat. The presence of high heterosis for yield contributing compo-nents is not only for developing hybrids through exploitation of heterosis but also helps to produce transgressive segregants for developing of superior homozygous lines.

Saline soil properties, quality and productivity of wheat grown with bagasse ash and thiourea in different climatic zones

Soil salinity and atmosphere temperature change have negative impacts on crop productivity and its quality and can pose a significant risk to soil properties in semi-arid regions. We conducted two field experiments in North (first zone) and South (second zone) of Egypt to investigate the effects of soil bagasse ash (10 ton ha−1), foliar thiourea (240 g ha−1) and their combination in comparison to the control treatment on saline soil properties and productivity and quality traits of wheat. All studied treatments were received the recommended rate of N, P and K fertilizations. Combination of soil bagasse ash and foliar thiourea application resulted in a significant improvement of most studied soil properties (i.e. EC, compaction, hydraulic conductivity, OM and available P, K, N contents) after harvest in comparison to other treatments in both of zones. Also, it enhanced growth and grain yield of wheat in terms of photosynthesis related attributes and yield components. Moreover, combination of soil bagasse ash and foliar thiourea application resulted in superior grain quality traits in terms of carbohydrate, fibre, protein and ash contents than separated application of soil bagasse ash, foliar thiourea or even control treatment. In conclusion, combination of soil bagasse ash and foliar thiourea application can be used as suitable option to enhance plant nutrition, wheat productivity and improve wheat grain quality and soil traits in saline soil as well as can alleviate heat stress.

Genetic analysis for various agromorphological and quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A study was made to estimate gene action and combining ability effects involving 10 diverse parents and their 45 F1s (half diallel approach) developed and evaluated during 2012-13 and 2013-14 crop seasons, respectively. The general combining ability (GCA) estimates for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes namely, HD 2967 (days to maturity, plant height); DBW 90 (plant height, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, grain yield); HD 2824 (plant height, spikelets/spike); HD 3095 (spikelets/spike, grains/spike, grain yield); and HD 2733 (plant height, days to maturity and grains/spike) showed favourable GCA effects. Estimates of specific combining ability (SCA) effects revealed that cross combinations DBW 90 × HD 2733, HD 3095 × RAJ 4246, PBW 435 × HD 2824, PBW 435 × RAJ 4246 and HD 2967 × RAJ 4246 showed high and significant SCA effects, and thus might be exploited through heterosis breeding to improve these traits. Significant values of additive (D) and dominance (H1) variance for six traits (plantheight, grains/spike, spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight, gluten content and grain yield) indicated that expression of these traits is controlled by both additive and non-additive type of gene action. Positive and significant values of h2 for plant height, grains/spike, spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield; indicated preponderance of dominance component. Average degree of dominance (H1/D)1/2 was more than unity in most of the F15 for grains/spike, spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight, gluten content and grain yield, thereby indicating the preponderance of over-dominance gene action. Positive and significant values of F-test indicated the preponderance of dominance and positive genesin the expression of these traits. The proportionate distribution of dominant and recessive alleles indicated presence of dominant alleles in the parents. Regression analysis indicated that days to maturity, plant height, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, gluten content and grain yield were governed by dominance gene action. Genotype HD 3095 contained maximum dominant genes for days to maturity, spikelets/spike; while HD 2967 for plant height, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight and HD 2824 for gluten content and grain yield that thus these could be utilized as donorsfor bi-parental mating or diallel selective mating system for improvement in these traits.

Quality traits in winter wheat: Comparison of stability parameters and correlations between traits regarding their stability

Fluctuations of environmental conditions increase variability in both grain yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In order to evaluate stability, different stability parameters of the static or the dynamic concept can be applied, which could be negatively correlated. While correlation analysis of the mean performance between traits is common, correlations between stability estimates for quality traits have not been investigated, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Therefore, indirect, rheological and baking traits, and grain yield from two datasets were analysed, and the mean performance, each three stability parameters of the two different concepts (static and dynamic) were calculated over all environments within each dataset.Results showed that stability parameters of the same concept were significantly positively correlated for almost all traits. Between the stability concepts, there was only one significant negative correlation, indicating that no trade-off between the two stability concepts exists. A trade-off between stability and mean performance occurred only for five traits, suggesting only a weak trade-off between stability and mean performance, allowing the development of cultivars that are of both stable and of high quality. Clusters of traits that showed similar stability could be identified but were not consistent across stability parameters and datasets.

Accelerating wheat breeding for end-use quality with multi-trait genomic predictions incorporating near infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance-derived phenotypes

Using NIR and NMR predictions of quality traits overcomes a major barrier for the application of genomic selection to accelerate improvement in grain end-use quality traits of wheat. Grain end-use quality traits are among the most important in wheat breeding. These traits are difficult to breed for, as their assays require flour quantities only obtainable late in the breeding cycle, and are expensive. These traits are therefore an ideal target for genomic selection. However, large reference populations are required for accurate genomic predictions, which are challenging to assemble for these traits for the same reasons they are challenging to breed for. Here, we use predictions of end-use quality derived from near infrared (NIR) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that require very small amounts of flour, as well as end-use quality measured by industry standard assay in a subset of accessions, in a multi-trait approach for genomic prediction. The NIR and NMR predictions were derived for 19 end-use quality traits in 398 accessions, and were then assayed in 2420 diverse wheat accessions. The accessions were grown out in multiple locations and multiple years, and were genotyped for 51208 SNP. Incorporating NIR and NMR phenotypes in the multi-trait approach increased the accuracy of genomic prediction for most quality traits. The accuracy ranged from 0 to 0.47 before the addition of the NIR/NMR data, while after these data were added, it ranged from 0 to 0.69. Genomic predictions were reasonably robust across locations and years for most traits. Using NIR and NMR predictions of quality traits overcomes a major barrier for the application of genomic selection for grain end-use quality traits in wheat breeding.

Identification of genotyping-by-sequencing sequence tags associated with milling performance and end-use quality traits in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) utilizes Next-Generation sequencing to genetically and physically map traits of interest. Here we use GBS to identify QTLs and SNP markers associated with milling and end-use quality traits in an hard red spring wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. The RIL population and parents were phenotyped for eleven milling and end-use quality traits, and genotyped using GBS technology, simple sequence repeat (SSR) and allele specific sequence tagged site markers. A genetic map comprising 696 markers was used to map the end-use quality traits. Multiple QTL mapping identified 79 QTLs, 19 of which were declared ‘major’ as they explained greater than 15% of the phenotypic variance each. Transgressive segregants were observed for all phenotypes and co-locating QTLs controlling multiple quality traits were confirmed on chromosomes 1BL, 5AS, 7AS, 7AL and 7BS. To date, no GBS analysis to locate end-use quality QTLs in wheat has been conducted, thus the reporting and validation of these GBS sequence tags and their associated QTLs will shed light on the genetic architecture underlying these quantitative traits and assist wheat breeders in developing cultivars with favorable alleles through the use of marker assisted selection.

Determination of grain yield and quality traits of some bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties

Gunumuzde kullanim amacina gore, bugdayin tane verimi yaninda bazi kalite ozelliklerinin de belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu calisma, Yozgat ekolojik kosullarinda 14 farkli ekmeklik bugday cesidinin verim ve kalite yonunden durumlarini belirlemek amaciyla 2010-2014 yillari arasinda yurutulmustur. Deneme tesaduf bloklari deneme desenine gore uc tekrarlamali olarak gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmada cesitlerin bitki boyu, tane verimi, bin tane agirligi, hektolitre agirligi, kul orani, yag orani, protein icerigi, nisasta icerigi, yas gluten icerigi, Zeleny sedimentasyon degeri, asit deterjanda cozunmeyen lif (ADF) ve notr deterjanda cozunmeyen lif (NDF) degerleri incelenmistir. Uc yilin ortalamasina gore cesitlerin bitki boylari 60.2–80.3 cm, tane verimleri 290.5 – 372.2 kg da -1 , bin tane agirliklari 29.2–38.4 g, hektolitre agirliklari 77.7–79.7 kg arasinda degisim gostermistir. Kul oranlari % 1.62 – 1.82, yag oranlari % 1.40 – 1.91, protein oranlari % 12.0–13.8, nisasta icerigi % 61.6 – 65.0, yas gluten icerigi % 23.9 – 28.0, sedimentasyon degerleri 21.5–33.1 ml, ADF ve NDF degerleri ise sirasiyla % 3.5 – 4.4 ile % 14.9 – 16.0 arasinda degismistir. En yuksek tane verimi Tosunbey (372.2 kg da -1 ), Flamura 85 (367.1 kg da -1 ), Syrena Odes'ka (357.0 kg da -1 ) cesitlerinden elde edilmistir. Bununla birlikte, Biplot analiz grafigine gore de Tosunbey ve Syrena Odes’ka cesitleri hektolitre agirligi, bin tane agirligi, nisasta ve yag orani ile bitki boyu bakimindan one cikmislardir.

Environmental effect on genetic gains and its impact on bread-making quality traits in Brazilian spring wheat

Environmental effect on genetic gains and its impact on bread-making quality traits in Brazilian spring wheat

Genetic architecture of various agromorphological and some quality traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A study was conducted for estimating genetic parameters involving 10 parents and their 45 F1s (half diallel) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) der timely sown condition of north western plains zone of India during 2011-12 and 2012-13. Positive and significant values of F component were estimated for yield and its contributing traits in F1s indicating the preponderance of dominance and positive genes in the parents involed. The estimates of h2 were positive and significant for days to maturity (2.97), plant height (28.14), peduncle length (5.48), productive tillers (0.55), spike length (0.76), spikelets/spike (26.28), grains/spike (228.45), biological yield (149.71), grain yield (73.58), harvest index (33.15), and 1 000 grain weight (21.71). The theoretical value (0.25) of (H2/4H1) for all the traits indicated asymmetrical distribution of positive and negative genes. The proportion of dominant and recessive alleles for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, peduncle length, productive tillers, spike length, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and 1 000 grain weight, indicated preponderance of dominant alleles in the parents for these traits, whereas traits namely; flag leaf area, spikelets/spikes, grains/spike and gluten content, reflected more recessive alleles in the parents. Estimates of SCA effects revealed that the best cross combinations for respective traits were K 9162 × UP 2425, PBW 373 × UP 2425, K 9423 × Unnat Halna, K 9423 × HUW 560, Raj 3765 × NW 1014, K 9423 × NW 1014, NW 1014 × NW 1076, Raj 3765 × PBW, K 9423 × NW 1076, Raj 3765 × NW 1076, Raj 3765 × Unnat Halna and Unnat Halna x HUW 560 may be exploited through heterosis breeding programme to improve these traits in bread wheat. The traits showing more than 30% narrow sense heritability could be rewarding for further improvement of grain yield and gluten content in bread wheat. It may therefore be concluded that these parental lines could be used as donors for improving both the components following biparental mating or diallel selective mating system could be the best breeding methodology followed by early generation selection for improvement in these traits.

Rapid and convenient gel‐free screening of SCAR markers in wheat using SYBR green‐based melt‐profiling

AbstractSequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers that are highly desirable in crop breeding for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) are routinely analysed by gel‐based methods that are low‐throughput, time‐consuming and laborious. In this study, we showed a rapid and convenient method for analysis of SCAR markers in a gel‐free manner. Seven SCAR markers, linked to rust resistance genes (Sr24, Sr26 and Sr31) and seed quality traits (Pina, Pinb and Glu‐D1) in wheat (Triticum aestivum), were amplified on a real‐time PCR machine using custom reaction mixture. Subsequently, melting curve analysis was performed, to assess the specificity of amplicons. Using the amplicon‐specific melt‐profiles, the presence/absence of SCAR markers was analysed in fifteen genotypes and five F2 populations. Unlike the fluorescence‐based in‐tube detection methods, the present method used the amplicon‐specific melt‐profiles to evaluate the status of the SCAR markers, thus eliminating the need for gel‐based analysis. Results also showed feasibility of multiplex analysis of two markers with well‐separated melting profiles. Overall, the approach is a rapid, convenient and cost‐effective method for high‐throughput screening of SCAR markers.

Effects of conventional and organic farming systems on bio-agronomic and quality traits of durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions

The effects of conventional and organic farming systems on 10 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars were studied over a 3year period (2012-2014) in Foggia (southern Italy). The aim was to compare their agronomic and qualitative characteristics, and to test their adaptability and stability to these different management practices in terms of seed yield. The experiment followed a splitplot design, with three replications in each year. Six traits were investigated: heading time, plant height, seed yield, test weight, 1000seed weight, and protein content. The data from the analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences between years, cropping systems, and genotypes for all of these characteristics. The mean seed yield for the organic system was 40% lower than that of the conventional system. The wheat quality was affected by cultivation management, with protein content 19% higher under the conventional system. The highly significant differences found for the genotype  environment interaction of the seed yield indicated the possibility to choose the stable genotypes across environments. Three univariate (b, S 2 d, R 2 ) and two multivariate (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction stability value, yield stability index) stability statistics were used. Based on these analyses, the varieties ‘Iride’ and ‘Saragolla’ showed high-stability responses and good seed yield under both farming systems. Therefore, these can be recommended for less fertile environments, such as organic farming systems in Mediterranean areas. On the contrary, the genotype ‘Anco Marzio’ was well adapted for high seed yield in more fertile environments.

Interactions between Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci and associations of selected molecular markers with quality traits in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) DH lines

The quality of wheat depends on a large complex of genes and environmental factors. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci controlling technological quality traits and their stability across environments, and to assess the impact of interaction between alleles at loci Glu-1 and Glu-3 on grain quality. DH lines were evaluated in field experiments over a period of 4 years, and genotyped using simple sequence repeat markers. Lines were analysed for grain yield (GY), thousand grain weight (TGW), protein content (PC), starch content (SC), wet gluten content (WG), Zeleny sedimentation value (ZS), alveograph parameter W (APW), hectolitre weight (HW), and grain hardness (GH). A number of QTLs for these traits were identified in all chromosome groups. The Glu-D1 locus influenced TGW, PC, SC, WG, ZS, APW, GH, while locus Glu-B1 affected only PC, ZS, and WG. Most important marker-trait associations were found on chromosomes 1D and 5D. Significant effects of interaction between Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci on technological properties were recorded, and in all types of this interaction positive effects of Glu-D1 locus on grain quality were observed, whereas effects of Glu-B1 locus depended on alleles at Glu-3 loci. Effects of Glu-A3 and Glu-D3 loci per se were not significant, while their interaction with alleles present at other loci encoding HMW and LMW were important. These results indicate that selection of wheat genotypes with predicted good bread-making properties should be based on the allelic composition both in Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci, and confirm the predominant effect of Glu-D1d allele on technological properties of wheat grains.

Quality Characteristics of Wholemeal Flour and Bread from Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L subsp. durum Desf.) after Field Treatment with Plant Water Extracts.

The use of selected plant water extracts to control pests and weeds is gaining growing attention in organic and sustainable agriculture, but the effects that such extracts may exert on the quality aspects of durum wheat are still unexplored. In 2014, 5 plant water extracts (Artemisia arborescens, Euphorbia characias, Rhus coriaria, Thymus vulgaris, Lantana camara) were prepared and distributed on durum wheat cv Valbelice to evaluate their potential herbicidal effects. After crop harvesting, the major physicochemical and technological parameters of wholemeal flours obtained from each treatment were measured and compared with those from chemical weeding and untreated controls. A baking test was also performed to evaluate the breadmaking quality. In wholemeal flours obtained after the treatment with plant extracts protein and dry gluten content were higher than in control and chemical weeding. Wholemeal flours obtained after chemical weeding reached the highest Mixograph parameters, and that from durum wheat treated with R. coriaria extract demonstrated a very high α-amylase activity. We concluded that the treatments with plant water extracts may influence many quality traits of durum wheat. This occurrence must be taken into account in overall decisions concerning the use of plant extracts in pest and weed management practice.