Quality Risk Assessment Research Articles

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water from Iponri water treatment plant, Lagos water corporation Nigeria

Abstract Urban water supplied from treatment plants can constitute public health problems if poorly treated or accidentally contaminated. Water quality and health risk assessment of water supplied from Lagos State water treatment plant was performed. Heavy metal concentration was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As and Cr were within the standard maximum permissible limits for drinking water quality. The mean estimated daily intake through oral ingestion of drinking water for Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, As and Cr were 0.00024, 0.00117, 0.00158, 0.00665, 0.00736, 0.000271, 0.00148, 0.000563 and 0.000834 mg/kg bw/day respectively, but were within acceptable tolerable daily intake standards for adult population. The values of hazard quotients for the heavy metal in water samples were below one for adult population. Hazard indices of treated water samples were below the threshold value of one (HI ˂ 1) while hazard indices of untreated and pre-treated water samples exceeded one, indicating possible associated potential health risks as a result of combined effects of the heavy metals through oral consumption water. Incremental life cancer risk values of Cd, Ni, As and Cr in all the three categories of water samples exceeded the safe limit for cancer risk while the cumulative cancer risk (ΣILCR) also exceeded the proposed threshold safe risk limit (> 1x10−4), indicating potential carcinogenic lifetime health risk in adult population through oral consumption of the heavy metal in water. Conclusively, the treated water had lowest levels of heavy metals, hazard quotient, incremental life cancer risks values and unsafe for drinking purposes compared to the untreated and pre-treated water.

Indexical and statistical approaches to investigate the integrated origins of elements in the sediment of Teesta River, Bangladesh: sediment quality and ecological risk assessment.

This study investigates ecological consequences from the combined provenance (natural and manmade) of fifteen metal(oid)s (Na, Al, K, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, As, Rb, Sb, Cs, Ba, Th, and U) from a major Indo-Bangla transboundary river (Teesta). Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been performed to calculate the elemental concentration for a total of thirty sediment samples which accumulated from the upper, middle and downstream section of the Teesta River. In comparison with the crustal origin Rb, Th, and U were 1.5-2.8 times elevated. Elements from upstream and midstream sediments showed greater spatial variability than those from downstream sediments in terms of Na, Rb, Sb, Th, and U. Statistical approaches suggested the dominance of geogenic sources (Na, K, Al, Ti, Co, and Ba) of elements over anthropogenic sources (Cr and Zn). Alkali feldspar and aluminosilicates release lithophilic minerals into the sediments under the redox condition (U/Th = 0.18). Site-specific ecotoxicological indices advocated that some specific locations are highly hazardous relative to Cr and Zn. From SQG-based guidelines, Cr showed higher potential toxicity in some upstream locations relative to Zn, Mn, and As. In order to attain the knowledge limitation of northern transboundary rivers from Bangladesh, this study of origin and relative environmental impact will be beneficial for policy makers.

Dynamic Analysis of Risk to Water Quality in the Baimei Reservoir Conservation Area, Fujian Province, China

The security of drinking water resources is an important concern for human survival. The extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing data in risk assessments of water quality from a spatiotemporal perspective can complement water resource management. In this study, we investigated Baimei reservoir conservation area, Fujian Province, China. The quantitatively inversed leaf area index was used to represent the vegetation growth condition in simulations of the hydrological process using soil and water assessment tool. According to the simulation results, the spatial distribution of the risk to water quality was mainly related to the land-use condition, and the temporal distribution of the risk to water quality was mainly related to the precipitation dynamics. Single factor analysis of various scenarios showed that uncontrolled expansion of agricultural land (scenario A) would lead to an overall average increase of 231.9% in the total nitrogen (TN) load in the basin. By contrast, if agricultural lands are all transformed into forests (scenario B), then the overall TN load in the basin would decrease by an average of 20.8%. In practical terms, conversion of sloping agricultural lands to forests (scenario C) could reduce the overall TN load by 17.0%. Thus, moderate conversion of agricultural lands to forests can reduce the pollution load effectively. The simulation results obtained for scenarios with adjustments to the fertilization time and amount showed that applying fertilizer on rainy days would increase the risk to water quality compared with days without rain. The method developed in this study can be applied for dynamic analysis in water quality risk assessments of water conservation areas and can provide a scientific reference for promoting ecological management strategies and sustainable development at the regional scale.

Specificality, Quality Variation, Assessment and Treatment of Estuarine Water in the Pearl River Delta, South China

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is a major economic and manufacturing area in South China. Using the comprehensive and authoritative monitoring data, this study conducted a systematic review of the regularity of marine disasters (e.g., storm surges, saltwater intrusions, and red tides), water quality variations, water quality risk assessments and wastewater treatment in seven sections of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). The total water resources in the PRD have been a decreasing in recent years. Seasonal marine disasters occur frequently, causing loss of life and economic damage. A monitoring and early-warning system was constructed to provide a scientific basis for dealing marine disasters response. Based on the water quality monitoring data from the seven main PRE sections from 2015 to 2020, chemical properties, heavy metal concentrations and comprehensive pollution indices were selected as indicators. The water quality of the seven PRE sections, flowing westward into the South China Sea improved over time. According to a water quality risk assessment, Yamen the estuary nearest the sea is at the highest risk. The PRD had a wastewater treatment rate of 97.37%, which was equal to the average of Guangdong Province. These findings can be used to predict future trends in estuarine water, quality and inform future studies of water quality variations in the PRD.

Shallow Groundwater Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in Holte, a Town in Southern Ethiopia

Groundwater quality and human health risk assessment are critical for the long-term usage of household water supplies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate groundwater quality and human health risk in Holte, a town in the Derashe Special Woreda in southern Ethiopia. Water samples from seven shallow groundwater wells were taken and examined for hydrogeochemical properties. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was developed to assess the suitabilityof groundwater for drinking. Groundwater hydrochemistry types and evolutionary processes were investigated. The results suggested that the typical pH of groundwater samples had an average pH of 7.99. The values of electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3) and total dissolved solid (TDS) in all samples were above the recommended upper limit of World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Based on the hydrochemical findings, the orders of cationic abundance and anionic abundance in the groundwater were Ca²⁺ < Mg²⁺ < K⁺ < Na⁺ and F⁻ < SO₄²⁻ < Cl⁻< HCO₃⁻, respectively. According to the Piper Tri-linear Diagram, the majority of groundwater samples were found to have Mixed Ca-Na-HCO3. The Gibbs fields results showed that evaporation dominated groundwater quality, whereas chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals dominated the remaining samples. The calculated WQI result showed that 57.1% (4 handpumps) of groundwater samples from the town had acceptable water quality, but 42.9% (3 handpumps) had poor water quality. The finding of this study suggests that groundwater quality parameters should be tested and monitored on handpumps at sample locations 1, 2, and 3 in the town to minimize human health risks and ensure long-term socioeconomic development.

Human health ambient water quality criteria and risk assessment of pentachlorophenol in Poyang Lake Basin, China.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as an insecticide for killing oncomelania (the intermediate host of schistosome) in China and leads to severe environmental contamination. Poyang Lake, as the largest freshwater lake and bird habitat in China, was once a schistosomiasis epidemic area. In this study, the concentrations of PCP in water and aquatic products from Poyang Lake were determined and analyzed, and then the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) was derived based on native parameters of Poyang Lake basin. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the health risks of drinking water and different types of aquatic products consumption was carried out. The results showed that PCP concentrations were ranged from 0.01 to 0.43μg/L in surface water and 3.90 to 85.95μg/kg in aquatic products. Due to the carcinogenicity of PCP, the human health AWQC for PCP are 0.02μg/L for consumption of water and organisms and 0.03μg/L for consumption of organisms only. Deterministic and probabilistic risk analysis indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk of PCP were acceptable in Poyang Lake, while the carcinogenic risk cannot be ignored. The health risks of PCP caused by aquatic products consumption were higher than that by drinking water. The percentages of acceptable risk for the population in Poyang Lake Basin were 99.95% at acceptable level of 10-4. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the impact of PCP concentrations on health risk values ranged from 53 to 82%. The study provided valuable information for regional water quality criteria development and water quality assessment.

Water quality and health risk assessments of illegal gold mining-impacted estuaries in Ghana

This study evaluated the water quality, pollution, and health risks associated with illegal gold mining activities in two estuaries (Pra and Ankobra) in the Southwestern region of Ghana. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) used for the evaluation indicated that both estuaries were in the marginal water quality category. Nemerow's Pollution Index (NPI) evaluation showed that turbidity (from siltation), PO 4 , Pb, Cu, and Fe contributed to the pollution of the two estuaries. The health risks index of Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Hazard Index (HI) evaluated on shellfish ( Macrobrachium ) from the estuaries were above USEPA recommended threshold; therefore, there is a likelihood of human health risks impacts on the coastal dwellers surrounding the estuaries. Overall, the study buttresses the need to take urgent strategic actions to control the direct impacts of pollution on the estuarine systems and the surrounding coastal communities. • Pollution footprints observed in two estuaries of Southwestern region of Ghana • The pollution index revealed turbidity, phosphate, lead, copper and iron as main contributing drivers of the estuaries. • There is a high likelihood of human health risks impacts on surrounding coastal dwellers. • Urgent action needed to control pollution in order to safeguard the lives of the communities

An improved FMEA quality risk assessment framework for enterprise data assets

Analyzing and assessing the quality risks is essential to leverage the value of data assets. In this paper, a framework for proactively assessing the quality risks of data assets based on an improved FMEA is proposed. First, quality risk metrics are identified from a lifecycle perspective through literature research and experts' discussions. Then, Triangular Fuzzy Numbers are adopted to express uncertain and complex information about the expert's assessment. Subsequently, a new risk factor ‘C' is introduced to describe the difficulty of risk controlling and a DEA approach is applied to calculate the weights of risk factors. Finally, a practical case is provided to demonstrate the proposed FMEA framework, and several recommendations are provided to control data asset quality risks.

Waterborne virus transport and the associated risks in a large lake

Waterborne enteric viruses in lakes, especially at recreational water sites, may have a negative impact on human health. However, their fate and transport in lakes are poorly understood. In this study, we propose a coupled water quality and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to study the transport, fate and infection risk of four common waterborne viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus), using Lake Geneva as a study site. The measured virus load in raw sewage entering the lake was used as the source term in the water quality simulations for a hypothetical scenario of discharging raw wastewater at the lake surface. After discharge into the lake, virus inactivation was modeled as a function of water temperature and solar irradiance that varied both spatially and temporally during transport throughout the lake. Finally, the probability of infection, while swimming at a popular beach, was quantified and compared among the four viruses. Norovirus was found to be the most abundant virus that causes an infection probability that is at least 10 times greater than the other viruses studied. Furthermore, environmental inactivation was found to be an essential determinant in the infection risks posed by viruses to recreational water users. We determined that infection risks by enterovirus and rotavirus could be up to 1000 times lower when virus inactivation by environmental stressors was accounted for compared with the scenarios considering hydrodynamic transport only. Finally, the model highlighted the role of the wind field in conveying the contamination plume and hence in determining infection probability. Our simulations revealed that for beaches located west of the sewage discharge, the infection probability under eastward wind was 43% lower than that under westward wind conditions. This study highlights the potential of combining water quality simulation and virus-specific risk assessment for a safe water resources usage and management.

Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of Solid Waste Dumping Sites of Quaternary Shallow Water Aquifers of Ganga Basin

Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of Solid Waste Dumping Sites of Quaternary Shallow Water Aquifers of Ganga Basin

Spatiotemporal characteristics of groundwater quality and health risk assessment in Jinghe River Basin, Chinese Loess Plateau

Groundwater is a very important natural resource for humanity, however, the degradation of groundwater quality caused by anthropogenic activities may pose a serious hazard to human health and ecosystem. In this study, 143 groundwater samples were analyzed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of hydrochemistry, groundwater quality and potential human health risk of groundwater in Jinghe River Basin, Chinese Loess Plateau. Based on the mean concentrations value (MCV) and over-standard rate (OSR), the groundwater in Jinghe River Basin were divided into three groups: Group Ⅰ (high MCV: greater than standard values and high OSR: ≥ 10 %) contains TDS (total dissolved solids), TH (total harness), SO42-, F- and Fe; Group Ⅱ (low MCV and high OSR) contains pH, Cl-, NO3-, Cr6+ and As, Group Ⅲ (low MCV and low OSR) contains NO2-, NH4+, Zn, Mn, Pb, I- and Cd. The results of set pair assessment indicated that the unsuitable and doubtful class of comprehensive groundwater quality are mainly distributed in the northern part of study area, accounting for 29 % and 13.6 % of the area in 2004 and 2015, respectively. Human health risk assessment based on the triangular fuzzy number suggested that the variation of risk levels in different age groups is Children > Adult Men > Adult Women. Average carcinogenic risks of As in groundwater for the three groups exceed the acceptable level, and non-carcinogenic risk of NO3- for Children is higher than the acceptable threshold. The findings of this study provide valuable insight into the spatiotemporal characteristics of groundwater quality and potential health risks of polluted groundwater by anthropogenic activities.

Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwaters in the Protected Area of Tisa River Basin.

This study was conducted in order to assess the chemistry (41 metalloids and heavy metals and 16 physico-chemical indicators) of groundwater sampled from the protected area of the Tisa River Basin during the months of 2021. Pollution indices were used in order to determine the potential metal pollution level. Consequently, a non-carcinogenic risk assessment of metal through the ingestion of water was done. The results indicated general contamination with ammonium, chloride, iron, and manganese. The samples were rich in Cu, Mg, and Pb, but lower than the maximum limits. Significant correlations were noticed between Al-Fe, Mn-Fe, Mn-Ni, and Cr-Zn, as well as the metal content and pollution index scores. The metal pollution indices indicated three pollution levels (low, medium, and high) based on the metal content and standards regarding the water quality used for drinking purposes. The pollution indices scores ranged from 1.52-41.2. A human health risk assessment indicated no potential non-carcinogenic risk for the studied metals through the consumption of groundwater. The results of three different tools (chronic daily intake, hazard quotient, and hazard index) were below the critical value, except for the aluminium in two samples. This study is one of the first attempts to evaluate the quality of groundwater sources associated with the human health risks of the studied metals from the Tisa River Basin protected area. Based on this research, strategies for managing and controlling the risks can be developed.

Contrasting catchment soil pH and Fe concentrations influence DOM distribution and nutrient dynamics in freshwater systems

Organic matter (OM) quantity, quality, and nutrient dynamics within twelve shallow lakes in the Czech Republic were assessed in the context of catchment soil pH and iron (Fe) concentration. The catchments of the lakes were classified into two categories: (i) slightly acidic (soil pH = 5.1–6.3) with Fe-rich soils (H_Fe; Fe = 315–344 mg kg−1 in Mehlich 3 extract); and (ii) neutral (soil pH = 6.8–7.6) with Fe-poor soils (L_Fe; Fe = 126–259 mg kg−1 in Mehlich 3 extract). The quality of OM in the two lake types was characterized using a combination of spectroscopic techniques (UV–Vis, fluorescence, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). We show that dissolved nutrient and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, as well as the amount of aromatic and protein-like compounds in the water column and sediment porewater were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the H_Fe lakes compared to the waterbodies located within L_Fe catchments. The FTIR analyses of the H_Fe sediments contained higher relative concentrations of aromatic compounds with hydroxyl-containing functional groups and carbohydrates, while more aliphatic and oxidised OM was found in the L_Fe lake sediments. These results suggest that the pH value of catchment soils and, particularly, their Fe content have profound geochemical effects on the mobility of OM and nutrients in the sediments of recipient waters. Because the OM-Fe association stabilises OM in sediments, waterbodies within L_Fe catchments are likely more vulnerable to increasing eutrophication and oxygen depletion compared to those in H_Fe catchments and this has important implications for water quality management, risk assessment, and predictions of aquatic ecosystem vulnerability under conditions of accelerating climate change.

Effects of physical activity and sleep duration on fertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on prospective cohort studies.

Subfertility is a common problem for couples in modern society. Many studies have confirmed that lifestyle factors can affect fertility although there are conflicting conclusions relating to the effects of physical activity and sleep duration on fertility. In this study, we aimed to summarize and analyze the available evidence. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases (as of October 14, 2022) were systematically searched for eligible prospective cohort studies. Data were extracted and effect values were combined. We also performed methodological quality and bias risk assessments for all the included studies. A total of 10 eligible articles were included in our analysis; seven investigated the relationship between physical activity and fertility, and three investigated the effect of sleep duration on fertility. Compared with the lowest level of physical activity, high intensity physical activity (the highest levels of physical activity) was negatively correlated with fertility [odds ratio (OR) = 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70, 1.00, I 2 = 64%]. However, we did not find an association between moderate intensity physical activity and fertility (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.22, I 2 = 60%). We observed an inverse association between limited sleep duration (≤ 7 h) and fertility (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.00, I 2 = 0%) compared with 8 h of sleep. The relationship between long sleep duration (≥9 h) and fertility was not statistically significant (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.21, I 2 = 83%). According to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score, the overall quality of the research articles included was ranked as medium to high (6-9). Through GRADE system, the quality of evidence for the impact of high intensity physical activity and limited sleep duration on fertility was moderate, while the quality of evidence for the impact of moderate intensity physical activity and long sleep duration on fertility was low. The current evidence shows that high intensity physical activity and limited sleep time are negatively related to fertility. But there was great heterogeneity among studies, and the quality of research evidence was low to median. Thus, further high-quality research is needed to confirm this conclusion. CRD42022298137.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Environmental Quality of Tunisian Harbours

Harbours are one of the most disturbed coastal ecosystems due to intensive anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed for the first time to compare anthropogenic impacts in three harbours from the central coast of Tunisia (Mediterranean Sea) employing analysis of heavy metal contamination and ecological quality status (EcoQS). Sampling was carried out in spring 2019 in the fishing harbour of Teboulba, the marina of Monastir, and the commercial harbour of Sousse. The high levels of concentration in heavy metals and organic matter were closely related to the fine-grained fraction of the sediment in the fishing and commercial harbours. A total of 94 macrobenthic species, including five nonindigenous species, were identified belonging to six zoological groups. Multivariate analyses highlighted a strong influence of the harbour activity on the diversity of macrozoobenthic communities. Three benthic assemblages were identified according to their environmental characteristics such as sediment type, organic matter content, and heavy metal contamination. Benthic and biotic indices (H′, J′, AMBI, and BO2A) showed that the EcoQS varied from poor (commercial harbour) to good (marina), and was significantly influenced by harbour activity, organic matter, and heavy metal contamination of the sediment. The present work could be considered as providing important baseline data for the implementation of national environmental policies and management plans in the future.

Assessment of health risk induced by heavy metal contents in drinking water

Abstract Investigation of the quality of drinking water was carried out aiming to evaluate health risks and toxicity arising from the content of heavy metals. Samples were analysed for the content of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, and Mn. Water quality and health risk assessment were evaluated by comparing the obtained data with current National, EU, and WHO regulations as well as by using the hazard quotient and cancer risk (HQ and CR). Results showed that Al (in one sample) and Ni (in five samples) exceeded the maximum allowed limits. Based on the metal pollution index, MPI, it was concluded that none of the samples exhibited ‘very good quality’ (MPI &amp;gt; 0.3), whereas the overall quality of Glina bottled water was classified as toxic to humans and Trebeshina as moderately toxic. Selected samples exhibited no evident health risk to humans (HQ &amp;lt; 1). Among the toxic metals analysed, Ni, Cd, and Cr exhibited higher values of cancer risk index (CR &amp;gt; 10−4), whereas Pb exhibited the lowest value. Bottled water such as Qafeshtama, Lajthiza, Tepelena, Dukat, Spring, Living, and Aqua Pana as well as tap water collected in the area of Student's City in Tirana can be considered safe for human consumption.

Water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment of lead (Pb) in China considering the total hardness of surface water: A national-scale study

Site-specific water quality criteria considering hydrochemical conditions are needed for zoning control of environmental risks. However, the differences in water quality parameters between regions have not been fully considered in the current research on water quality criteria and risk assessment of lead. In this study, lead concentration and total hardness (TH) data of surface water in 13 major river basins and 31 administrative regions in China were collected. Based on the normalization of the TH of the toxicity data, the short-term and long-term water quality criteria of lead in China's surface water in the specific TH condition (100 mg/L) were derived using the species sensitivity distribution method, which were 90.7 μg/L and 2.1 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, this study provided general derivation formulas for the water quality criteria based on the TH of surface water and obtained the site-specific criteria for different regions/basins in China. On this basis, an ecological risk assessment considering the TH was proposed for the first time. The results showed that there was a clear risk of lead in the Pearl River Basin and the rivers in Zhejiang-Fujian. The southern coastal provinces were at an unacceptable risk level, although the lead concentrations in the surface water were medium; the opposite was true in northern China, which meant that a high concentration of lead did not necessarily pose a high ecological risk and about 25 % of the variation in the predicted risk can be explained by the TH in Monte Carlo simulation.

Arteriovenous Malformation Hemorrhage in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hemorrhage of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare condition during pregnancy. This study was proposed to pool the proportion of AVM hemorrhage per pregnancy. A systematic review and meta-analysis with three databases were performed to review the studies published until April 2022. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used for risk assessment of data quality. The meta-analysis was conducted by a generic inverse variance of double arcsine transformation with a random model using Stata software. Twelve studies were included in this review. The pooled proportion of AVM hemorrhage per pregnancy was 0.16 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.26). The subgroup analyses were carried out based on world regions and study designs, and the study duration with the highest proportion of each subgroup was Europe [0.35 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.79)], with retrospective review [0.18 (95% CI: 007, 0.32)] and 10 to 20 years of study duration [0.37 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.77)]. The AVM hemorrhage per pregnancy in this review was considered low. However, the conclusion must be carefully interpreted since this review had a small study limitation.

Self-detoxification behaviors and tissue-specific metabolic responses of fishes growing in erythromycin-contaminated water

Erythromycin has caused severe risk on the aquatic ecological environment and food chain propagation due to its extensive use, environmental persistence, and low efficiency of sewage removal. Our study monitored the erythromycin accumulation, self-detoxification behavior, and metabolic response of turbot in erythromycin-contaminated environments using a multi-omics method with the aim to improve the safety of turbot consumption and provide guidance for turbot culture. Erythromycin was found to rapidly accumulated and reached its peak in turbot in the first two days of exposure to erythromycin. Residual levels in the gill, liver, kidney, muscle, and blood were detected at 95.19, 72.80, 68.74, 51.3, and 12.33 ng/g, respectively. The risk of erythromycin residues in turbot can be effectively reduced by a withdrawal period longer than 12 d. Erythromycin-contaminated turbot muscles showed a significant decrease in flavor properties, particularly umami, sweet, and aroma precursors. A total of 232 lipids in four main categories, glycerides, phospholipids, fatty acyl, and sphingolipids, were found to show significant changes in the turbot muscles. The interacting metabolic network formed by taurine, glycerophospholipid, arginine, alanine, and glutamate metabolism, wherein turbot responded to erythromycin was verified through 14 significantly altered metabolites. A withdrawal period of at least half a month and the corresponding product labels for antibiotics should be formulated before the fish exposed to antibiotics during intensive culture are sold to protect the interests of consumers. This study could serve as a reference for the quality and safety risk assessment of turbot and other highly economical fishes affected by antibiotics exposure.

The human health risk assessment and countermeasures study of groundwater quality.

Due to various geological, hydrogeological conditions and human activities, groundwater of different regions has distinct hydrochemical characteristics. The harmful chemical components of groundwater affect human health, and thus, the groundwater quality health risk assessment (GQHR) is important to local residents. It is vital to select GQHR factors combined with hydrochemical features, and to explore their formation, concentration characteristics and the prominent controlling role of influencing risk distribution from natural and human reasons. The factors of NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ and F- were extracted as assessment factors to evaluate the GQHR. The factors NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ are derived by human activities and F- stems from irrigation of geogenic high-fluoride groundwater and fertilizer use. The results of GQHR showed the risk order as children > adult females > adult males. The low- and medium-risk regions correspond to high groundwater levels, which are mainly controlled by natural factors. The high-risk regions located in eastern part of the study area, which were affected by both natural and human reasons. The targeted measures to prevent the increase of groundwater health risk caused by different dominant controlling effects were put forward. The research provides a scientific basis for the safety of groundwater supply and environmental exposure in this area. The research ideas and methods can be a reference for similar studies.