Wheat Grain Quality Research Articles

Dependence of the uniformity of feed mixing in the feed mixing device of the granulation line on the number of paddle shaft revolutions and mixing time

Today, 87 percent of the number of cattle, as well as 90 percent of the number of sheep and goats in Uzbekistan are cared for by farmers. 85-90 percent of the number of livestock in our Republic belongs to peasant farms, and the preparation of feed for the livestock kept in these peasant farms should be implemented using best practices and modern technologies in developed countries, increasing the competitiveness and economic efficiency of the livestock sector is important. Based on the aforementioned information, a small-sized granulation line and a feed mixing device were created that are comparable to large-sized devices in terms of work quality and meet small livestock and poultry farms in terms of size, productivity, and energy consumption. The homogeneity of the feed mixing ratio in relation to the device’s paddle shaft rotation count and mixing duration was investigated through experimentation. The results of the trials showed that when the feed mixer paddle rotor was turning at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute and the mixing period was set for five minutes, the optimal mixing quality of ground wheat grain, ground maize grain, ground rice, and wheat bran for the manufacturing of granular feed was reached.

Winter wheat varieties responsiveness to soil and foliar fertilization

Common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) makes up more than half of the cereals grown in the European Union and in Bulgaria. For two years (2021-2022) a field experiment was carried out at the experimental plain of the Department of Plant Production at the Technical University of Varna. Two varieties of winter common wheat were grown, a selection of the Dobrudja Agricultural Institute - General Toshevo. The trial pattern included a variant without fertilization (control - Fert 0), a variant with combined foliar feeding and soil fertilization (Fert SF) and a variant with soil fertilization alone (Fert S). The effect of the way of fertilizing on the productivity and quality of winter common wheat was investigated. Grain yield (GY) and its structural elements - spike length (LMS), number of grains per spike (NGS) and grain weight per spike (WGS), weight per 1000 grains (TGW) and hectoliter weight (TestW) were determined. Biochemical analysis of the wheat grain was performed and the content of protein (Pr), starch (St) and ash substances (Ash) was determined. Fertilization has a strong effect on productivity and grain quality in winter common wheat (both alone and in combination with growing conditions). The method of fertilization has an effect on the productivity of winter common wheat - feeding with foliar fertilizers during the spring vegetation (in the tillering and booting phases) increases grain yield as a result of increasing each of the productivity components. The method of fertilization does not have a significant impact on the quality indicators of winter common wheat, with the exception of the hectoliter mass, whose values are proven to be higher during soil nutrition. The two studied Bulgarian varieties, Sladuna and Nikodim, differ from each other in their efficiency in relation to the way of feeding in the spring.

Optimizing planting density and nitrogen application to mitigate yield loss and improve grain quality of late-sown wheat under rice-wheat rotation

Late sowing is a critical factor that hinders achieving high-yield, good-quality wheat under rice-wheat rotation. Understanding the physiological basis and regulatory pathways that lead to late-sown wheat of high yield and good quality is crucial for developing effective cultivation strategies. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date, nitrogen (N) application rate, and planting density on wheat yield, grain quality, population characteristics, and the underlying physiological factors. The results revealed significant interactions among the sowing date, planting density, and N application in regulating both yield and quality. Late sowing reduced grain yield primarily by reducing the number of spikes and kernels. However, the latter was improved by increasing N application and the planting density, thus mitigating the yield losses caused by late sowing. Moreover, the grain protein content (GPC) and wet gluten content (WGC) increased with delayed sowing dates and higher N rates, but decreased with increased planting densities. For wheat yields over 9,000 or 7,500 kg ha–1, the latest sowing date should not be later than Nov. 4 or 15, respectively. In addition, specific criteria should be met, including a maximum of 1.5 and 1.0 million stems and tillers ha–1, a maximum leaf area index of 6.7 and 5.5, and a dry matter accumulation (DMA) at anthesis of 14,000 and 12,000 kg ha–1, respectively. For high-yield, good-quality late-sown wheat, the optimal combination is a 25% increase in the N rate (300 kg N ha–1) and a planting density of 2.25 million (N300D225) or 3.75 million (N300D375) plants ha–1 for 10- or 20-day delays in sowing, respectively. These combinations result in higher leaf net photosynthetic rate; higher activities of leaf nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and grain glutamic pyruvic transaminase; and a lower sugar-N ratio during post-anthesis.

БОРЬБА С СОРНЯКАМИ В ПОСЕВАХ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

It is known that the contamination of cultivated crops with weeds greatly complicates agricultural work. Weeds significantly reduce the yield, worsen the quality of products and increase their cost. In the system of weed control measures, the use of herbicides is one of the most important means of combating field contamination, it is especially effective in combination with agrotechnical control measures against the background of high agricultural culture. The purpose of the study is to study the effect of herbicides on the contamination of crops, increase productivity and improve the quality of winter wheat grain. The experiment was laid down in three-fold repetition with a randomized placement of options in experiments with a total area of 30 m2, accounting for 16 m2. The use of herbicides in the tillering phase on wheat crops, the reduction of weeds was 69.8 – 88.2%, and before harvesting by 58.1 – 74.6%. The highest yield of winter wheat grain was provided by the fourth option, the use of the herbicide Dart, KKR (0.4 l/ha) + Singer, SP (5g/ha) – 4.93 t/ha of the Bagrat variety, according to the Trio variety – 4.88 t/ha. The main indicators of grain quality are protein, gluten and vitreous. The maximum values were characterized by grain obtained from the fourth variant, where the protein content of both varieties was 14.7 – 14.9%, gluten 28.4 – 28.9%, vitreous – 71.1 – 71.2%. The weight of 1000 grains was 44.1 – 44.6 g, which is 3.3 g more than the control variant. Efficiency calculations show that the costs are recouped on the varieties of winter wheat Bagrat and Trio in all variants of the experiment. In the fourth option, the cost of expenses increased by 0.96 thousand rubles compared to the control, while the profit of this option amounted to 31.12 – 31.62 thousand rubles with a profitability of 176 – 178.8%.

EFFICIENCY OF PRE-SOWING APPLICATION OF COMPLEX FERTILIZERS IN TECHNOLOGY OF GROWS OF WINTER WHEAT SOFT

The article presents the results of research on theoretical substantiation and formation of yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, depending on the pre–sowing application of a new type of fertilizers with prolonged action in the technology of pre–sowing application of winter wheat. The purpose of the study was to establish the effectiveness of the use of new fertilizers in different formulations, which were applied during the sowing of winter wheat, compared to the absolute control and the option, which was chosen as a production control – with the introduction of nitroamophoska. The research was conducted during 2019/2020–2021/2022 in the scientific laboratories and stationary crop rotation of the department of plant breeding at the VP NUBiP of Ukraine "Agronomic Research Station", which is located in the Fastiv district, of the Kyiv region. In the experiments, a high–yielding, medium–early ripening winter wheat variety of MIP Valencia was sown. Sowing was carried out in the second decade of September, the sowing rate was 5 million similar seeds per 1 ha. The predecessor was soybean. The experiment was carried out in quadruplicate. The registered area of the site is 50 m2. To establish the effectiveness of the new types of DoraSOP fertilizers, a two–factor field experiment was conducted: factor A – the type of fertilizers (Actibion, Phos, Elite), factor B – the rate of fertilizer application (80; 100; 120 kg/ha physical weight). As a result of the conducted research, the parameters and regularity of the formation of elements of the crop structure were established. With the introduction of Actibion, Phos, Elite fertilizers in all the years of our research, a greater differentiation of grains in the ear was established compared to absolute control and zonal control. The number of grains in an ear when fertilizers were applied increased by 17–50% compared to the control variant. The mass of grain from an ear in the control version was 0.74 g. In the zonal control version, it was 0.97 g in Actibion 125 versions – 1.29 g; Phos – 1.05–1.11 g; Elite – 1.20 –1.22 g. The weight of 1,000 grains is influenced by the weather conditions of the year and the provision of moisture during the period of formation and pouring of grains. The highest indicators of the mass of 1000 grains were noted in the versions using Dorasop – Actibion fertilizers – 42.4–44.1 g.; Phos – 39.0 – 41.5 g; Elite – 42.5–43.0 g. The highest yield among the studied options was obtained in the options with Actibion application, and was 6.51–6.79; Elite – 6.24–6.58; Phos – 5.11–5.56 t/ha, yield in control – 3.17, production control – 4.88 t/ha. The use of fertilizers had a positive effect on the formation of quality indicators of wheat grain. The protein content in grain when Actibion fertilizers were used increased to 13.6–13.8%, in the control variant – 11.1%, and in the production control – 13.5%. The application of Elite provided a protein content of 13.5 to 13.7%. The maximum indicators of crude gluten content were noted in variants with the use of Actibion fertilizers of 23.6 – 24.6%, slightly lower indicators were formed when using Elite – 23.6 – 24%, production control formed indicators of crude gluten at the level of 24.3%, which corresponds to the 2nd quality class. Variants using Phos post–sowing fertilizer – 19.4 – 20.0%, respectively, 3rd quality class. Even lower indicators of the amount of gluten were in the control version without application of post–sowing fertilizer – 17.5%. Conducted complex studies of DoraSOP fertilizers on winter wheat crops, made it possible to draw conclusions about the high efficiency of fertilizers. Fertilizers have a prolonged effect, are characterized by a low rate of application, surpass the production control, which was significantly higher in terms of the total application of the active substance of macroelements. The effectiveness of all types of fertilizers depends significantly on weather conditions, in particular the amount of precipitation.

The coupled effects of various irrigation scheduling and split nitrogen fertilization modes on post-anthesis grain weight variation, yield, and grain quality of drip-irrigated winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) in the North China Plain

Irrigation methods and nitrogen (N) fertilization modes have a complicated impact on wheat physiology, growth, and development, leading to the regulation of wheat grain yield and quality. However, the optional water-N combination for drip-irrigated winter wheat remains unclear. A two-year fieldwork was conducted to evaluate the influences of various N-fertigation and water regimes on wheat post-anthesis grain weight variation, yield, grain NPK content, and grain quality. The two irrigation quotas were I45 (Irrigation when ETa-P reaches 45 mm) and I30 (Irrigation when ETa-P reaches 30 mm) and the six N application rates were N0-100 (100% at jointing/booting), N25-75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing/booting), N50-50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75-25 (75% at sowing and 25% at jointing/booting), N100-0 (100% at sowing), and SRF100 (100% of slow release fertilizer at sowing). The experimental findings showed that post-anthesis grain weight variation, grain yield, grain NPK content, and grain quality were markedly influenced by the various irrigation scheduling and N-fertilization modes. The N50-50 treatment was more beneficial for winter wheat post-anthesis grain weight variation than the N100-0 and N0-100 treatments under the two irrigation quotas and during the two seasons. The highest grain yield of 9.72 and 9.94 (t ha−1) were obtained with the I45N50-50 treatment in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, respectively. The grain crude protein was higher in the I45SRF100 treatment during the two seasons. The I45N100-0 significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the content of grain total starch by 7.30 and 8.23% compared with the I45N0-100 and I30N0-100 treatments, respectively during the 2021-2021 season. The I45N100-0 significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the content of grain total starch concentration by 7.77%, 7.62 and 7.88% in comparison with the I45N0-100, I30N0-100, and I30N25-75 treatments, respectively in the 2021-2022 season. Considering the principal component analysis (PCL), the N50-50 split N-fertigation mode could be an optional choice for farmers during winter wheat production via drip irrigation.

Effect of mineral fertilizers on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of foothill plains

Effect of mineral fertilizers on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of foothill plains

Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Grain Quality of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the highlands of Ethiopia and particularly in Arsi Zone. However, its yield is low due to intensive continuous cultivation, suboptimal fertilizer application and nutrient depletion especially in the highlands of Arsi, Ethiopia. For this reason, an experiment was carried out during the 2017 cropping season at Munesa District, Oromia Seed Enterprise Lole farm to determine the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and grain quality of bread wheat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement in three replications using two bread wheat varieties (Hidase and Kingbird) as test crop and nine fertilizers combinations (control, 5 tons vermicompost, 10 tons farmyard manure, 0.1t NPS+0.025t UREA, 0.1t DAP+0.025t UREA, 0.05t NPS+0.025t UREA+2.5t VC, 0.05t NPS+0.025t UREA+0.5t FYM, 0.05t DAP+0.025t UREA+0.25t VC, 0.05t DAP+0.025t UREA+ 0.5t FYM). Days to heading and maturity, spike length, plant height, tiller number, spikelet number, biomass yield, grain filling period, grain yield, thousand kernels weight and harvest index were significantly (p&lt;0.001) affected by the effects of varieties and fertilizers. Days to physiological maturity and grain filling were also significantly (p&lt;0.001) influenced by the interaction effects of fertilizers and varieties. Higher growth, yields and quality of wheat were obtained from Hidase as compared to Kingbird variety. Highest yield of bread wheat (6.2t ha-1) was obtained from the combined application of 2.5t VC + 0.05t NPS + 0.025t UREA ha-1 fertilizers; while application of 0.05t DAP+0.025t UREA gave statistically similar yield and yield components with the highest yield. However, grain protein contents and hectoliter weight were only significantly (p&lt;0.001) influenced by combined fertilizer applied. Therefore, it be conclude that combined application of 0.05t NPS + 0.025t UREA + 2.5t VC fertilizers had significantly improved the yields and qualities along better economic returns of wheat and Hidase variety of wheat was superior as compared to Kingbird variety in performances.

Study of Wheat Grain Structure by Digital Radiography

Introduction. Analysis of the quality of wheat grain using instrumental methods is an important task due to the permanent growth in annual wheat production and export. Digital radiography is a promising method for studying the internal structure of wheat grain. Along with other methods, digital radiography allows non-destructive testing and comprehensive description of grain parameters.Aim. To determine the capabilities of digital radiography for studying the structure of wheat grain.Materials and methods. Digital X-ray images were obtained using a multifunctional mobile x-ray diagnostic unit produced by JSC "ELTECH-Med" was used with the installation tube voltage of 9 kV. Durum wheat grain samples of different varieties were used. Operations for processing grain images were automated using the scripts developed in Python using the numpy and opencv libraries.Results. The attenuation of X-ray radiation by grain material was studied. Wheat bran was found to exhibit a greater attenuation coefficient than the endosperm, assumably due to the higher concentration of potassium and phosphorus in the wheat outer layer. The calculated ratio of the attenuation coefficients of the bran to the endosperm was 1.27, compared to the experimentally obtained value of 1.36. The influence of the geometric shape of wheat grain on the formation of its X-ray image was determined. A method for describing the geometric shape of wheat grain using second-order curves was presented. A mathematical model for the transmission of X-ray radiation in wheat grain was constructed, taking into account its complex shape and the heterogeneous distribution of macroelements therein. This model allows estimation of the attenuation coefficients of the grain endosperm and outer layer using a non-destructive method.Conclusion. Digital radiography is an effective method for studying wheat when carrying out research and breeding tasks. The proposed model for the transmission of X-ray radiation in wheat grain can be used to numerically determine some indicators of grain quality.

Effect of chemical plant protection products on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

Relevance. The use of phytosanitary means to ensure high and stable yields of winter wheat is one of the tasks of growing winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka” in the central non-chernozem zone of the Moscow region.Methods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of various plant protection preparations on the productivity and quality of winter wheat varieties by intensity levels: basic (the purpose of using the biological potential of the variety by more than 50%), intensive (involving the use of intensive varieties and the creation of conditions for a more complete realization of their biological potential) and high–intensity (a set of measures aimed at ensuring the realization of the potential of the variety is more than 85%). Treatments included fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations. Results. Three varieties of winter wheat were studied: Nemchinovskaya 85, Moskovskaya 40 and Moskovskaya 27. Insecticides (Picus 1.0 l/t, Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vantex 60 ml/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vincit forte 1.5 l/t and Picus 0.7 l/t + Vantex 50 ml/ha), fungicides (Impact Exclusive 0.75 l/ha, Alto Super 0.5 l/ha, Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha + Consul 1.0 l/ha and Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha), herbicides (Aton 0.06 kg/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Exactly Extra 35 g/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha, Tandem 0.03 kg/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Tandem 30 g/ha + Foxtrot Extra 0.4 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha and Lintur 180 g/ha) have confirmed their effectiveness. Nemchinovskaya 85 increased yield by 1.14–3.10 t/ha, Moscow 27 — by 0.64–3.62 t/ha, Moscow 40 — 0,71–3,21 t/ha.

AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of yield performance of wheat genotypes under irrigated, heat stress and heat drought environments

Wheat is the third most important cereal crop in Nepal. The impact of global warming is threatening global wheat production and food security. The terminal heat stress reduces the grain quality of wheat. However, the drought is affecting more than 15% of global wheat productivity. To find out the stable and high- yielding wheat genotype the experiment was carried out in Rupandehi, Nepal with twenty genotypes under three different environmental conditions namely heat drought, heat stress and irrigated in an alpha lattice design with two replications in each environment. The AMMI (Additive mean effect multiplicative interaction) biplot analysis shows differences in 20 different genotypes in terms of yield and stability. The analysis of variance model showed the share of GE (genotype and environment) interaction in the variation in grain yield of twenty wheat genotypes. The grain yield of genotype varied significantly with environmental impact (p ). The AMMI stability value (ASV) examined NL1387 as the most stable line. The tested environments were discriminative for genotype and showed negative correlation between them. The GGE biplot analysis was conducted to find out the best performing line under different environments and the stable line in diverse environments. The NL1420 was found stable genotype in all three tested environment. The NL1376 line is most ideal ranking first in the ranking biplot. The mean versus stability model indicated NL1369 and NL1376 as elite genotypes and NL 1404, BL4919 and NL1387 can be recommended as new cultivars.

Effects of Post-Anthesis Irrigation on the Activity of Starch Synthesis-Related Enzymes and Wheat Grain Quality under Different Nitrogen Conditions.

To develop optimal management strategies for water and nitrogen fertilizer application in winter wheat cultivation, we conducted a potted experiment to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the activity of starch synthesis-related enzymes and the grain quality of winter wheat. The potted experiment consisted of three irrigation levels, with the lower limits set at 50-55% (I0), 60-65% (I1), and 70-75% (I2) of the field capacity. In addition, four levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied, denoted as N0 (0 kg N hm-2), N1 (120 kg N hm-2), N2 (240 kg N hm-2), and N3 (300 kg N hm-2), respectively. The results revealed the significant impacts of irrigation and nitrogen treatments on the activities of key starch-related enzymes, including adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphrylase (ADPG-PPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzymes (SBE) in wheat grains. These treatments also influenced the starch content, amylopectin content, and, ultimately, wheat yield. In summary, our findings suggest that maintaining irrigation at a lower limit of 60% to 65% of the field capacity and applying nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 240 kg hm-2 is beneficial for achieving both high yield and high quality in winter wheat cultivation.

GRAIN QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT WHEN FED FROM LEAVES IN IRRIGATED GRAY SOILS

The problem of improving the quality of winter wheat grain is relevant and, at the same time, relatively intractable. In many farms of the republic, in recent years, the yield of winter wheat grain on irrigated lands is 50 c / ha and more. However, the quality of the grain remains low, the protein content in the grain ranges from 10-12%, and the amount of crude gluten in it is in the range of 19-25%. This protein content in winter wheat grain is significantly below the established standard.

Effect of N Rates and Seeding Rates on Agronomic Efficiency, Partial Factor Productivity, Grain Yield, and Grain Quality of Wheat under Irrigation in West Shewa, Ethiopia

Recently, wheat research has been established in Ethiopia for irrigated areas with the goal of developing high-yielding, higher-quality wheat cultivars. Nonetheless, two of the most crucial production variables are the N rate and the seeding rate, both of which need for the determination of ideal rates. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to determine the optimum N rate and seeding rate for bread wheat production under irrigated conditions in West Shewa highland areas during 2020–21 on different soil types. A factorial combination of seeding rates (125, 150, and 175 kg/ha) and N rates (0, 23, 46, 89, and 111 kg/ha N) with consideration of 19 kg of N content in 100 kg NPS fertilizer that was applied uniformly for all experimental plots except for those without fertilizer (zero rate plot) at sowing. The experiment was laid out in an RCB design with three replications. Most of the interactions were non-significant for grain yield and other parameters, while the main effects of seeding rates and N rates showed a significant effect on grain yield and other parameters measured. The highest test weight, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity were recorded for the black soil type. Agronomic efficiency showed an unpredictable trend, while partial factor productivity showed a decreasing trend with an increasing seeding rate and N rate. Depending on the agronomic and economic analysis results, it can be concluded that a seeding rate of 175 kg/ha and an N rate of 111 kg/ha were found to be optimal for the production of the wheat variety ‘Kakaba’ under irrigation in the highlands of west Shewa.

Productivity and grain quality of winter wheat varieties depending on the fractional nitrogen top dressings and seeding rates

The study was carried out in the Kostroma region on soddy-podzolic soils with an average degree of cultivation in 2019–2022, with three repetitions of a field trial. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of different doses of nitrogen top dressings applied at critical phases of plant development on productivity and grain quality of winter wheat at seeding rates of 2, 4, and 6 million germinating kernels per hectare. There have been studied 5 winter wheat varieties of domestic breeding, such as ‘Moskovskaya 39’ (a standard variety), ‘Moskovskaya 40’, ‘Moskovskaya 56’, ‘Nemchinovskaya 57’ and ‘Nemchinovskaya 85’. The used agrotechnology corresponds to the zonal one in the Kostroma region. As a result of the study there has been identified a productivity variation from 2.9 to 3.7 t/ha depending on a variety. The largest productivity was formed by the variety ‘Moskovskaya 56’ with the use of a triple dose of nitrogen at a seeding rate of 6 million germinating kernels per hectare, which significantly exceeded the control variant on 0.5 t/ha. There has been estimated an influence of doses of nitrogen top dressings on technological parameters and flour properties of winter wheat grain. There has been found that the high content of crude protein (17.44–19.41 %), gluten (28.16–35.80 %) and hardiness (65.9–74.6 %) was demonstrated by the variety ‘Moskovskaya 40’. There has been also established a large hardiness of the variety ‘Nemchinovskaya 57’ (62.5–75.0 %). The largest 1000-grain weight (42.0–45.2 g) has been found in the variety ‘Moskovskaya 56’. Through three years of the study, there has been proved a stable response of the studied varieties to the improvement of productivity and n qualitative indicators as a result of the use of doses of nitrogen top dressings for winter wheat crops.

Formulation of pectin-Citrus aurantium essential oil-based packaging film and assessment of insecticidal performances against Rhyzopertha dominica on stored wheat

In stored wheat products, Rhyzopertha dominica (F) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is an important pest that results in significant economic losses. Insect physiology and behavior can be affected by bioactive compounds extracted from plant wastes, which are important tools for developing bioincesticides. The purpose of this study is to develop an insecticidal packaging film based on pectin and essential oil (EO) extracted from Citrus aurantium (L., 1753) fruit peels.The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and cumulative release (CR) of C. aurantium EO into pectin film were determined. Further, Film packaging was tested against Rhyzopertha dominica adults reared on Karim and Khiar durum wheat (Tritichum durum Desf.) varieties. The fumigant toxicity was assessed after 10, 20, 30 and 40 days of storage. Moreover, emergence inhibition of R. dominica adults was determined. In addition, germination rate, weight loss and grain damage were examined.Results revealed that the lethal concentration that killed 50 % of the exposed adults developed into karim and khiar varieties were 278.45 and 688.79 µL/L air, respectively. Moreover, high encapsulation efficiency of C. aurantium essential oil into pectin film with an EE = 80.6 %. Moreover, pectin: EO film achieved complete (100 %) mortality and emergence inhibition of R. dominica adults for all storage periods. Also, pectin: EO film represent the better treatment which preserve the quality and quantity of wheat grains as well as grain damage, weight loss and germination rate. To concludepectin- C. aurantium EO film showed a significant fumigant effect against R. dominica adults and the emergence of their descendants after different storage periods and could be recommended as an active ingredient for a natural packaging against stored product insects.

Influence of varietal characteristics of winter wheat and weather conditions on lodging resistance and productivity

Growing technologies and variety selection are crucial for increasing yields and improving the quality of winter wheat grain. The area under winter wheat is the largest in Ukraine, which is associated with the production of high-quality grain. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of weather conditions and variety characteristics on winter wheat plant height, internode length, lodging resistance, productivity factor and yield during the years under study. In the course of the study, the following generally accepted methods were used: systematic approach, system analysis approach, analytical synthesis approach, field approach and statistical approach. The article presents data on the results of research with 20 varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of the Training and Practical Centre of Mykolaiv National Agrarian University from 2017 to 2023. Agricultural technology for growing winter wheat varieties is widespread in the steppes of southern Ukraine. The influence of weather conditions and varietal characteristics on lodging resistance and productivity of winter wheat was investigated. The results showed that the optimum plant height of winter wheat varieties ranged from 82.1 to 84.5 cm, and the highest yield was 6.32 t/ha in Staleva and 6.68 t/ha in Duma Odeska. A significant effect of varietal traits on stem length, second and last internode, number of stems formed per 1 m2 , grain weight in the ear and lodging resistance of winter bread wheat was established. Plants of the tested winter soft wheat varieties Staleva, Dyvo, Katarina, Felix, Ozerna, PONTICUS, Faust, Glaucus have a very high (9.0 points) resistance to lodging regardless of the weather conditions of the year. Ukrainian varieties Duma Odeska (6.68 t/ha) and Staleva (6.32 t/ha) achieved higher productivity. The obtained scientific results of the research contribute to the widespread use of the studied winter wheat varieties of this reasonably climatic zone and contribute to further improvement of grain production

REALISATION OF PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL AND GRAIN QUALITY BY VARIETIES OF SPRING WHEAT OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS

In the Middle Trans-Urals, on less fertile derno-medium-podzolic loamy soils with limited growing seasons, a comparative trial of spring wheat varieties from three maturity groups was conducted over four years. It was established that early-maturing, mid-early, and mid-season spring wheat varieties can produce good yields, grain, and seed quality. The realisation of the genetic potential of productivity and grain quality of types is primarily influenced by abiotic conditions, the unfavourable course of which is not always correct with technological practices. In terms of grain yield over three years, among mid-early varieties, the Kalinka variety stood out, and among mid-season varieties, the Chernozemnyural'skaya 2 variety, with results of 243 and 266 g/m2, or 2.43 and 2.66 t/ha, respectively. Under favourable growth and development conditions, grain yields of early, mid-early, and mid-season varieties exceed 5 t/ha. Regional conditions allow grain protein content to generally exceed 23.0%, meeting the requirements of classes I–III, and gluten quality meeting the needs of groups I–II. The quality of spring wheat grain is determined to a greater extent by the prevailing abiotic conditions rather than the genetic characteristics of the variety. The requirements for forming spring wheat grain do not promote the formation of heavy grains; the 1000-seed weight usually amounts to around 30 g. Grain yields produced by early, mid-early, and mid-season group varieties are typically characterised by high laboratory germination values (over 92 %).

Experimental investigation on storage of food grains using cow dung-based desiccant as preservative

ABSTRACT Food grains, produced abundantly during the harvest season, face the challenge of maintaining their quality for extended periods. While immediate consumption is an option, long-term storage offers distinct advantages by ensuring a continuous food supply beyond the harvest season. Proper storage is a critical post-harvest factor that contributes to various benefits, including economic growth and food security. In this context, this paper presents an experimental study focused on the development and evaluation of a hybrid cow dung-based desiccant (HCDD) as a potential preservative for food grains. The study thoroughly examines the impact of this innovative desiccant, HCDD, on the quality of stored rice and wheat grains. Initially, the lipid content of rice grains in C3 and C4 drums was recorded at 1.97%. However, after 8.5 months of storage, a significant decline in quality was observed in C3, where the lipid content decreased to 1.78%. In contrast, C4 maintained a stable lipid content at 1.89%. Similarly, the initial free fatty acid content in rice grains in both C3 and C4 drums was 1.78%, but after 8.5 months, C3 experienced a significant increase to 7.48%, indicating substantial deterioration. Conversely, C4 exhibited a more modest increase, reaching 4.29% over the same period. Regarding wheat quality, the initial gluten content in C1 and C2 drums was 28.12%. After 5.5 months of storage, C1 exhibited a considerable decline, with gluten content decreasing to 17.62%. In contrast, C2, utilizing HCDD, displayed a milder decrease, reaching 19.1% after 13 months. Furthermore, the initial acid value in C1 and C2 drums for wheat grains was 10.2 mg KOH/g fat. After 5.5 months, C1 experienced a substantial increase in the acid value, rising to 26.8 mg KOH/g fat, indicating grain deterioration. Conversely, C2, benefiting from HCDD, exhibited a less pronounced increase, with an acid value of 15.4 mg KOH/g fat after 13 months. This study meticulously monitored the quality of stored grains by measuring crucial parameters such as lipid content, free fatty acids in rice, gluten, and acid values in wheat. The consistent findings revealed that grains stored with HCDD exhibited superior preservation qualities. They retained lower levels of moisture and experienced significantly slower deterioration rates compared to those stored without HCDD. This not only enhances the shelf life of grains but also ensures their nutritional and qualitative integrity.

Breeding estimation of the winter wheat varieties in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia

The expansion of winter wheat sowing areas is one of the reserves for increasing grain production in the Siberian region, since the areas under winter wheat is 15–20 % larger than under spring wheat according to productivity and has great potential in using bioclimatic resources of the region. the availability of sources of economically valuable traits and the development of various initial material on their basis is of decisive importance for breeding of new winter wheat varieties and their successful introduction into production. The purpose of the current paper was to find sources of economically valuable traits from the collection of winter wheat varieties of Russian breeding in the conditions of Western Siberia. There has been studied a collection of varieties and lines of winter common wheat of Russian breeding from the institutions of the Rostov region, Stavropol, and Krasnodar Areas. Field and laboratory trials were carried out on the experimental field of the Omsk SAU in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia in 2020–2022. Sowing was laid in fallow at the generally accepted sowing dates. According to the breeding estimation of the studied samples in the field seasons of 2020–2022 there was a significant correlation between winter resistance of plants and winter wheat productivity (r = 0.59), as well as an inverse correlation between productivity and gluten percentage (r = –0.36), grain ash content (r = –0.73) and sedimentation (r = –0.38). The varieties ‘Barynya’ (North Caucasian FNAC), ‘Gubernator Dona’, ‘Donna’ (Rostov ARC), ‘Don 107’, ‘Nakhodka’ (ARC “Donskoy”) and the line ‘K18918’ (RCG named after P.P. Lukyanenko), characterized by increased winter resistance (6.5–8 points) and productivity (351–384 g/m2) have been recommended as sources in breeding to improve productivity level and stability of winter wheat varieties in the conditions of Western Siberia. The varieties ‘Etnos’, ‘Anka’, ‘Gurt’, ‘Antonina’, ‘Alekseich’ and ‘Duplet’ of Krasnodar breeding with a high protein and gluten percentage (16.1–17.9 % and 35.5–39.3 %), large grain ash content and sedimentation (1.59–1.92 % and 58.0–67.0 ml) can be used as an initial material in breeding to improve the quality of winter wheat grain.