Environmental Water Quality Research Articles

Soil Erosion Assessment Using the RUSLE Model and Geospatial Techniques (Remote Sensing and GIS) in Kalyani River Watershed of Uttar Pradesh, India

Soil erosion significantly impacts environmental sustainability, agriculture, and water quality. This study examines soil erosion in the Kalyani River within the Nindoora and Fatehpur blocks of Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh, India, where seasonal fluctuations and steep banks exacerbate the issue. The region experiences severe soil degradation due to uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over-cultivation, overgrazing, and biomass exploitation driven by population growth. To address this, GIS and Remote Sensing technologies were utilized, employing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to identify erosion-prone areas. The RUSLE model involves calculating parameters such as the runoff-rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), topographic factor (LS), cropping management factor (C), and support practice factor (P). Layer-wise thematic maps of each factor were generated using a GIS platform, incorporating various data sources and preparation methods. The study's results indicate that value of K factor is found to be 0.025 indicates that the soil is relatively resistant to erosion. Higher LS factor values are scattered across the area, especially near the Kalyani River. The southeastern regions show higher C factor values, indicating less effective soil cover and management against erosion. It has also been estimated that 90% of the Kalyani River watershed faces low soil erosion risk (0–10 ton/ha/yr), while 0.20% primarily near riverbanks experiences high to very high erosion risk (10–40 ton/ha/yr). Sandy and sandy loam soils near riverbanks, exacerbated by seasonal water level fluctuations and steep slopes, are highly prone to erosion. The RUSLE-based GIS approach allowed for the precise identification of erosion hotspots, facilitating the development of targeted soil conservation strategies to mitigate soil degradation and promote sustainable land management.

Design, Preparation, Characterization, Density Functional Theory, and HOMO‐LUMO Perspective of Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐NH‐IC as a New Nanomagnetic Chemosensor

ABSTRACTIn this research, the Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐NH‐IC magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Initially, Fe3O4 was coated with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) to produce Fe3O4@SiO2, which was functionalized by the reaction with 3‐aminopropyl three‐methoxy silane (APTMS) to yield Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐NH2, followed by the treatment with indole‐3‐carbaldehyde (IC) to obtain Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐NH‐IC as target hybrid organic and inorganic material. The Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐NH‐IC was analyzed using photoluminescence spectroscopy. It was shown that this compound can selectively detect Al3+ ions in aqueous media among various cations, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.47 × 10−6 M. Comprehensive DFT calculations were carried out utilizing the B3LYP functional in conjunction with the 6‐311g (d,p) and LANL2DZ basis sets to analyze the ground state of the system. To elucidate the interaction mechanism, the MEP map was generated, and a full geometry optimization was performed. Additionally, the electronic properties and chemical reactivity were examined through a HOMO‐LUMO analysis at the same computational level. The findings revealed that the incorporation of the Al3+ ion significantly enhances the reactivity of the Pr‐NH‐IC + Al3+ complex in comparison to the free Pr‐NH‐IC structure. These findings suggest that Fe3O4@SiO2‐Pr‐NH‐IC has significant potential for the development of advanced sensor systems for the selective detection of Al3+ ions in aqueous environments. Future research could focus on the modification of the nanostructure to enhance its sensitivity and selectivity toward other environmentally and biologically relevant metal ions. Additionally, the integration of this material into portable sensing devices or the development of a real‐time detection system could pave the way for practical applications in environmental monitoring and water quality assessment.

Use of multispecies (Nannochloropsis oceanica, Artemia franciscana, and Arbacia nigra) approach to assess the quality of marine water from Callao Bay, Peru

Multi-species tests in bioassays offer a holistic view of the ecosystem’s response to toxicity, as different species display varying sensitivities to pollutants. This research aimed to assess the ability of toxicity tests’ to distinguish contamination levels, examine site-specific effects, and investigate seasonal variability. Using a multispecies approach (Nannochloropsis oceanica, Artemia franciscana, and Arbacia nigra), bioassays evaluated marine water quality from Callao Bay in Peru across four sampling areas (Naval School: PA1, Peruvian Marine Institute: PA2, Callao Pier: PA3, and San Lorenzo Island: PA4). These species, with varying sizes and morphologies, are relevant to marine systems and ideal for multispecies toxicity testing, contributing to broader environmental impact discussions. To conduct toxicity bioassays, seasonal evaluations were performed in fall, winter, spring, and summer. Brine shrimp displayed seasonal variations in toxicity values, with notable mortality rates during winter. Nannochloropsis oceanica was the most sensitive species, showing moderate toxicity across seasons. Areas impacted by pollution sources, such as wastewater and maritime traffic, exhibited the highest toxicity levels (PA3 and PA4). These fluctuations underscore the need to consider seasonal and local conditions when assessing organism sensitivity to seawater contaminants. Additionally, they reveal the complex interplay between environmental factors, water quality, and organism responses in marine ecosystems.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater and surface water in the Turin metropolitan area (Italy): An attempt to unravel potential point sources and compliance with environmental/drinking water quality standards.

The study investigated the contribution of five potential point source categories on the occurrence of 19 highly hazardous perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater from the Turin metropolitan area (Italy) and assessed the quality of groundwater and surface water in compliance with European and Italian guidelines. PFASs were revealed in 29 and 24% of the investigated shallow (unconfined aquifers) and deep (semi- and confined aquifers) wells with a total concentration, as a sum (ΣPFASs), of 0.01-0.71 and 0.01-0.16μg/L, respectively. The PFAS occurrence in shallow groundwaters appeared more related to (potentially-) contaminated and reclaimed areas, landfills and waste management plants rather than plants subjected to integrated environmental authorisations and wastewater treatment plants. Overall, PFAS occurrences increased with the degree of industrialisation and urbanisation in both unconfined and (semi-) confined aquifers. PFASs were found in 96% of the sampling sites in streams with ΣPFASs values of 0.0002-0.47μg/L, whilst they do not occur in the investigated lake. A slight correlation was found between wastewater treatment plants and the occurrence of PFASs in streams. The annual ΣPFASs loads downstream of the Turin metropolitan Area were estimated around 150-220kg. Exceedances of the environmental and drinking water quality standards of Italy and Europe were frequently revealed.

Long-term and seasonal evaluation on environmental microbiology and water quality of Shanmei reservoir in southeast China.

As a crucial source of potable water, the quality of water in Shanmei reservoir strongly and directly impacts the safety and well-being of downstream residents. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in the reservoir's resource and energy cycle. However, ecological protection efforts for the Shanmei reservoir have encountered numerous challenges in recent years. This study conducted an extensive visual analysis of microbial communities in sediment from the Shanmei reservoir between 2022 and 2024 using amplicon sequencing technology targeting 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that the microbial diversity of sediment showed an obvious seasonal pattern. At the same time, microbial composition also changes with the long-term evolution of time, which may be closely related to the change in environmental conditions. In addition, we have also carried out long-term multi-dimensional monitoring of the water quality of the Shanmei reservoir, and the results show that the water quality has reached the national drinking water grade. In conclusion, this study not only unveiled the interseasonal dynamics and long-term evolutionary characteristics of sediment microbial communities but also elucidated the significant influence of environmental factors on their composition, structure and function. These findings offer a fresh perspective for understanding the freshwater ecosystem microbial dynamics and provide a scientific foundation for reservoir management and water quality protection.

A rhodamine-conjugated fluorescent and colorimetric receptor for the detection of Cu2+ ions: environmental utility and smartphone integration.

A new rhodamine based turn on florescent probe (Z)-3',6'-bis(ethylamino)-2-(((6-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)amino)-2',7'-dimethylspiro[isoindoline-1,9'-xanthen]-3-one (RME) was efficiently synthesized through a simple condensation reaction of 2-amino-3',6'-bis(ethylamino)-2',7'-dimethylspiro[isoindoline-1,9'-xanthen]-3-one and 6-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde. The receptor RME is highly non-fluorescent and when copper ions (Cu2+ ions) are added in DMF/water (1 : 2, v/v) medium, the receptor RME exhibits a specific "turn-on" colorimetric and fluorometric response. Moreover, RME binding with Cu2+ ions produced a remarkable color variation that was perceptible to the human eye, changing from colorless to pink. The binding stoichiometry was 1 : 1, confirmed through theoretical DFT, Job's plot, and mass spectral analysis. RME showed good sensing capability for Cu2+ ions, with LOD values of 11.25 nM for ratiometric colorimetry, 1.42 nM for fluorometry, and 107 nM for smartphone-based detection. These LOD values are significantly lower than WHO's acceptable threshold of 2 μM. Additionally, developing portable techniques based on paper-based test strips and smartphone assistance allowed for qualitative and quantitative detection of Cu2+ ions. These portable and economical methods eliminate the need for expensive laboratory apparatus, enabling precise and affordable on-site assessments. In addition, the developed sensing protocol for the detection of Cu2+ ions was extended to real water samples such as tap, dam, and drinking water samples. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of RME in detecting Cu2+ ions in complex matrices, making it a promising tool for environmental monitoring and water quality assessment.

Challenges and Current Trends in Preventing Antimicrobial Resistance in EU Water Law Context.

The increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, and their improper disposal have resulted in both pharmaceuticals and their metabolites being released into the environment, where they pose a risk to both ecosystems and human health. One of the most serious threats to public health associated with the presence of antibiotics in the environment is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In order to combat AMR, the legal aspect of water protection becomes a critical area of action. This article analyzes the current challenges and legislative developments in the European Union (EU) aimed at mitigating pharmaceutical contamination in aquatic environments, particularly with regard to AMR. It traces the evolution of EU water protection policies from the initial surface and groundwater directives to the recent updates of the Water Framework Directive, Groundwater Directive and Environmental Quality Standards Directive, focusing on the integration of pharmaceutical contaminants into the regulatory framework. In addition, these changes include the update of the Watch List system for monitoring emerging contaminants, the adoption of effects-based methods (EBMs) in the assessment of water status and the streamlining of the legislative process to respond more quickly to emerging threats in the aquatic environment. The EU's strategic approach to pharmaceuticals in the environment is emphasized as a key framework for harmonizing the environmental standards and addressing the problem of AMR through more sustainable pharmaceutical practices. This study advocates for a proactive, integrated approach to water policy that aligns regulatory actions with scientific advancements to protect public health and ecosystem integrity.

Evaluation of Water Quality in a Highly Impacted Urban Stream Using Water Quality Index (Ankara Stream, Türkiye)

Population growth along with other factors such as industrial, agricultural, and urban development, threaten freshwater resources in urban areas. Protecting urban water quality for ecological balance, water security, and energy production is crucial. The water quality index (WQI) provides an effective tool for assessing and managing water quality, and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) is one of the extensively used method. In this study, the pollution status of the Ankara Stream which flows through the densely populated Ankara was examined using physico-chemical parameters collected from five stations (S1-S5), and the water quality status was estimated via CCME-WQI. The results revealed varying water quality across different points on the stream. S2, located in a protected area, exhibited the best quality; in contrast, S4 and S5, located downstream of a wastewater treatment plant, exhibited the poorest quality. The consistency of these findings with the literature and the historical records of Ankara Stream emphasize that the CCME-WQI can be used for the management of water resources with high levels of pollution. This study contributes to sustainable water management practices and highlights the need for advanced treatment techniques to control pollution in urban freshwater resources.

Assessment of Organic Matter Influence on the Ecological Integrity of Poyang Lake Using O/E Model and Chemical-Biological Indices over the Past Two Decades.

Ecological integrity, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological aspects, is crucial for sustaining ecosystem service functions and stability. As the largest freshwater lake in China, the ecological integrity of Poyang Lake has attracted much attention due to the over-exploitation of its water resources in recent years. In this study, several biological and water quality surveys on water ecological conditions were carried out at 11 sampling points of Poyang Lake from 1998 to 2022, and the ecological health of Poyang Lake was evaluated by use of the O/E (Observation/Expectation) model and the chemical-biological index method according to the status of the water quality and the structure of the benthic fauna in the four seasons, respectively. The results showed that the benthic community structure is simple, and the biodiversity is low, which is mainly dominated by Insecta in Arthropoda and Oligochaeta in Oroidea, accounting for 84.3% and 42.4%, respectively; the results of the O/E index evaluated under the threshold of probability of capture ≥ 0.5 showed that the health grade of all sections was sub-healthy or average, which was consistent with the results of the chemical-biological composite index evaluation. The dual evaluation method of the O/E model and chemical-biological composite index adopted in this study integrates more than twenty years of long-time scale data; this method combined with long time scale data has not been studied before, and its advantage is that it can more objectively show the change in the ecological situation of Poyang Lake for many years. The results of the present study could provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the evaluation of lake water environment quality.

Hydrogeochemical and hydrochemical evaluation of surface water: insights into water quality for drinking use – case of Babar Dam in northeastern Algeria

The quality of surface water from the Babar Dam in Khenchela province, northeastern Algeria, was assessed using monthly physicochemical data collected from July 2018 to June 2019. This study aimed to evaluate the water's suitability for both drinking and agricultural purposes. For the drinking water assessment, two water quality indices, the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI), were employed. The WQI results indicated that 99% of the monitoring stations consistently had good quality water, while only 1% showed permissible quality throughout the year, meeting the standard criteria for drinking water. In contrast, the CCME-WQI classified the water as marginal at all stations, suggesting that while the water met the basic standards for human consumption, certain parameters such as conductivity and specific ion concentrations fell outside the ideal range, potentially requiring treatment for improved quality. These findings highlight the overall suitability of the water for consumption but also emphasize the need for continued monitoring and possible intervention to ensure water quality remains consistently safe for all uses.

Comparative assessment of groundwater quality in Kokrajhar, India

A study was carried out to analyse and compare the quality of groundwater in Kokrajhar during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Kokrajhar is experiencing a significant population growth and urbanisation. Groundwater is vital for the daily activities and consumption of the local population. In order to meet the needs of the local population, it is crucial to evaluate the quality of groundwater. The study involved the collection of groundwater samples from 20 different locations during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. Tests were conducted on groundwater samples to analyse 10 different test parameters. Sample points were located using geographical information system (GIS) and contour maps were generated to represent different test parameters. The assessment of groundwater quality was determined using two different methodologies: the Weighted Arithmetic Index (WAI) method and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method. The results obtained by both methods were compared. Minor to significant variations in various test parameters were observed during analysis of pre- and post-monsoon groundwater samples.

Clean Water For Small Islands In Indonesia: Case Study Of Child Diarrhea In Kelapa And Kelapa Dua Islands, Kepulauan Seribu

Clean water quality/water sources are critical factors in preventing diarrhea, especially in island areas that often face challenges of limited access and infrastructure to provide adequate clean water. This study aimed to see the descriptive relationship between the physical and microbiological quality of dug well water and the incidence of diarrhea in children on Kelapa Island and Kelapa Dua Island, Kepulauan Seribu. The results of the analysis showed that the physical quality of water in both locations met the criteria of the Minister of Health Regulation number 2 of 2023, namely, the temperature was in the range of 24°C-30°C, turbidity 1 NTU, and water that was odorless and colorless. Microbiological analysis revealed significant contamination, with total Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli levels exceeding the maximum allowable limit ( 0 CFU/100 ml ). Factors such as shallow well depths of less than 3 meters and well distances of less than 10 meters from pollution sources contribute to water pollution indicates fecal contamination that increases the risk of diarrhea, especially in children under five. Given the island region's limited access to water quality, these findings emphasize the need for improved water quality monitoring and environmental quality improvements to reduce public health impacts.

The Impact of Equity Financing Moderation on Global Supply Chain Management and Corporate Performance Relationship

The main urban environmental problems are poor air quality, the urban heat island effect, water quality deterioration and flooding, environmental biodiversity needs, increased waste flows, and excessive carbon emissions levels. Many of these issues, especially the urban heat island effect and stormwater runoff, have a greater impact and stronger influence on post-industrial cities more emphatically influence post-industrial cities, because of their specific development patterns. Cities face many environmental challenges, including air and water quality problems, the need for adequate green space, excessive heat gain, contaminated stormwater runoff and lack of biodiversity ecosystem. Urban agriculture offers a unique opportunity to utilize vacant or idle land and rooftops throughout cities for the production of oxygen and healthy pesticide-free food. Adding residential green space to a neighborhood, including community gardens and urban farms, is known to provide a number of social, health, economic, and environmental benefits. Despite the challenging global trends, some citizens believe that Indonesia presents the resilience trend as displayed across the region, and we are ready to keep moving forward together for the years. In 2021 President of the Republic of Indonesia, Bpk Joko Widodo, officially established National Food Agency in Indonesia. This agency is ministered under the Ministry of Agriculture Food Security Agency, led by Bpk Arief Prasetyo Adi, and the Ministry of Economy, led by Bpk Airlangga Hartarto. The need for food and the market is very large and will continue to grow. However, the development of the food sector requires innovative methods based on modern technology, which will be able to increase the efficiency of the production process and the quality of food that is affordable and able to improve the carrying capacity of the environment, as well as the welfare of farmers and their supporting sectors. The purpose of this research is to provide information for executives to contribute to the development of the supply chain management talent, including the primary drivers, benefits, barriers, and bridges. The challenging macroeconomic and political environment is also putting pressure on the global business sector. Large companies have reported shrinking profit margins due to rising costs. Among small businesses, bankruptcy rates have begun to rise as borrowing costs rise and financial support dwindles. Emerging markets face many risks related to a strong US dollar, high external borrowing costs, persistently high inflation, volatility in commodity markets, increased uncertainty on the outlook for economic conditions in global economies, and pressure from tightening policies in advanced economies.

SATISFACTION WITH THE URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF CHELYABINSK: RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE-QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

The study of satisfaction with urban environments utilizes a variety of methodologies, from singleitem questions to comprehensive lists that assess different aspects of living conditions. The aim of this quantitative and qualitative research is to determine which characteristics of the urban environment reliably reflect the satisfaction with a settlement and how socio-demographic indicators are associated with these assessments. The results of con-firmatory factor analysis on a sample from Chelyabinsk (N=313) (χ²/df = 3.26 (137/42), p < 0.001; TLI = 0.93, CFI = 0.947; RMSEA = 0.085 (90 % CI from 0.069 to 0.1), SRMR = 0.055) confirmed the existence of two latent variables: satisfaction with the urban environment (α = 0.87, M = 5.5, SD = 1.8) and satisfaction with the natural environment or ecological conditions (α = 0.86, M = 3.1, SD = 2.2). An increase in age and education level is associated with greater dissatisfaction with the ecological conditions, while longer residence leads to a more negative assessment of both the natural and urban environments. Conversely, those with higher incomes are more satisfied with the urban environment and its individual characteristics. The respondents were found to be only slightly satisfied or dissat-isfied with the city overall and its specific characteristics: education level, safety, infrastructure, availability and variety of recreational spaces, career opportunities, food prices, housing accessibility, and quality of healthcare. At the same time, we found a manifested dissatisfaction with the state of the natural environment (ecology, water, and air quality). According to the qualitative analysis, the most problematic issues in the region are «Ecology» (n = 236, 81.7 %) and «Transport Infrastructure» (n = 96, 33.2 %). These are followed by the categories «City Infrastructure» (n = 70, 24.2 %) and public services «Education and Medicine» (n = 30, 10.4 %). The possibilities of applying these results to future studies of urban satisfaction are discussed.

Evolution Characteristics and Risk Assessment on Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Weihe River Basin, China

Temporal and spatial changes in non-point source pollution, driven by significant alterations in land use due to increased human activity, have considerably affected the quality of groundwater, surface water, and soil environments in the region. This study examines the Weihe River basin in greater detail, an area heavily impacted by human activity. The study developed the River Section Potential Pollution Index (R-PPI) model using the Potential Non-Point Source Pollution Index (PNPI) model in order to investigate the dynamic changes in River Section Potential Pollution (R-PP) over a 31-year period and its associated risks, especially those related to land use and land cover change (LUCC). The predominant land uses in the Weihe River Basin are cropland, grassland, and forest, making up around 97% of the basin’s total area. The Weihe River Basin underwent a number of soil and water conservation initiatives between 1990 and 2020, which significantly decreased the potential pollution risk in the river segment. The research separated the R-PP risk values in the area into five different categories using a quantile classification technique. According to the data, there is a polarization of R-PP risk in the area, with downstream parts especially having an increased risk of pollution in river segments impacted by human activity. On the other hand, river segments in the middle and upper reaches of the basin showed a discernible decline in possible pollution risk throughout the study period. The Weihe River Basin’s rapid urbanization and land degradation are to blame for the current increase in R-PP risk. The substantial influence of LUCC on the dynamic variations in R-PP risk in the Weihe River Basin is highlighted by this study. Additionally, it offers crucial information for upcoming conservation initiatives and urban planning guidelines meant to enhance the area’s ecological well-being and environmental standards.

Using Two Water Quality Indices for Evaluating the Health and Management of a Tropical Lake

With increasing pressure on freshwater resources in developing countries due to population growth, further research and potential interventions are crucial. Lake Tana, located in the headwaters of the Blue Nile, serves as a critical example of these precious freshwater resources. This study evaluated the water quality of Lake Tana for both ecological health and drinking purposes using the Arithmetic Weighted Water Quality Index (AW WQI) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI). Samples were collected from 20 lake sampling stations four times between July 2018 and June 2019 to calculate the two water quality indices using ten measured parameters. The average annual AW WQI ranged from good to very poor for ecological health and very poor to unsuitable for drinking water. The CCME WQI categorized Lake Tana’s water quality as poor to fair for both uses. According to the water quality indices, the water quality was most impacted by turbidity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, and phosphorus. However, except for ammonium, these factors were immaterial for lake management because the lake was nitrogen-limited, and the turbidity resulted from sediment stirred up by waves from the lake bottom, which cannot be managed easily. Dissolved oxygen is related to turbidity. Moreover, the WQIs did not identify two pesticides in the lake that negatively affected the fish. Thus, WQI indices may document water quality changes over time. Therefore, in addition to a favorable economic and political climate, improving lake water management requires insights from experts, the scientific literature, and possibly additional monitoring in addition to what is provided by the WQIS.

Effects of Sesuvium portulacastrum Floating Treatment Wetlands on Nitrogen Removal and Carbon Sequestration in Aquaculture Water

Sesuvium portulacastrum floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are effective at removing nitrogen and phosphorus, adsorbing heavy metals, and removing organic pollutants from aquaculture wastewater, and thus improve fish farming productivity. In this study, an S. portulacastrum FTW was used in a simulated grouper aquaculture experiment for 40 days. The FTW removed 1~3 mg/L of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) throughout the experimental period as well as the following toxic nitrogen species: 88% NO2−-N in the middle stage and 90% TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) in the middle stage. The health of the groupers was promoted and the weight of each grouper was 8% higher than those in the control group in the end. Compared with that of the control group, the carbon sequestration of the aquaculture ecosystem was also increased by S. portulacastrum FTW because more carbon was held in the biomass, including through the growth of the plant mass of the FTW, 109 g C/pond, and a reduction in fishing catch losses, 442 g C/pond. Therefore, S. portulacastrum FTW can serve as a potential technology for improving the water environment quality of feeding ponds and contributing to carbon sequestration in aquaculture systems.

Spatial Association of Surface Water Quality and Cancer in the Huaihe River Basin.

Objective To reveal the spatial distribution patterns of key pollutants in the Huaihe River Basin and quantify the risks and burdens of non-gastrointestinal cancers by the grade of pollution,providing targets and data support for enhanced management of water pollution in the Huaihe River Basin. Methods Surface water quality data of the Huaihe River Basin were obtained from the National Surface Water Environmental Quality Monitoring Network(2021).Incidence data of seven cancers were extracted from the 2019 Annual Report of the China Cancer Registry.Random forest and SHapley Additive exPlanations were employed to select key pollutants,and pollution was graded based on the spatial analysis of the Huaihe River Basin.The cancer risks and population attributable fractions were calculated under pollution grades. Results Five key pollutants linked to cancers were identified,including total nitrogen,total phosphorus,chemical oxygen demand,biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days,and arsenic.Pollution was graded into three levels regarding the combined effects of pollutants.Compared with the low pollution areas,high pollution areas showed increased risks of lung cancer(RR=1.26,95%CI:1.06-1.50),breast cancer(female)(RR=1.46,95%CI:1.21-1.77),pancreatic cancer(RR=1.46,95%CI:1.06-2.01),brain cancer(RR=1.44,95%CI:1.05-1.98),and gallbladder cancer(RR=1.60,95%CI:1.03-2.50).The grade of pollution contributed to more than 5% of cases for most cancers above. Conclusions The potential cancer risks and burdens attributed to surface water pollution cannot be overlooked.Addressing this challenge necessitates close collaboration of various stakeholders to strengthen policy development,enhance environmental governance,and implement public health interventions.

Potential Impact of DOM on Fish Biodiversity in the Jinshui River Basin Environment

Water quality is crucial for the ecological health of rivers. However, assessing environmental stressors in large river basins has been challenging due to limited biodiversity monitoring tools. Combining environmental DNA and water quality monitoring presents new possibilities for evaluating the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on fish diversity. Case studies from the Jinshui River, Futou Lake, and Gan River in the Jinshui River Basin demonstrated that eDNA biomonitoring reached 84.62% OTU asymptote (176 OTUs) and 91.06% species asymptote (49 species). The Gan River had 1.21 and 1.26 times more fish OTUs than Futou Lake and the Jinshui River, with 20 overlapping species among the areas. We identified typical excitation-emission matrix (EEM) components of DOM and three PARAFAC fluorescent components: C1 (microbial humic-like), C2 (terrestrial humic-like), and C3 (tryptophan-like). Sequence diversity was positively correlated with EC, TDS, pH, NH3-N, DO, CODMn, biological index (BIX), and freshness index (β/α). Taxonomic diversity positively correlated with spectral slope ratio (SR) and C3. Functional diversity positively correlated with SR but negatively correlated with humification index (HIX). The combined eDNA and DOM monitoring approach shows promise for future assessments of fish biodiversity in river basin environments.

Optimization Model for Climatic Change Impact on the Water Quality of Al-Hilla River, Iraq

This study presents an advanced optimization model to assess the impacts of climate change on water quality in the Al-Hilla River. To reduce uncertainties associated with climate change projections and quantify the river's water quality response, a novel model of the river system is developed, with the objective function integrated into optimization theory. Water quality simulations for different regions of the river system are performed using the QUAL2K model, while the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method is applied to optimize the model. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of temperature and DO variations on microbial populations and the self-purification capacity of the water body. The results indicate that all climate change scenarios lead to a decline in water quality, with significant reductions in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, even under safe discharge conditions. The study demonstrates that the proposed technique can identify optimal solutions more efficiently, contributing to faster and more reliable decision-making in water quality management. Also, the findings reveal that both temperature and DO significantly influence microbial composition and self-purification processes, with higher temperatures and DO levels improving self-purification efficiency. These insights enhance our understanding of the complex interactions between environmental factors and water quality, offering a valuable foundation for future water management strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change.