Under the background of new engineering, artificial intelligence courses in applied undergraduate colleges and universities face great challenges in course teaching and students’ learning effect due to the comprehensive factors such as content, class hours, and students’ knowledge structure. In order to improve the level and quality of talent training, this paper explores and practices the problems existing in the teaching of artificial intelligence courses in applied undergraduate colleges from the aspects of curriculum teaching objectives, contents, methods, teacher construction, and experimental teaching, promoting learning through competition and teaching assessment, and insists on taking “applied and innovative” learning training as the center. It is necessary to constantly optimize the ideas and methods of artificial intelligence course construction, and promote the development and innovation of computer education in application-oriented colleges under the background of new engineering.