Quality Of Surface Water Bodies Research Articles

Formation of Water Quality of Surface Water Bodies Used in the Material Processing

Formation of Water Quality of Surface Water Bodies Used in the Material Processing

Hygienic aspects of water use of the population of the territory in the zone of influence of the Vostochny Cosmodrome

There are presented the results of a hygienic assessment of the water quality of surface water bodies, the catchment basins of which are localized within the territory of the zone of direct influence of the objects of the Vostochny cosmodrome and the quality of drinking water from the distributing water supply network of the centralized water supply of ZATO Tsiolkovsky. Was carried out the analysis of the data of the regional system of socio-hygienic monitoring, including at the pre-operational and initial stages of operation of the Vostochny cosmodrome. The results obtained indicate that there are no excesses in priority pollutants in the water of surface water bodies (UDMH, NDMA, TMT, formaldehyde, oil products). Heavy metals were determined in concentrations significantly lower than the maximum allowable concentration for surface water bodies for cultural and domestic water use. The results of laboratory studies of drinking water in terms of organoleptic indicators corresponded to hygienic standards, with the exception of water at one monitoring point, where color and turbidity indicators increased by 1.8 and 4.8 times were recorded. Studies on the content of metals showed their presence in water at concentrations significantly lower than the hygienic standards approved for drinking water, with the exception of iron and manganese at two monitoring points, which may be due to natural regional factors.

УРОВНИ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫХ РИСКОВ ЗДОРОВЬЮ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГОРНОРУДНОЙ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ВОСТОЧНОГО ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЯ

The formation of geochemical anomalies in Zabaikalsky Krai is associated with the activities of mining enterprises. Over a long period of mining operations in Eastern Zabaikalsky Krai, a significant number of objects of accumulated environmental risk have formed, many of which are located in the vicinity of settlements. Mining wastes pose a potential hazard to the soil, underground and surface water sources, and atmospheric air pollution by a wide range of chemical elements. Arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, bismuth and tin are the most common chemical elements exceeding hygienic standards. As a result of a study of the water quality of surface water bodies, drinking water of centralized and non-centralized water supply systems, and the state of the soil cover in the territory of Klichka settlement (Priargunsky District), it was established that in the water of noncentralized and centralized drinking water supply sources the excess of hygienic standards for arsenic and chromium was 2.0 – 5.8 TLV and 1.2 TLV, respectively. The maximum excess of the normative values for arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc was detected in technosol, which are 200.5, 47.2, 14.0 and 5.5 times, respectively. An assessment of children’s health risk from chemical pollution of drinking water shows that the coefficient of non-carcinogenic hazard for most of the studied chemicals does not exceed the allowable value (HQ = 1.0) the exception is the hazard ratio associated with exposure to arsenic (HQ = 2.50). When calculating the total hazard index for the simultaneous ingestion of chemicals, it was found that for the child population the HQ was 4.12, with arsenic making the greatest contribution to the value of the index. The results obtained indicate the need for further study of environmental factors and in-depth biomedical research.

ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ROADWAY’S CONSTRUCTION ON ADJACENT WATER RESOURCES: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF ALBANIA

Water is one of nature’s resources. As urbanisation grows, new roadways and highways are constructed for the transport sector and development. Due to roadway infrastructure, the development of the quality of surface water bodies in close proximity to roads is deteriorating and has become a major environmental challenge. Considered as one of the major nonpoint pollution sources, the construction of new roadways can have short and long-term effects on water quality conditions. This study revealed that road construction activities may be responsible for introducing pollutants in nearby water sources, leading to the deterioration of water quality. The roadway expansion activities affect both the surface and groundwater quality. Furthermore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of a road construction project situated in the southern part of Albania, on physic-chemical parameters of surface water by collecting water samples from Skotini stream. The analysed parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (ECw), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, nitrites (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+) and total phosphorus (Ptot). The results revealed that all physic-chemical parameters analysed in the laboratory are between the normal standards classifying these waters as very clean. Further surveillance for quality assessment of water sources near roadway’s construction activities is needed. Various best management practices have been developed and implemented to prevent negative environmental impacts in the transport sector and roadway construction activities. Results of the water quality help strengthen the theory that roadway construction projects in the transport sector, using appropriate best management practices, could yield minimal impact on the overall water quality of surrounding water bodies.

Water Quality Models and their Use in Monitoring the Quality of Surface Water Bodies

Water quality has been considered as one of the major challenges in water resource management. The main reason of degradation of water quality over the years is anthropogenic activities. Also, the monitoring of surface water bodies is a tedious as well as expensive process. For the depiction of water quality in simple and easy to understand terminology Water Quality Index (WQI) is found to be one of the widely used tool. It provides a transparent picture of the status of the pollution of a water body that is why it has been widely accepted by policy makers as well as other concerned authorities. Many WQI models have been developed throughout the world, using various water quality parameters, different techniques to generate subindices and also involving various mathematical techniques for aggregation of subindices. This paper deals with the comparison of various water quality models-based om number of parameters used, methods to generate subindices, aggregation techniques as well as their application and uses.

DETERMINATION OF FACTORS OF FORMATION OF QUALITATIVE COMPOSITION OF SURFACE WATER OBJECTS BY THE METHOD OF MAIN COMPONENTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF RIVERS OF THE DNIEPER BASIN)

The article analyzes the water quality of surface water bodies (on the example of rivers of the Dnieper basin) by the method of main components, identifies and interprets the main factors that form long-term variability of water quality of surface water bodies and make different contributions to the total variance. The research was carried out according to the samples of control water intake of the Dnieper River within the Basin Water Resources Management at 12 posts, for the period from 2011 to 2020. The leading factors were identified: plant and animal organisms (12…39 %), leaching of Fe- and Cu-containing minerals (10…29 %). The article shows that in the formation of the chemical composition of the water of the rivers of the studied region is determined by the factor of ion from the rocks on which the formation of the catchment. A factor characterizing the local conditions of river runoff formation has been identified - the process of groundwater discharge, which is manifested in changes in the concentrations of silicon and nitrates. In addition, a negative dependence of changes in the content of silicon ions and nitrates on temperature. The originality of the study is based on an integrated approach, which includes research based on available data in the State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine, which takes into account the principles of biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of water resources, river management and basins, monitoring and evaluation of their status. In the future, the proposed approach may be the subject of research in the direction of establishing factors that characterize the local conditions of formation of river runoff, including taking into account the man-made load on it.

Method to localize snowmelt runoff pollutant sources of surface water bodies by paired geoinformation and hydrological analyses

The quality of melt runoff from agricultural fields significantly affects the quality of surface water bodies and their ecosystem services. Currently, methods based on geographic information systems (GIS) are used with aim to reduce the risk of pollution of surface water bodies. Thus do make possible a localization of pollutants sources at rural areas and their transport routes to the water bodies. This paper presents the results of geoinformation analysis of the results of melt runoff sampling as well as cartographic modeling of melt runoff on the territory of the summer field dacha (SFD) of the RSAU-MTAA.In early April 2018 a specially designed fields monitoring was accomplished. Twenty water samples were taken at the locations of ten catchment’s outlets located within the SFD territory. Chemical analyzes identified 5 inorganic chemical components with high concentration values. Digital elevation model (DEM) of the plot area was generated from UAV data for the analysis of the territory’s topography. Spatial analysis of samples in combination with hydrological analysis of DTM showed differentiation in pollution of snowmelt runoff by catchments. This enabled to identify some catchments as providers of the biggest negative contribution to the quality of melt runoff.

Assessment of Environmental Water Security of an Asian Deltaic Megacity and Its Peri-Urban Wetland Areas

Achieving urban water security requires sustaining the trade-offs between the exploitation of water/environmental resources and ecosystem services. This achievement not only reduces the pollution and contamination in the environment, level of water stress, but also secures good ambient water quality and future for people’s well-being and livelihoods. Changes in land use and land cover and growth of impervious structures can immediately generate severe ecological and social issues and increase the level of natural or manmade risks, affecting the condition of ecosystem services within and in the vicinity of an urban region. As a result of these transformations and further exploitation, due to the growing anthropogenic pressure, surface water and groundwater quality can be deteriorated compared to ambient water quality standards (for both chemical and biological pollutants). Based on land use and land cover (LULC) data retrieved from remote sensing interpretation, we computed the changes of the ecosystem service values (ESV) associated with the LULC dynamics, water quality and, finally, urban water security during the pre- and post-monsoon periods of 2009, 2014 and 2019 in Kolkata, an Asian deltaic megacity, and its peri-urban wetlands named East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). The area under wetlands reduced comprehensively in 2009–2019 due to the conversion of wetlands into various other classes such as urban settlement, etc. The quality of surface water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, canals and inland wetlands) deteriorated. The groundwater quality is still under control, but the presence of arsenic, manganese and other metals are a clear indication of urban expansion and related activities in the area. As a result, there was a change in the ESV during this timeframe. In the pre-monsoon period, there was an increase in total ESV from US$53.14 million in 2009 to US$53.36 million and US$59.01 million in 2014 and 2019, respectively. In the post-monsoon period, the ESV decreased from US$67.42 million in 2009 to US$64.13 and US$61.89 million in 2014 and 2019, respectively. These changes can be attributed to the peri-urban wetlands and the benefits or services arising out of them that contribute more than 50% of the total ESV. This study found that the area under wetlands has reduced comprehensively in the past 10 years due to the conversion of wetlands for various other uses such as urban expansion of the Kolkata City, but still, this peri-urban wetland supports the urban water security by providing sufficient ecosystem services. In conclusion, the transformation in extent of the water-related ecosystem is a crucial indicator of urban water security, which also measures the quantity of water contained in various water-related ecosystems. Quantitative analysis of the LULC change, hence, is important for studying the corresponding impact on the ecosystem service value (ESV) and water quality that helps in decision-making in securing urban water future and ecosystem conservation.

Assessment of the Open Water State in Water Use Point of the Population the Murmansk Region

The study of the ecological situation in lake basins, including the assessment of water pollution, has become relevant recently, since the quality of drinking water depends on the quality of surface water bodies. The paper reflects the main results of water quality assessment of Lower Vaengskoye Lake in the Murmansk Region in the period 2016–2017. Hydro-chemical studies included the following indicators: biochemical consumption of oxygen, mass content of ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, sulfates, iron, coloration and hardness of water, permanganate oxidation. Natural factors are decisive contributors to the chemical composition of water. The sanitary status of the lake was assessed using the methods of microbiological analysis of water from the surface sources of water use. According to the microbiological indicators in the studies, water meets the requirements of hygienic standards. According to sanitary-chemical indicators, there is a variance with the requirements of hygienic standards in 10% of all the studies conducted, namely in terms of coloration, permanganate oxidation, and iron. On the whole, the quality of the lake’s water during the period of the study was assessed by the value of the integral hydro-chemical index as “pure” water (by the value of WPI). The results of the tests make it possible to conclude that the degree of the anthropogenic burden on the reservoir studied is insignificant.

Evaluation of water quality state through regulations and physicochemical indicators for the administration of water resources in the Integrated Management District of Salto del Tequendama

Water resources are of great importance in the administration of protected areas. This is linked to the quality of surface water bodies that pro-vide different eco-systemic services, since they shelter different species of fauna and flora. In relation to Resolution 1596 of 2006 adopted by the General Direction of the CAR, which states the Management Plan for the Integrated Management District (DMI by its abbreviation in Spanish) in the area of Salto del Tequendama - Cerro Manjui, attached to the Water Cycle Management program and in relation with the "Water Quality Control" project, states the evaluation of the conditions of the different water sources in relation to water collection given by the communities as one of its objectives, and at the same time exposes the determinants of the conditions that take place in the surface water bodies. In this article, a correlation of the uses that are stated in the management plan will be performed in order to com-pare the results, which are obtained by means of the environmental monitoring that is evaluating the control and management of the "Water Quality Control". Based on the evaluation of water quality, it was possible to determine whether the uses that are defined in the Management Plan are appropriate, by linking them to the Water Quality Control program. Calculations were also made conducive to obtain indicators that would allow us to estimate the quality of the water and possible sources of pollution.

Effects of Dumping Solid Waste on Water Quality of Surface Water Bodies

Water pollution has been a hot debate for government and scientists. in addition, protecting river water quality is exceedingly immediate because of serious water pollution and global scarcity of water reservoir. This study was conducted to assess the effect of solid waste dumping on surface water quality. In return to achieve this, water samples were obtained in different months from site. Below site was selected due to the dumps on surface water. Water parameters pH, turbidity conductivity and temperature were determined using pH/conductivity meter, Most the values are within the permissible limits, but all the samples do not fulfill WHO requirements, site may have effects on human health due to waterborne diseases and on soil fertility.

The Storage and Water Quality Characteristics of Rungiri Quarry Reservoir in Kiambu, Kenya, as a Potential Source of Urban Water

Urbanization has caused limitations on water resources, while climate change has reduced amounts of surface water in some parts of the world. Kikuyu, a suburban area in Kiambu county, Kenya, is facing this challenge. The major challenge in the study is scarcity of potable water, resulting in inadequate water supply to Kikuyu residents. Currently, only 63.6% of the population is being supplied with water by Kikuyu Water Company, the company mandated to supply water to the area. Water demand was 2972 m3/day in 2015 and was projected to be 3834 m3/day by 2025. This has put pressure on the already exploited clean water resources, making it necessary to seek additional sources of domestic water. Storage capacity and water quality of surface water bodies, especially small reservoirs whose water can be used to ease the demand, need to be assessed for supplemental water supply. This study aimed at assessing the suitability of the abandoned quarry reservoir as a source of potable urban water by determining its storage capacity characteristics and water quality status. Volume characteristics were determined using bathymetry survey in January 2019. Water samples were collected in January and August 2019 and analyzed for chemical, physical, and bacteriological quality, as per the American Public Health Association (APHA) standard methods for water and wastewater. Parameters were evaluated based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) guidelines for drinking water, and rated based on the drinking water quality index (WQI). The reservoir’s maximum storage capacity was found to be 128,385 m3, the surface area was 17,699 m2, and the maximum depth was 15.11 m. Nineteen of the twenty-five investigated parameters were within the acceptable standards. However, the concentrations of manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), turbidity, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were above the acceptable limits. Manganese and iron levels increased with depth. The overall WQI of the reservoir was 82.51 and 85.85 in January and August, respectively. Therefore, based on WQI rating, the water scored a good quality rating and could be used for domestic supply upon treatment. The original achievement of this study is establishment of the volume of the water in the quarry as an additional source of water to the nearby community, along with water quality status.

ON SOME ASPECTS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF NEGATIVE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER BODIES IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ENSURING SYSTEM

Aim. The aim of the research is to determine the objectivity and reliability of the information received on the quality of surface water bodies, taking into account the natural features of water bodies in the Specific Combinatorial Water Pollution Index. Methods. Basic information about the quality of surface land waters (including small rivers) was obtained during regime observations, which were carried out by the Federal State Budgetary Institution "West-Siberian Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring" in 2017. Assessment of the degrees of contamination of surface waters was carried out on the basis of statistical processing of the results of chemical analyzes “Gydrokhimik PC” software package and indicators of a comprehensive assessment of the degree of contamination of surface waters calculated using the “UKISV-network” software package. Assessment of the degree of pollution of surface waters is based on the data of the West Siberian Research Institute for Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture for 2017. Results. It has been established that the quality assessment methodology by the Specific Combinatorial Water Pollution Index does not objectively evaluate the quality of surface water bodies taking into account the natural features of water bodies. Conclusion. It is necessary to improve or change the approaches and methods of assessing the quality of surface waters since this will increase the degree of reliability of statistical information. In turn, this will allow the authorities and relevant federal agencies to respond more quickly to issues of ensuring environmental safety, it will also allow using the budget funds allocated for environmental protection more rationally.

The impact of various land uses on the microbial and physicochemical quality of surface water bodies in developing countries: Prioritisation of water resources management areas

To protect water resources, the WHO recommends assessing land use influence on water quality, taking into consideration residential development and waste disposal amongst others. Thus, we investigated the impact of unconstructed plots, an informal settlement, an urban residential area, and an industrial area on the microbiological and physicochemical quality of two main tributaries within the Klein Jukskei catchment, Johannesburg, South Africa, to identify areas where immediate resource management strategies were needed. Water samples collected from the tributaries’ sources and upstream and downstream from each land use type (Winter and Spring) were analysed for E. coli (indicator organism), using the Colilert® 18 system. Physicochemical parameters (Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved solids) were measured using multiparameter instruments. The tributaries’ sources had the lowest E. coli counts (Sandspruit – 0.74; North Ridingspruit – 1.18log10 MPN/100mL) during the study. After flowing through the various land uses, mean E. coli counts reached 5.98 (Sandspruit) and 4.85log10 MPN/100mL (North Ridingspruit). E. coli values and all physicochemical parameters (but for pH) downstream from most of the land uses did not meet the South African drinking water quality guidelines. The informal settlement had the most negative impact on the microbial and physicochemical quality of the water within the tributaries. Thus, providing informal settlements with appropriate sanitation facilities is likely to prevent pollution of the water bodies. Protection of the sources should also be implemented while industrial wastes need to be monitored for conformity with water quality guidelines before discharge.

Eutrophication of lakes in Volyn region

The article describes the state of eutrophication of water bodies of Ukrainian Polissya on the example of some lakes of Turiysk region. It is indicated legislation defining the notion of eutrophication. It is displayed water fund of Volyn region in terms of surface water bodies — lakes, reservoirs and ponds. It is specified the results of studies on overgrowing and water logging of water bodies. It is separately marked the natural conditions of the lakes of Turiysk territory and their impact on the surrounding area. It is considered the newly approaches of national legislation on the environmental state of water bodies or their parts that allows to estimate consequences of eutrophication on a comparison of environmental standards for water quality of surface water bodies. It is analyzed the accumulation of bottom sediments in water bodies with atmospheric and marsh nutrition type. It is calculated the dynamics of change of water surface area of eleven lakes of Turiysk region for assessing the degree and forecast of their eutrophication. It is conducted the estimation of anthropogenicchanges that have occurred over the last 80 years and proposed environment protection measures for restoration of functioning of anthropogenically modified ecosystem « lake — floodplain» in order to preserve their water content

Using Scenedesmus sp. for the Phycoremediation of Tannery Wastewater

Wastewater from the leather tannery industry contains high concentrations of heavy metals, especially chromium, as well as high values of inorganic nutrients and organic matter which, if not treated prior to discharge, may alter the quality of surface water bodies. As an alternative treatment to these industrial effluents, we propose the use of microalgae, due to their ability to remove contaminants. This study evaluates the growth of the microalga Scenedesmus sp. in three different concentrations of wastewater (20%, 50%, and 100%) at a tannery in Bogota, Colombia, for a period of 15 days, and assesses the removal of chromium, nutrients, and organic load. Results indicate a growth proportional to the concentration of the effluent, with greater biomass in undiluted wastewater. Likewise, the procedure achieved the removal of over 80% of hexavalent chromium, nitrates and phosphates, and organic load, measured as BOD. Thus, the microalga Scenedesmus sp. exhibited a phycoremediation effect on tannery wastewater.

Suitability of Water Quality Indices for Application in Lakes in the Mediterranean

Water quality indices (WQIs) are efficient and powerful tools for evaluating, organising and communicating information on the overall quality of surface water bodies. The use of these indices may be very helpful in evaluating the water quality of aquatic systems in relation to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). In this study, two well-known water quality indices have been selected for evaluation: the CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment) and NSF (National Sanitation Foundation). These WQIs were applied in the Polyphytos reservoir-Aliakmon river in Greece where monthly water quality data were available for the period June 2004 to May 2005. The available dataset included values of the following parameters: water depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, transparency (Secchi disk depth), BOD5, COD, total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−), and total Κjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The application of the two WQIs was made using specialised, freely available software-tools. A comparison of their performance and a qualitative judgement on their suitability on expressing the quality of a surface water body is presented. The classification results were compared with those obtained by the WFD-ECOFRAME approach of the EU. Based on the applicability and drawbacks of the examined indices, useful conclusions were derived and discussed. Among others, it is concluded that the NSF-WQI is a more robust index and produces a classification nearer that of the WFD-ECOFRAME approach when compared to the CCME-WQI.

Typology of Riverbed Structures and Habitats (TRiSHa) – A new method for a high resolution characterization of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamic of riverbed substrates and microhabitats

The assessment of the ecological quality of surface water bodies has a long tradition and has become even more important over the last decade. Unfortunately the thorough sampling of the faunistic quality components is too seldom accompanied by an equally detailed analysis of the hydromorphological structures which form the basis of the aquatic ecosystems. This has led to sophisticated faunistic evaluations based on crude assumptions. The TRiSHa method (Typology of Riverbed Structures and Habitats) was specifically designed to correct this current lopsidedness. It is a hydromorphological mapping method that complements the state of the art hydrobiological methods like PERLODES and thus can provide the missing detailed information about the structural characteristics of riverbeds, which form the basis for the faunistic evaluations. TRiSHa provides a strong focus on the scale of the microhabitats, which are most relevant for the species of the macrozoobenthos, an often used ecological quality indicator. The method is easy to apply, scales well for (wadeable) river stretches of different sizes and is, due to its inductive habitat classification system, fully expandable. It is well suited for a wide range of scientific and water management topics like the high resolution analysis of riverbed structures, their heterogeneity and diversity as well as the spatial and temporal dynamic of individual parameters or whole river stretches. This paper presents the TRiSHa method in detail and exemplifies potential scientific applications through two showcase examples.

The European technical report on aquatic effect-based monitoring tools under the water framework directive

Abstract The Water Framework Directive (WFD), 2000/60/EC, requires an integrated approach to the monitoring and assessment of the quality of surface water bodies. The chemical status assessment is based on compliance with legally binding Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for selected chemical pollutants (priority substances) of EU-wide concern. In the context of the mandate for the period 2010 to 2012 of the subgroup Chemical Monitoring and Emerging Pollutants (CMEP) under the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) for the WFD, a specific task was established for the elaboration of a technical report on aquatic effect-based monitoring tools. The activity was chaired by Sweden and co-chaired by Italy and progressively involved several Member States and stakeholders in an EU-wide drafting group. The main aim of this technical report was to identify potential effect-based tools (e.g. biomarkers and bioassays) that could be used in the context of the different monitoring programmes (surveillance, operational and investigative) linking chemical and ecological status assessment. The present paper summarizes the major technical contents and findings of the report.

Trophic conditions in rivers and streams – significance for biological quality elements of the European Water Framework Directive

In the past, saprobic and trophic conditions were both used as indicators to assess and monitor the quality of surface water bodies. Now, with the introduction of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), the focus in the assessment of aquatic systems has shifted towards better integration of biocoenotic parameters, expressed as biological quality elements. With this change, saprobity is still used, at least as partially, in the evaluation of benthic invertebrate fauna. The term ‘trophic status’, however, no longer appears as a separate criterion. It is the aim of this paper to show that all quality components depend to a greater or lesser extent on the water bodies' trophic status, so that this term will maintain its significance as a key influencing factor.