Quality Of Shell Research Articles

Structural analysis and construction quality assessment of a free-form ice composite shell

The large-span ice composite shell structure constructed by inflatable formwork and cellulose-water mixture spraying method brings a new aesthetic activity to the conventional ice and snow buildings. How to ensure the structural safety of large-span ice shells and satisfy the serviceability in the operation stage has become an urgent problem for structural engineers. Based on the Koi-fish ice shell structure constructed in winter at Harbin Ice-Snow World, China, exhaustive structural investigations on the behaviour of the ice composite shell under multiple load conditions are conducted. Subsequently, the construction quality of the ice shell after completion is discussed and evaluated. The results show that temperature action is the main factor affecting the structural safety of the ice shell. Construction assessment results show that the practical ice shell structure can satisfy the design safety requirements.

Towards the evaluation of a thermal compartmentation renovation concept through in-situ measurements

Facing the energy transition, Dutch social housing corporations are expected to fulfil a pioneering role in realising fossil fuel free and CO2 neutral dwellings and neighbourhoods. However, given the high current costs of retrofitting dwellings to net zero energy, housing corporations are searching diligently for alternative, more affordable, renovation strategies. A Thermal Compartmentation renovation concept has been developed, in which retrofitting efforts are concentrated on the living spaces in dwellings. By means of co-heating tests, the quality of the thermal shell of three retrofitted case objects has been evaluated. It is found that both the airtightness and the heat loss coefficient (HLC) improved significantly as a result of the renovation. As would be expected, the realised ‘warm compartments’ show a better thermal performance than the entire dwellings. Although the measurements and subsequent analyses have confirmed the impact of the renovation measures on the buildings’ thermal performance, additional research targeting the inhabited dwellings is necessary to draw up final conclusions on the potential of the Thermal Compartmentation renovation concept.

Effects of growth temperature and thermal annealing on optical quality of GaNAs nanowires emitting in the near-infrared spectral range

We report on optimization of growth conditions of GaAs/GaNAs/GaAs core/shell/shell nanowire (NW) structures emitting at ∼1 μm, aiming to increase their light emitting efficiency. A slight change in growth temperature is found to critically affect optical quality of the active GaNAs shell and is shown to result from suppressed formation of non-radiative recombination (NRR) centers under the optimum growth temperature. By employing the optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we identify gallium vacancies and gallium interstitials as being among the dominant NRR defects. The radiative efficiency of the NWs can be further improved by post-growth annealing at 680 °C, which removes the gallium interstitials.

Design, construction and monitoring of an ice composite shell structure

Ice structures are widely constructed in cold regions as landscapes or shelters. However, owing to the poor mechanical properties of the material and the masonry construction method, the appearance modelling and building scale of ice structures are limited. It is necessary to discover an innovative high-performance ice material and to establish a large-span ice shell construction method. Based on previous studies, a free-form ice composite shell is designed and constructed with an inflatable formwork. A combined optimization algorithm is proposed to determine a reasonable inflatable formwork for the construction, and exhaustive structural investigations on the behaviour of the ice composite shell under multiple load conditions are conducted. Subsequently, some key technologies for the construction process and health monitoring of the ice composite shell are discussed. The results show that the ice composite material is suitable for the construction of large-span ice shells. The morphological design objectives of the free-form ice shell are achieved based on the previously mentioned optimization algorithm, and the structural analysis provides a theoretical foundation for the structural safety and construction quality of the ice shell. Moreover, the effects of the ambient temperature and solar radiation are not negligible, and further research is required. • The whole process of one ice composite shell built in cold region is discussed. • The 1% cellulose–water mixture is chosen as the structural analysis and construction pumping material. • Form-finding of the inflatable formwork is practiced combining with two optimization algorithms. • A series of works on structural monitoring are conducted. • The temperature and sunshine radiation have a great influence on the ice shell.

Тератогенний та ембріотоксичний вплив карбендазиму на ембріони курей

Introduction of chemical substance technologies into agriculture among which there are 300 pesticides is a guarantee of receiving a completed agricultural product for the protection of animals and plants from pests, mourning bands, ectoparasites and diseases. Despite the positive results of pesticides usage there is a negative side which lies in danger posed to animals and people health. To discover teratogenic and embryotoxic effect fungicide and seed treatment Derozal which is produced by Bayer (Germany) has been used, an active ingredient of which is carbendazim (BMK) (500g/l). It has been injected into the allantois cavity of 9-11 days old chickens’ embryos of K-8 line with a mass 59-61 gr (n=100) in dose of 0.05 LD50 and 0.01 LD50 (500 and 100 mg/kg of an embryo mass relatively) (LD50 for chickens is 9089.0 mg/kg). The doses of pesticide have been calculated due to the existence of active substance (50%). The embryos of a controlled group have been injected with isotonic liquid of sodium chloride in quantity of 0.5 cm3. Test as well as controlled chickens’ embryos have been observed daily through the ovoscope up to the moment of chickens’ hatch with the aim to distinguish the coloration and liveliness, the size of air chamber, the quality of shell, the state of an embryo, its development and the blood system of allantois. Dead chickens’ embryos have been removed and stored for further experiments under the temperature  + 4°С. During the analyses of the influence of different doses of carbendazim it has been determined that the dose of 0.05 LD50 of the substance has caused the death of 14 (46.7 %) embryos, and dose of 0.05 LD50 – the death of 9 (30.0 %) chickens’ embryos. The control has shown that isotonic liquid of NaСl has not caused the mass death of embryos (5 %). Teratogenic influence of carbendazim has been determined by the existence of undeveloped or complete absence of eyes, beaks, one or both limbs, non-fused abdominal cavity and fall-out of internal organs as well as combination of several deformities. The percentage of healthy embryos in the 1st and 2d groups has been at the level of 56.7-80.0 % relatively. Thus, the results of the carried out experiment represent that carbendazim in mentioned doses has highly marked embryotoxic influence on chickens’ embryos and also has teratogenic effect.

Produktivitas Ulat Sutera (Bombyx mori L.) Ras BS-09 di Daerah Tropis

Silkworm is a cold-blooded animal (poikiloterm) so that environment conditions greatly affect their growth. In China, silkworms rearing in the highlands with cool conditions. However, Indonesia is a tropical country with diverse topography conditions and some of them are low altitude areas below 250 m above sea level (asl). This study examined the productivity of silkworms in altitude of 250 m asl. The material used silkworm seedlings from the Silkworm Breeding Center (PPUS) Soppeng and Candiroto, and using 2 different types of mulberry leaf feed (Morus multicaulis and Morus cathayana). Both PPUS have different climatic and altitude conditions. Soppeng at an altitude less than 300 meters asl and Candiroto at a higher one. The results showed that silkworm from Soppeng with fed M. multicaulis was significant different (P<0.05) than other treatments in almost all parameters (consumption, weight of larva, quantity and quality of cocoon shell). The result indicated silkworm Soppeng breed with M. multicaulis have good performance either cocoon shell productions and qualities in Tropic (especially rearing at altitudes around 250 m asl).

Characterization of core/shell structures based on CdTe and GaAs nanocrystalline layers deposited on SnO2 microwires

We report the fabrication and characterization of SnO2/CdTe and SnO2/GaAs core/shell microstructures. CdTe or GaAs shell layers were deposited by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering on core SnO2 microwires synthesized by a flame-based thermal oxidation method. The produced structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (HR-STEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that the SnO2 core is of the rutile type, while the shells are composed of CdTe or GaAs nanocrystallites of zincblende structure with the dimensions of crystallites in the range of 10–20 nm. The Raman scattering investigations demonstrated that the quality of the porous nanostructured shell is improved by annealing at temperatures of 420–450 °C. The prospects of implementing these microstructures in intrinsic type fiber optic sensors are discussed.

Morphology and Magnetic Structure of the Ferritin Core during Iron Loading and Release by Magnetooptical and NMR Methods.

Ferritins are proteins, which serve as a storage and transportation capsule for iron inside living organisms. Continuously charging the proteins with iron and releasing it from the ferritin is necessary to assure proper management of these important ions within the organism. On the other hand, synthetic ferritins have great potential for biomedical and technological applications. In this work, the behavior of ferritin during the processes of iron loading and release was examined using multiplicity of the experimental technique. The quality of the protein's shell was monitored using circular dichroism, whereas the average size and its distribution were estimated from dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy images, respectively. Because of the magnetic behavior of the iron mineral, a number of magnetooptical methods were used to gain information on the iron core of the ferritin. Faraday rotation and magnetic linear birefringence studies provide evidence that the iron loading and the iron-release processes are not symmetrical. The spatial organization of the mineral within the protein's core changes depending on whether the iron was incorporated into or removed from the ferritin's shell. Magnetic optical rotatory dispersion spectra exclude the contribution of the Fe(II)-composed mineral, whereas joined magnetooptical and nuclear magnetic resonance results indicate that no mineral with high magnetization appear at any stage of the loading/release process. These findings suggest that the iron core of loaded/released ferritin consists of single-phase, that is, ferrihydrite. The presented results demonstrate the usefulness of emerging magnetooptical methods in biomedical research and applications.

A Mathematical Model for the purpose of analysing the Thermal Stress Characteristics Of PKS-Based Brake Pad with MATLAB

The automotive brake system has significant requirements to achieve adequate braking power as well as effective heat dissipation. Surface cracks and permanent distortions are a number of unfavorable conditions due to thermal stresses and high temperatures on brake friction surfaces. Contact pressure and temperature on the friction surfaces are often affected by frictional heating, thermal deformation and elastic contact in sliding contact systems. In order to improve the thermal quality of palm kernel shell based brake pads, a mathematical model which can be used to simulate thermal stress behaviour pattern in the brake pads is developed. The developed model is in the form of a partial differential equation with the temperature at a position in the lining varying inversely with the cube root of its distance from the surface where braking force is applied. The said model follows the partial differential equation format usually required for simulation in Matlab environment and can be used to predict the surface temperature, heat flux, planar deformation and shear stress on the brake pad surface during application.

Climate Variability, Incidences and Mitigation Strategies among Poultry Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria

This paper investigated climate variability, incidences and mitigation strategies among poultry farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. It specifically analysed the trend of climate variables over the period of 30 years, the perception of poultry farmers as regards the impact of climate variability on poultry production in the study area, and examined the different mitigation strategies adopted by these farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in choosing the required sample of 120 poultry farmers. Data were collected with validated structured questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result showed a high inter-annual variability in the volume of rainfall from 1983 to 2012 with insignificant correlation (0.0781) between rainfall volume and time. Also, the result showed reduction in number of rainy days and sunshine duration between 1983 and 2012 with correlation coefficients of 0.146 and 0.132respectively. Temperature had significant positive relationship with time with correlation coefficient 0.638.High mortality rate, disease outbreak, smallness of egg size, poor quality of egg shell, heat stress and reduced feed intake actually impacted on poultry production in the study area. Climate variability was therefore found to have affected poultry production in the study area and this has serious environmental and food policies implication. The respondents identified the use of climate resilient breeds, closeness to hatchery, feed improvement, mixed farming, use of artificial cooling system and stocking less during harsh season as major mitigation strategies to climate variability. It is therefore recommended that the government should come up with appropriate policy that will assist the poultry farmer to be more resilient and able to cope with effect of climate variability. Policies should also be formulated to reduce the emission and accumulation of green-house gases in our environment.

The Influence of Phytase Enzyme to Laying Performance and Quality of Egg Shell of Golden Arabian Chicken

Poultry has low ability to digest dietary fibre and to process phytate. Rice bran is intensively used in poultry ration although it contains little bit higher in fibre and phytate. The purpose of this study was to find out the optimal level of phytase the enzyme that could break down phytate in the ration of Golden Arabian chicken to increase performance and physical quality of the eggs. This study used 90 golden arabian chickens (Golden Brakel Kriel), approximately five months of age. Individual cage with a wire floor was equipped with a feed and drinking troughs. Experimental ration was with a mixture of corn, rice bran, commercial concentrate, and mineral mixture. Phytase was added at the level of: zerro, without phytase = P1; 100 FTU/ kg of ration; 200 FTU/kgof ration = P2; 300 FTU/kg of ration =P3; 400 FTU/ kg of ration = P4; and 500 FTU/kg of ration = P5. Experimental design that used in this study was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and five replications and three golden arabian chickens per experimental unit. Results showed that the addition of phytase in golden arabian chickens ration improved the hen day production (P &lt;0.05) up to 71.43% and increased the physical quality, especially weight of eggshell significantly (P &lt;0.05) up to 4.516 gram (phytase enzyme 300 FTU/kg) . In conclusion, that the level of the phytase of 300 FTU/kg of ration was the most optimal dose to increase the daily egg production and improve the physical quality. However, the addition of phytase did not affect to feed consumption, feed efficiency, eggshell thickness and eggshell thickness index.

Age influence on quality of shell and penetration in bacterial laying lightweight eggs

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of the bird’s age on the quality of the shell and percentage of bacterial penetration in commercial eggs. White-shelled commercial eggs were used, laid by light laying hens in their first laying cycle at 21, 39, 51, and 62 weeks of age. Shell quality evaluations comprised: egg weight, specific gravity, percentage and thickness of shell, number and size of pores. For evaluations regarding bacterial penetration, strains of several enterobacterias and one salmonella were used, all of which resistant to Nalidixic acid (100µg/ml). The method employed for evaluation of bacterial penetration was filling the eggs with growth medium. The data were subjected to variance analysis with 5% of probability using SAS (Education Analytical Software, 2013). Eveb though increase in the laying hen's age caused reduction of the quality of eggshells, it failed to affect the percentage of penetration of the bacterial samples evaluated.

Effect of Grape Syrup as a Replacement for Sugar on the Chemical and Sensory Properties of Sponge Cake

The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of replacing sugar with different concentrations of natural sweetener (grape syrup) in making low-calorie cakes. For this purpose, different types of cakes with 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% grape syrup were cooked. Then, the chemical and sensory properties of cakes such as moisture content and water activity, PH, protein, sugar and fat content as well as acid-insoluble ash, sensory evolution, and color were studied. Results indicated that an increase in the grape syrup content of samples leads to many changes in their chemical and sensory properties. The sample made of 100% grape syrup showed the maximum content of moisture, water activity and high pH value as well as the minimum level of sugar on the seventh day, and the protein content of the sample remained the same as that of the control sample. The results from the comparison of means for the color parameter in seventh day, indicated that the maximum and minimum level of L* (lightness) belonged to the control treatment and the 100% grape syrup treatment, respectively, in which the cake was darker on the seventh day, while the maximum and minimum level of a*(redness) belonged to the 50% grape syrup and control respectively, the maximum (25% grape syrup) and minimum levels of b* (yellowness) belonged to the treatment and control treatment, respectively. The cake with 100% grape syrup obtained the highest score of sensory evaluation in terms of the quality and color of shell as well as soft texture to the cake, taste and aroma.

Determination of Egg Shell Quality with P Control Charts in Poultry

Broken or cracked eggs are important factor in determining the quality of the egg shell. Manufacturers are experience great losses because broken or cracked eggs aren’t evaluated. The manufacturers need control charts throughout the production to determine whether process is under control. In this study, broken and cracked eggs which are taken Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Poultry Businesses during 52 weeks are determined. P control charts of the data’s are taken in poultry business during 52 weeks is drawn due to determining whether there is under the control. Three methods were used for drawing control charts. In the end of this study, it has been determined to be not under control of the process.

Process Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis for Piercing Production of Seamless Tube

With the development of modernization, the application of seamless tube becomes widespread. As the first process of seamless tube, piercing is vital for the quality of the tube. The solid round billet will be transformed into a hollow shell after the piercing process. The defects of hollow shell cannot be cleared in the following process, so a monitoring model for the quality of the hollow shell is important. But the piercing process is very complicated, and a mechanism model is difficult to build between the qualities of the hollow shell and measurement variables. Furthermore, an intelligent model is needed. We established two piercing process monitoring and fault diagnosis models based on the multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) model and the multistage MPCA model, respectively, and furthermore we made a comparison between these two concepts. We took three ways to divide the period based on process,K-means, and GA, respectively. Simulation experiments have shown that the multistate MPCA method has advantage over the MPCA method and the model based on the genetic algorithm (GA) can monitor the process effectively and detect the faults.

Is it possible to increase the n-3 fatty acid content of eggs without affecting their technological and/or sensorial quality and the laying performance of hens?

The aim of this study was to increase the n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) content of eggs without affecting their sensorial and/or technological properties or the laying performance of hens. Laying hens from line 477 were divided into 5 groups corresponding to 5 different diets over the laying period: control diet (C) and diets containing extruded linseed with a high level of fibre (ELHF), extruded linseed with a low level of fibre (ELLF), microalgae, or a combination of 75% ELLF and 25% MA (ELLF+MA).Dietary enrichment with n-3 FA had no effect on the laying performance, hen body weight or egg white viscosity. The egg yolks produced by hens fed the diet containing microalgae were redder than egg yolks from the other groups, suggesting the presence of red pigments in the microalgae preparation. However, the colour difference was low and not perceptible to the human eye. Moreover, colour measurement of egg yolks by sensorial analysis panellists using the Roche colour fan did not reveal a diet effect on this parameter.Egg yolk lipid content was not affected by diet. The egg yolk of hens fed on diets containing linseed and/or microalgae had greater n-3 FA content (×2.5 to 2.9 compared to group C). Linseed mainly increased the linolenic acid content (×3.0 to 3.4 compared to group C) and the microalgae increased the LC n-3 FA content (×4.1 compared to group C). Dietary enrichment with n-3 FA had no effect on the sensorial quality of shell cooked eggs except for the “unusual flavour” criterion for which the score was higher for the MA group compared to the other groups and corresponded to a fishy flavour.

Platinum Monolayer Perfection with the Assistance of Citric Acid in Galvanic Displacement Reaction

The slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the main obstacles hindering the commercialization of low-temperature fuel cells.1 Core-shell catalysts consisting of a Pd-based core and a Pt shell (Pt/Pd/C) showed higher Pt mass activity than commercial Pt/C catalysts due to a synergistic effect between the core and Pt shell and substantially complete utilization of Pt atoms.2 The synthesis of a core-shell catalyst involves two main steps: (1) underpotential deposition (UPD) of a Cu monolayer on the surface of Pd nanoparticles; (2) displacement of the Cu atoms with Pt via a simple oxidation-reduction reaction: Cu + Pt2+ → Pt + Cu2+. The challenges associated with production of core-shell catalysts in a large scale are the uniform deposition of a Pt overlayer on the Pd core during the displacement of Cu atoms. Herein, we report our study on the production of core-shell catalysts at the gram scale by introducing citric acid in the Pt-Cu displacement reaction solution. It was found that the quality of the Pt monolayer shell could be significantly improved by adding citric acid.3,4 In the presentation, we will discuss the role of citric acid in smoothing the Pt overlayer based on the experimental and density functional theory calculation results. The characterization and evaluation results of core-shell structures will be shown as well.

Quality improvement of oil palm shell-derived pyrolysis oil via catalytic deoxygenation over NiMoS/γ-Al2O3

Crude bio-oil derived from biomass pyrolysis is inappropriate for applying in any combustion engines due to its large amount of oxygenated compounds inducing bio-oil with instability, high corrosiveness and low heating value. Thus, the aim of this research was to improve the quality of oil palm shell (OPS)-derived pyrolysis oil containing high amount of oxygenated compounds (molar oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio=1.09) and total acid number (TAN) (151mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g) via catalytic deoxygenation using nickel–molybdenum sulfide supported on gamma-alumina (NiMoS/γ-Al2O3) in a fixed-bed reactor. At a constant packed bed height of 5cm, the desired catalyst fraction in the reactor was adjusted by adding γ-Al2O3 beads. After hydrogen-mediated reduction of the catalyst at 550°C, the catalytic deoxygenation using 0.50–1.00 (by wt) of catalyst fraction at 300–450°C under N2 atmosphere yielded deoxygenated bio-oil with lower molar O/C ratio and TAN value of 0.11–0.29 and 43–77mgKOH/g, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that the oxygenated compounds in the crude bio-oil were mainly converted as phenol and its derivatives. The results from the simulated distillation gas chromatography (GC-SIMDIS) also showed that the major component in the deoxygenated bio-oil was in the range of naphtha fraction (ca. 40wt%).

Processing Quality Forecast and Diagnosis for Gear-Box Shell Production Line in Manufacturing System

By analysis of time series, this paper analyzes the machining quality of the gear-box shell in manufacturing system by exponential smoothing model and the gray prediction model, and then predicts the trend of the future product quality. By mining the association rules of the machining processes of the gearbox shell and analyzing the impact on product quality in different procedures, we get the beneficial factors on improving the machining quality of the gear-box shell; At the same time, by analyzing different factors of the same procedures, we realize the diagnosis of procedures quality by diagnosing the beneficial factors on improving the product quality.

The Numerical Simulation Research of Internal Curing Process for Fiber Winding Composite Shell

Curing process has a great impact on molding quality of the fiber-winding composite shell. In order to improve its curing quality and efficiency, a new curing process employed the method of heating the internal metal mandrel with steam can be adopted, which is called internal curing process. This paper introduces the principle of internal curing process and establishes the mathematical models of internal curing process, adopts ANSYS and APDL to develop the 3-D transient numerical simulation program of internal curing to realize numerical simulation of temperature, curing degree and residual strain, and analyze the influence of shell thick, fiber volume fraction and film coefficient on the simulation results. Taking the cylinder shell as an example, numerical simulation and experiment are carried out. This research provides theory basis and analysis method for the design, simulation and parameter optimization of internal curing process.