Quality Of Service Management Research Articles

Software Defined Networking Controller (SDNC): a robust security architecture for SDN-based 5G networks

The efficacy of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), a subset of Wireless Ad-hoc Networks, is significantly impacted by application, lifetime, storage capacity, processing power, topology changes, communication medium, and bandwidth. These constraints necessitate a robust data transport control in WSNs that considers service quality, energy efficiency, and congestion management. Congestion is a significant issue for wireless networks. Congestion in WSNs has deleterious effects on loss rate, channel quality, link utilization, number of retransmissions, traffic flow, network lifetime, latency, energy, and throughput. The predominance of WSNs necessitates the development of more efficient congestion control algorithms. Since it has been demonstrated that the routing problem is NP-hard and that heuristic-based methods outperform their traditional counterparts, routing is one of the most prevalent techniques for reducing the energy consumption of nodes and increasing throughput in WSNs. This study presents Rate Aware Congestion Control (RACC), an efficient method for avoiding congestion that improves network performance by employing Modified Harris Hawks Optimisation (MHHO). Initially, nodes are clustered utilizing the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. The simulation results of the developed technique indicate superior service, low latency, high energy, a high packet delivery ratio and an increasing number of living nodes when compared to existing approaches.

Management responsibilities, service quality and customer satisfaction: Inputs to business performance improvement framework

Management responsibilities, service quality and customer satisfaction: Inputs to business performance improvement framework

The Quality of Crowd Management and Its Impact on the Experience of Event Visitors in Riyadh Season

This research aims to measure visitors’ satisfaction and investigate how crowd management plans and service quality affects visitors’ satisfaction in the Riyadh Season mega-event, To understand how visitors’ experiences at the Riyadh Season affect their return intentions, To examine how health and safety practices affect visitors’ experience and satisfaction at the Riyadh Season. Whereas the events that attract many people necessitate the organizers to have a crowd management plan and robust safety procedures to minimize possible risks. Whether sporting events, celebrity events, or major festivals, many people gathered in one place can have fatal consequences if not properly planned and controlled. Crowd management is essential for tourist attraction sites, especially for destinations that attract many visitors. A cross sectional survey approach was used to gather information and achieve the study purpose. Survey questionnaire was distributed to 542 participants through Google survey. Quantitative analysis using SPSS was performed on the data collected. The findings showed that service quality positively impact customer satisfaction. Similarly, quality health and safety measures enhance customer experience and satisfaction. The result also found that satisfaction with Riyadh season events increased their return intentions.

The Impact of Information Technology on Service Quality, Satisfaction, and Customer Relationship Management (Case Study: IT Organization Individuals)

Recent research and studies have shown that Information Technology (IT) has a significant impact on service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer relationship development. With the proliferation and penetration of technology in all aspects of life, organizations are responding to the implications and opportunities that IT creates in relation to customer services. The main objective of using information technology in organizations is to increase customer satisfaction, service quality, and customer relationship management, which the authors will focus on here. Enhancing service quality, improving customer satisfaction, and establishing close and sustainable customer relationships are key advantages of leveraging information technology in this field. This article examines the impact of information technology on service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer relationship development and provides strategies and models for organizations to improve customer satisfaction and establish closer connections with them through the use of information technology. Seventy individuals from the IT field were used to evaluate the proposed model. The proposed model was compared with three models: SEM, regression, and decision tree, and the results demonstrated better performance of this approach.

Relationship Of Service Management Quality With ANC Visit

Latar Belakang: World Health Organization (WHO) mengatakan sekitar 810 wanita meninggal karena penyebab yang dapat dicegah terkait kehamilan dan persalinan. Komplikasi kehamilan dan persalinan sebagai penyebab tertinggi kematian ibu tersebut dapat dicegah dengan pemeriksaan kehamilan melalui antenatal care (ANC) secara teratur. Dalam praktek kebidanan pemberian asuhan kebidanan yang berkualitas sangat dibutuhkan. Kualitas pelayanan kebidanan ditentukan dengan cara bidan membina hubungan baik sesama rekan, sejawat ataupun dengan orang yang diberi asuhan.Tujuan : untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas manajemen pelayanan dengan kunjungan ANC di PMB Roslina Kecamatan Samudra Kabupaten Aceh Utara.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil trimester III sejumlah 53 orang, teknik pengambilan sampel adalah total populasi. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square.Hasil: Hasil penelitian yang didapat yaitu kualitas manajemen pelayanan yang berkatagori baik semua ibu melakukan kunjungan ANC dengan lengkap sebesar 100% dan pada kualitas manajemen pelayanan yang bergatagori cukup semua ibu melakukan kunjungan pemeriksaan ANC lengkap sebesar 100%. Hasil uji Chi Square dengan p = 0,001 (< 0.05).Kesimpulan : Ada hubungan antara kualitas manajemen pelayanan dengan kunjungan ANC di PMB Roslina kecamatan samudra Kabupaten Aceh utara.Saran: untuk tenaga kesehatan dalam melakukan pelayanan hendaknya selalu menjaga kualitas pelayanan dengan memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip manajemen pelayanan. Kata Kunci : Kualitas Manajemen Pelayanan, Kunjungan ANC, Ibu Hamil ABSTRACT Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) says about 810 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth as the highest cause of maternal death can be prevented by regular antenatal care (ANC). In midwifery practice the provision of quality midwifery care is needed. The quality of midwifery services is determined by the way the midwife fosters good relations with colleagues or with the person being cared.Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between service management quality and ANC visits at PMB Roslina, Samudra District, North Aceh Regency.Methods: This research is an analytical descriptive research with a cross sectional design. The sample of this study was 53 third trimester pregnant women, the sampling technique was the total population. The instrument used is the questionnaire . Bivariate analysis using chi square test.Results: The results of the study were that the quality of service management in the well category all mothers made complete ANC visits by 100% and in the quality of service management in the enough category all mothers made complete ANC visits by 100%. Chi Square test results with p = 0.001 (< 0.05).Conclusion: There is a relationship between the quality of service management and ANC visits at PMB Roslina, Ocean District, North Aceh RegencySuggestion: For health workers in providing services, they should always maintain the quality of service by taking into account the principles of service management. Keywords : Quality of Service Management, ANC Visits, Pregnant Women

Web-based comparative study of some national experiences of health care quality management.

Since the publication of study results on adverse events to health care in OECD countries, the importance of the national quality improvement strategies has been recognised. To examine how these strategies have been shaped in different jurisdictions, we carried out this study. We conducted a web-based comparative study of international practices. We first defined seven key health care and services quality management functions. We then drew on the experience of authors to make a reasoned selection of 13 countries or states across the world. We determined the distance that separates each of these functions from a country's Ministry of Health (MoH); and examined whether these functions are concentrated in a single organisation or dispersed across several organisations. Afterwards, we correlated our results with the quality level of these countries based on the OECD's health care indicators. Overall, Netherlands, Québec (Canada), Korea, Germany, England (UK), and the United States had at least 50% of their quality management functions controlled by self-regulated organisations. The Market Concentration Index ranged from 937 for the United States to 6800 for Russia. Graphical representation has shown us two health system models. Our results also clearly showed that countries had a better quality of care most often when they belong to model 1 of our taxonomy. These findings will help countries design and implement large-scale health care and services quality strategies for better and safer health care and services.

Using Kano Model to Understand an Effect of Specialization and Perceived Risk on Demand for Services in Marine Tourism

This paper attempted to combine the Kano model and the service blueprint for quality management in marine tourism services. It also investigated the influence of customer characteristics, focusing on services that customers directly experience. Data were collected from those who experienced marine leisure in Korea in the past three years, and an analysis of differences between groups was conducted. The difference analysis showed significant differences in the frequency of service quality factors for men and women in six service items, and beginners showed significant differences in four items in the career comparison. Specialization and perceived risk were set as independent variables, and regression analysis was performed by setting the Timko coefficient as a dependent variable. The results showed that specialization did not significantly affect the customer satisfaction coefficient or the customer dissatisfaction coefficient. However, perceived risk had a significant negative effect on the customer satisfaction coefficient and a significant positive effect on the customer dissatisfaction coefficient. To attract those who strongly perceive risks as customers, a service strategy focusing on service elements that minimize complaints is more effective. In addition, it was found that women have a strong demand for both service elements that increase satisfaction and service elements that reduce dissatisfaction.

Understanding multi-homing and switching by platform drivers

Freelance drivers in the shared mobility market frequently switch or work for multiple platforms, affecting driver labor supply. Due to the importance of driver labor supply for the shared mobility market, understanding drivers’ switching and multi-homing behavior is vital to managing service quality on – and effective regulation of – mobility platforms. However, a lack of individual-level data on driver behavior has thus far impeded a deeper understanding. This paper taxonomizes and estimates perceived switching and multi-homing frictions on mobility platforms. Based on a structural model of driver labor supply, we estimate switching and multi-homing costs in a platform duopoly using public and limited high-level survey data. Estimated costs are sizeable, and reductions in multi-homing and switching costs significantly affect platform market shares and driver welfare. Driver labor supply elasticity with respect to platform wage is also discussed considering both multi-homing and switching frictions.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECISION OF TOURIST BUSINESSES TO ADOPT DIGITAL MARKETING

The purpose of the current study is to investigate how the views of domestic tourists affect their propensity to adopt platforms and tools for digital marketing. On the basis of the perceived organisational E-readiness and the revised information systems success model, regression analyses were employed to evaluate the assumptions based on 375 self-administered questionnaire surveys done with tourist businesses. The selection of questionnaires was based on a convenience strategy and a stratified proportional sampling method. The results of the research indicate that user satisfaction, system quality, IT infrastructure, information quality, service quality, and top-level management support are substantially associated with the use of digital marketing platforms and tools. The results of this study have practical and policy implications for legislators, marketers, and managers as they design successful and efficient digital marketing strategies to satisfy the requirements and expectations of tourist businesses.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF SERVICES OF HOTEL AND RESTAURANT ENTERPRISES

Introduction. Understanding and applying effective quality management methods is a key factor for customer satisfaction, ensuring their repeated involvement, and also improves the company's reputation, contributes to its competitiveness in the market and ensures the stable development of the hotel and restaurant industry to justify and improve the quality management processes of these enterprises in order to achieving a high level of service quality and satisfying customer needs. Methods. During the research process, various general scientific and specialized methods were employed, including induction and deduction – during the collection, systematization, and processing of necessary information; analysis and comparison – in reflecting the development of the hotel and restaurant industry worldwide and in Ukraine; abstract-logical – for formulating theoretical conclusions; monographic and comparative – for systematizing the scientific approaches of scholars to the theoretical aspects of the hotel and restaurant business development. Results. Theoretical foundations of service quality management in the hotel and restaurant industry were examined through the prism of its economic aspects. The significance of methods, strategies, and tools for quality management, as well as factors influencing service quality, was analyzed and investigated. These factors include customer communication, preparing service staff to utilize productive technologies and effective innovations to create a mechanism for managing interaction processes. It was demonstrated that the hotel and restaurant business serves as a source of economic growth, as hotels and restaurants not only provide accommodation and dining services but also contribute to the robust development of related industries such as transportation, tourism agencies, food delivery, tour organizing, and entertainment services. Discussion. Properly determined pricing policies allow attracting new customers and maximizing profits and proposed recommendations can be utilized for the effective development of the hotel and restaurant business and the implementation of a quality management mechanism through the application of various tools and their impact on enhancing the quality of services provided. In the future, it is advisable to digitize the management of the quality of services of enterprises in the hotel and restaurant sphere.. Keywords: management, quality, services, hotel and restaurant industry, needs, competitive advantages, innovations.

IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT IN IMPROVING BUREAUCRACY REFORM IN THE PUBLIC SERVICES SECTOR IN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

The role of the government as a public servant has been enshrined in Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 Tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) in chapter 10, which states that ASN function as public servants. The essence of the sound of this chapter interprets the state civil apparatus as a position occupied to carry out duties and functions as a public service whose benefits can be felt directly by the community. The relationship obtained from the concept of new public management, which adopts the role of private sector services into Government Agencies with improving the quality of public services, describes a core problem that is essential to be discussed in the current era of uncertainty. This paper aims to obtain an overview of the implementation of New Public Management in all Government Agencies by considering the characteristics of each Government Agency at the Central and Regional levels to increase Bureaucratic Reforms oriented to the Public Service sector. This study uses a qualitative approach through descriptive analysis methods based on literature studies obtained and then used as material for analysis in designing the implementation of new public management in improving bureaucratic reform in the public service sector. The results of this study show that there are six aspects of implementing new public management to improve public service reform, including making service contracts, developing customer satisfaction surveys, optimizing the implementation of E-government in public service management, implementing service quality management systems, performance-based remuneration systems, and establish public-private partnerships.

Manajemen Pelayanan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Kota Dumai

The hospital is one of the organizations in the service sector that is engaged in efforts to improve public health. In addition, the hospital as oe of the subsystems of health services provides two types of services for the community, namely health services and administrative services. Therefore, as a hospital service institution, it is required to improve its service quality management continuously and continuously in various fields of service provided. So the Dumai City Hospital should be able to provide good service to pattiens with planned management for class B classified hospitals. The purpose of this study was to find out how the management of outpatient services in the field of pregnancy at the Regional General Hospital in Dumai City. This research method uses qualitative research methods with data collection thechniques using primary data and secondary data obtained from the results of observations, interviews, and documentation that the researcher analyzed in obtaining the data. This study uses the theory of Ratminto about service management, namely planning, implementation, and coordination. The results of the study indicate that the service management of the Dumai City Regional Public Hospital still has obstacles in its services such as training of workers who have not all received training, budget, facilities and infrastructure.

Intelligent Risk Prediction System in IoT-Based Supply Chain Management in Logistics Sector

The Internet of Things (IoT) has resulted in substantial advances in the logistics sector, particularly in logistics storage management, communication systems, service quality, and supply chain management. The goal of this study is to create an intelligent supply chain (SC) management system that provides decision support to SC managers in order to achieve effective Internet of Things (IOT)-based logistics. Current research on predicting risks in shipping operations in the logistics sector during natural disasters has produced a variety of unexpected findings utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms and traditional feature-encoding approaches. This has prompted a variety of concerns regarding the research’s validity. These previous attempts, like many others before them, used deep neural models to gain features without requiring the user to maintain track of all of the sequence information. This paper offers a hybrid deep learning (DL) approach, convolutional neural network (CNN) + bidirectional gating recurrent unit (BiGRU), to lessen the impact of natural disasters on shipping operations by addressing the question, “Can goods be shipped from a source location to a destination?”. The suggested DL methodology is divided into four stages: data collection, de-noising or pre-processing, feature extraction, and prediction. When compared to the baseline work, the proposed CNN + BiGRU achieved an accuracy of up to 94%.

A post-occupancy evaluation of in-house facilities management service quality and user satisfaction in multi-tenanted office buildings in Ghana

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore user satisfaction with in-house facility management (FM) services in multi-tenanted office buildings in Accra, Ghana using a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) approach.Design/methodology/approachThe study assessed user satisfaction with FM service quality by using a POE of their perceptions about the attitude and courtesy of the FM personnel, the reliability of the FM services they provide, the responsiveness and the competence of the service providers. The study used walk-throughs and questionnaire surveys as the POE methods. One hundred and twenty-one users from 22 multi-tenanted office buildings, who have actively used the FM services for at least a year, were purposively sampled. The data was collected via a survey using a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis in version 25 of statistical package for the social sciences.FindingsThe study revealed that users were dissatisfied with the quality of in-house FM services across all 15 services The results also showed that users’ satisfaction with the services is not affected by the differences in their age, gender, educational level, job role and number of years in the buildings. The results further demonstrated that the most critical factors that resulted in users’ dissatisfaction were electric facilities, building fabric maintenance, emergency coordination, waste management and the decoration of the buildings during festive seasons.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the present study based on POE to assess user satisfaction with FM services for multi-tenant office buildings has, presumably, not been tackled before in Ghana. The results of the study are very essential to the owners of the buildings and facility managers in decision-making concerning the delivery of FM services. Building industry-wise, the results demonstrate the need for in-house FM managers in multi-tenanted office buildings in Ghana to adopt FM service delivery methods that increase user satisfaction. The results also call for further research into user satisfaction with outsourced FM services in multi-tenanted office buildings and further research on the use of the in-house strategy on other types of buildings to ascertain whether the dissatisfaction with FM is due to other factors such as the choice of FM strategy, the property type etc.

Quality of Service Management for Fast Data Transmission in Industrial Mobile Communications Using PSO-Based Computer Vision Technique

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have rapidly expanded in recent years, mostly as a result of the mobile devices’ obvious low cost, heterogeneity, and flexibility. When communication networks are down or inaccessible, sensors can quickly create a reliable network that can be used as a rescue data system. Industrial mobile communication has developed into a significant study area for both industry and academia in recent years. The need for data interchange between various smart devices with various latency flows is enormous. Nevertheless, there has not been as much research done in this area. The suggested work suggests a fuzzy-based improved PSO optimized in MANET to alleviate the drawbacks of the conventional routing approach. The suggested study offers a numerical modelling that can be used to carry out adaptive transmission optimization with a variety of programmable module structures and guarantee cost-effective route establishment with greater throughput, goodput, and lowest delay requirements. To find the best route, the proposed approach combines energy-optimized route construction with data-driven cluster head (CH) selection based on swarm intelligence. Particle swarm optimization- (PSO-) based clustering achieves improved delay, goodput, throughput, and path difference degree as compared to other conventional approaches, according to the extensive simulation results. The energy efficiency of a network that is decentralized is more important. The MANET device’s energy efficiency helps to extend battery life and improve network performance. This research demonstrates how the fuzzy-based improved PSO optimized in MANET helps to raise the network’s energy efficiency. As a result, network energy conservation improves network performance and battery life. Additionally, this method enhances the quality of service methodology. End-to-end delay, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and normalized routing overhead are measured and compared between the simulation and conventional routing protocols.

Developing online medical service quality indicators in China from the perspective of online-offline integration: a modified Delphi-AHP study.

Online medical services are developing rapidly worldwide, and policies encourage the integrated development of online and offline services in China. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic quality indicators for online medical services to ensure patients' safety. This study aimed to construct a set of quality indicators from the perspective of online-offline integration, to provide a basis for the evaluation and management of online medical service quality. Based on the literature review, we included 53 potential indicators. In two rounds of consultations, we invited 21 and 19 experts, respectively, to rate the importance and feasibility of each indicator via email. We used the modified Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process to determine the final indicators and their weights. We used experts' positive coefficient, authority coefficient, and opinion coordination degree to test the reliability and validity of experts. After two rounds of Delphi consultation, the experts' positive coefficients were 90.48% and 89.47%, and the authoritative coefficients were both over 0.7. An online medical service quality index system for public hospitals in China was developed with 4 primary indicators, 13 secondary indicators, and 34 tertiary indicators. Among the primary indicators, the weights of structure, process, outcome, and integration quality were 0.22, 0.26, 0.34, and 0.18, respectively. We constructed the first set of online medical service quality indicators for public hospitals in China from the perspective of online-offline integration. It could be applied as a standardized and meaningful guide for online medical service evaluation and quality development.

Ключові аспекти застосування інструментарію оцінювання якості митних послуг на засадах маркетингу

The key aspects of the provision and assessment of the quality of customs services by logistics operators are highlighted, in particular, the opportunities for improving such services are revealed. The relevance of the transition to the market principles of functioning and adaptation of customs services in accordance with the changing needs of consumers is substantiated. The methodology for assessing the quality of customs services based on a consumer approach was developed and improving the quality management system of the company's customs brokerage service on the basis of relationship marketing was proposed. It is well-founded that the system of managing the quality of customs services is a rather complex system, therefore, when implementing its quality management mechanism, it is important to take into account the influence of various subsystems and accompanying business processes that constantly interact with each other. The assessment of the quality of customs service is carried out by participants in foreign economic activity with the aim of improving the quality of the provision of customs services and meeting the need to reduce the costs they incur during foreign economic operations and passing all customs formalities. It is advisable to assess the quality of the customs service in accordance with the system of quality indicators. The degree of compliance with the quality of customs services should be largely determined by the presence of a system for monitoring the provision of these services and the marketing orientation of the enterprise. Therefore, the research and improvement of the toolkit for assessing the quality of customs services is an urgent problem in today's conditions in the context of analyzing the effectiveness of the activities of international business entities. A model for evaluating the quality of customs services of a logistics operator based on a consumer approach is proposed. Accordingly, on the basis of marketing monitoring data, it is advisable to develop recommendations for improving the process of providing customs services, functioning of the customs services quality management system, and improving the quality of services. The quality management system of customs brokerage services should be based on ensuring and controlling the quality of customs brokerage services. The improvement of customs service is directly related to the improvement of the quality of the provided customs services, taking into account the interests of customers. In this regard, the introduction of quality standards of customs activity that meet modern international requirements and the mechanism of responsibility of the management staff for ensuring them will be a significant help.

Enhancing 5G QoS Management for XR Traffic Through XR Loopback Mechanism

5G networks are designed to support a variety of services with highly demanding Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. This opened the door for novel extended reality (XR) media applications to emerge with 5G. However, recent 5G field tests and system-level simulation studies show that further XR enhancements are required to support a massive adoption of XR services in 5G networks. Such enhancements are expected to come into play with 5G-Advanced. In this line, we propose and study an XR loopback mechanism that adapts the XR traffic to the instantaneous 5G network conditions by exploiting an XR application feedback. We propose various XR loopback algorithms, strategies, and parameters’ configurations and study their impact on the 5G end-to-end performance. We conduct extensive simulation campaigns by building realistic end-to-end 5G network scenarios with 3GPP mixed XR traffic setups. Results show that the proposed XR loopback mechanism can boost XR performance in 5G networks by adapting to 5G network conditions, while keeping the XR QoS requirements under control. We provide various insights and practical directions on XR loopback design that allow us to take full advantage of the 5G network capabilities and progress toward 5G-Advanced network design.

A study on GAP model of service quality and customer relationship management – A theoretical assimilation

A study on GAP model of service quality and customer relationship management – A theoretical assimilation

The Maturity Level of Quality Management and Medical Service Improvement by Wielkopolska District Hospitals

Theoretical background: Quality management and medical service improvement in district hospitals enables to achieve a number of internal and external benefits. It is a long-term process of conscious transformation of the existing state into a desired and accepted one by the concerned stakeholders. The diagnosis of the medical service organizations’ performance is an important aspect in the context of building a hospital of the future which is focused on quality, development and improvement. Purpose of the article: The article reveals the positions of hospital managers (directors) on the current level of the quality management maturity service improvement of the medical facilities they manage. Research methods: A diagnostic survey was conducted using a paper questionnaire. The form was handed in person and filled in the presence of the author. This provided an inducement for analysis and conclusions. The study was performed in 2022. Main findings: The level of implementation of the quality management system (QMS) principles in the surveyed hospital organizations, despite the variability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of the environment, was evaluated at 3.39. This means that the practice of the QMS is widely established, but not in most areas. Therefore, the scope of the principles cannot be considered as complete. The result is different for the assessed maturity of quality excellence in the selected accreditation standards. The surveyed district hospitals evaluated their maturity level at 3.69. Thus, the respondents considered that the maturity level to be close to 70%. They identify the practice as typical (only some exceptions are deviations from it). The surveyed hospitals also have evidence of continuous improvement after at least one year. Another important aspect concerned maturity research in relation to innovation. The surveyed entities determined this parameter at the level of 3.50, which corresponds to approximately 66%. The highest level of maturity achieved the hospitals in the operational skills in conditions of disruption. They assessed the adaptation abilities and taken actions towards sustainable development at the level of 3.82 (72%). These results prove that the district hospitals in the Wielkopolska voivodeship take steps toward excellence, but their level of excellence in 2022 is not full (as it does not apply to 100% of occurrences, and the practice is also not implemented in entire hospitals, without exceptions).