Quality Of Preparation Research Articles

The Effects of Combined Use of Linaclotide and Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Powder in Colonoscopy Preparation for Patients With Chronic Constipation.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of linaclotide and polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolyte powder in patients with chronic constipation undergoing colonoscopy preparation. We included 260 patients with chronic constipation who were scheduled to undergo a colonoscopy. They were equally divided into 4 groups using a random number table: 4L PEG, 3L PEG, 3L PEG+L, and 2L PEG+L. The 4 groups were compared based on their scores on the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) and Ottawa Bowel Preparation Quality Scale (OBPQS), adverse reactions during the bowel preparation procedure, colonoscope insertion time, colonoscope withdrawal time, detection rate of adenomas, and their willingness to repeat bowel preparation. In terms of the score of the right half of the colon, the score of the transverse colon, the total score using BBPS, and the total score using OBPQS, the 3L PEG (polyethylene glycol)+L group was superior to groups 3L PEG and 2L PEG+L (P<0.05), but comparable to the 4L PEG group (P>0.05). The incidence rate of vomiting was higher in the 4L PEG group than in the 2L PEG+L group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the insertion time of the colonoscope between the 4 groups. The colonoscope withdrawal time in the 3L PEG+L group was shorter than in groups 4L PEG and 3L PEG (P<0.05) and comparable to that in the 4L PEG group (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of adenoma detection among the 4 groups (P>0.05). The 4L PEG group was the least willing of the 4 groups to undergo repeated bowel preparation (P<0.05). The 3L PEG+L is optimal among the 4 procedures. It can facilitate high-quality bowel preparation, reduce the incidence of nausea during the bowel preparation procedure, and encourage patients to undertake repeated bowel preparation.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN PRA-ANALITIK DAN ANALITIK KUALITAS SEDIAAN BTA METODE ZIEHL-NEELSEN DI PUSKESMAS KECAMATAN CIRACAS JAKARTA TIMUR

The microscopic examination of BTA with sputum samples aims to detect the onset and monitoring of treatment in tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to find out the Analysis of the application of six preanalytic and analytical indicators to the quality of acid-resistant basil preparation using the Ziehl-Neelsen method at the East Jakarta Ciracas Subdistrict Health Center, which was conducted in April-June 2023. The type and design of the study are analytical cross-sectional, data analyzed using the Chi-Square test. BTA prepared quality results by performing six indicators, proportionally greater good prepared quality than poor prepared quality with 90% specimen quality percentage, 95% preparation quality, 85% preparation cleanliness, 90% preparation size, 92.5%, and 92.5% preparation accuracy. An analysis of the application of six pre-analytic and analytic indicators to the quality of the acid-resistant basil supply using the Ziehl-Neelsen method at the East Jakarta Ciracas Subdistrict Health Center which includes specimen quality, preparation cleanliness, preparation thickness, and preparation accuracy showed a meaningful relationship. The coloring of the preparedness and the size of the preparedness indicates no meaningful relationship.

SUBJECT-OBJECT DIRECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROBLEMS: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF FORMULATION AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM

The article actualizes the methodological problem of specifying the directions of scientific researches in the specialty «Public Administration and Governance» in the third year of higher education. The relevant problem is considered through the prism of the absence of an officially approved standard of higher education at the educational and scientific level in the relevant specialty. Attention is drawn to the fact that the organization of scientific researches in the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance», in contrast to the researches carried out within the field of science «Public Administration» are carried out by applicants for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy without ensuring compliance of the content of qualification work with any directions of scientific research institutionalized at the state level. The article substantiates the fundamental difference between the methodological support of the applicant's choice of a scientific degree of subject-object direction of scientific research which is carried out in the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» and in the field of science «Public Administration». Attention is drawn to the fact of absence of officially institutionalized at the state level for the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» directions of organization of scientific research becomes the reason for actualization of risks of incorrect choice by the applicant for the degree «Doctor of Philosophy» of the focus of his scientific research. In contrast, a researcher who prepares a qualification work within the field of science «Public Administration», for example, the applicant for a doctoral degree in public administration, despite their conceptual maturity as a scientist, has a completely exhaustive list of research areas within the officially approved specialty passports. It is proposed to solve the problem of inconsistency of the researcher's previous research experience with the level of methodological support for the choice of the subject-object direction of scientific research through the prism of expanding (changing) the list of specialties within the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Management» and/or providing for separate specializations within the existing specialty. On the one hand, such a step, will allow to order the directions of scientific researches in accordance with the focus of attention of a particular field of knowledge, and on the other hand, it will contribute to improving of the quality of preparation and conducting of scientific research. The indirect result of expanding (changing) the list of specialties within the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» may be its further development, for example, in the direction of ensuring correlation with the field of science «Public Administration».

Radiographic assessment of dental post and core placement at different educational levels in an undergraduate student clinic: a 4-year retrospective study.

Dental post and core is one of the common procedures performed after endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to radiographically assess the quality of post and core procedures performed by dental students at different education levels in addition to determining the most critical errors encountered during their clinical practice. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted in the College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. A total of 550 periapical radiographs (PAs) of cemented posts were retrieved from the records of patients treated by dental students. Parameters and guidelines for assessing the quality of post treatment have been determined and statistically analyzed. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included 502 students and most of them were females (66.5%). Data were obtained from 502 patients (62% females) with fiber posts used in 98.2% of the cases. About 50% of the posts were inserted in premolars, 62.9% in the upper arch, and 66.7% were restored with crowns as a final restoration. Regarding the quality of posts, 98.4% showed good preparation quality and 98% showed good radiographic quality. The post diameter was equal to 1/3 of the root diameter in 31.9% of the cases; post length was equal to 2/3 of root length in 5% of the cases and equal to or more than crown height in all cases (100%). Length of the remaining gutta percha (GP) was between 3-5 mm in 38.8%, and there was no gap between the post and remaining GP in 95.6% of the cases. There were no statistically significant differences between dental students at different clinical educational levels regarding the quality of post placement. The quality of post and core procedures performed by students showed acceptable radiographic quality and were within the recommended standards.

Study on the High-Efficiency Preparation of Superhydrophobic Polymer Thin Films by Continuous Micro/Nano Imprinting.

In order to improve the preparation efficiency, quality stability, and large-area preparation of superhydrophobic thin films, a roll-to-roll continuous micro-nano imprinting method for the efficient preparation of superhydrophobic polymer films is proposed. A wear-resistant mold roller with hierarchical microstructure is prepared by wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). The rheological filling model is constructed for revealing the forming mechanism of superhydrophobic polymer films during continuous micro/nano imprinting. The effects of imprinting temperature, rolling speed and the surface texture size of the template on the surface texture formation rate of polymer films are analyzed. The experimental results show that, compared with other process methods, the template processed by WEDM shows excellent wear resistance. Moreover, the optimal micro/nano imprinting parameters are the mold temperature of 190 °C (corresponding film temperature of 85 ± 5 °C), rolling speed of 3 rpm and roller gap of 0.1 mm. The maximum contact angle of the polymer film is 154°. In addition, the superhydrophobic polymer thin film has been proven to have good self-cleaning and anti-icing performance.

Improving Colonoscopy Preparation Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: Colonoscopy is a handy tool in preventing and diagnosing colorectal cancer. Its optimal performance requires adequate preparation for good visualization of the mucosa. In our endoscopy unit, we use the Boston scale to evaluate the quality of bowel preparation. The present work intends to assess whether or not an additional intervention with an educational video on the Internet could improve the result of preparation using the Boston scale for colonoscopy to enhance the visualization and detection of adenomas. Methods: A double-masked, randomized clinical trial. One group of patients received printed instructions on colonoscopy preparation, and another group received the same preparation plus the form contained a link and instructions to access and view a colonoscopy video posted on YouTube. Results: A highly significant difference was observed between the means of the Boston preparation score for the group that watched the video versus the group that did not (8.16 vs. 6.75; p &lt; 0.0001). A significant difference was also found in the Boston score by segments of the colon: right (2.6 vs. 1.9; p &lt; 0.001), transverse (2.7 vs. 2.3; p &lt; 0.0001), and left (2.8 vs. 2.5; p &lt; 0.0001). Concerning the adenoma detection rate, it was higher in the group that watched the video (28%) than in the group that did not (21%); however, the difference was not significant (p = 0.33). Conclusion: Watching an educational video significantly improves the quality of colonoscopy preparation through the Boston scale and the detection of adenomas; however, this difference was not significant, possibly due to a lack of a larger sample.

High throughput screening of mesenchymal stromal cell morphological response to inflammatory signals for bioreactor-based manufacturing of extracellular vesicles that modulate microglia

Due to their immunomodulatory function, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic with the potential to treat neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This function is mediated by secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). Despite established safety, MSC clinical translation has been unsuccessful due to inconsistent clinical outcomes resulting from functional heterogeneity. Current approaches to mitigate functional heterogeneity include ‘priming’ MSCs with inflammatory signals to enhance function. However, comprehensive evaluation of priming and its effects on MSC-EV function has not been performed. Furthermore, clinical translation of MSC-EV therapies requires significant manufacturing scale-up, yet few studies have investigated the effects of priming in bioreactors. As MSC morphology has been shown to predict their immunomodulatory function, we screened MSC morphological response to an array of priming signals and evaluated MSC-EV identity and potency in response to priming in flasks and bioreactors. We identified unique priming conditions corresponding to distinct morphologies. These conditions demonstrated a range of MSC-EV preparation quality and lipidome, allowing us to discover a novel MSC-EV manufacturing condition, as well as gain insight into potential mechanisms of MSC-EV microglia modulation. Our novel screening approach and application of priming to MSC-EV bioreactor manufacturing informs refinement of larger-scale manufacturing and enhancement of MSC-EV function.

A non-contact method for weighting of aggregate pile based on binocular vision

Concrete is indispensable in contemporary industry, and the weighing of aggregates directly determines the quality of concrete preparation. In response to the difficulty of traditional methods in meeting the industrial requirements for accuracy, efficiency, and cost of measurement, this paper proposes a non-contact bone pile weight measurement method based on binocular vision. Firstly, the on-site image is obtained through a binocular camera, and the camera parameters are used to improve the image edge information and preprocess the image. Then, the improved semi global matching (SGM) algorithm is used to improve computational efficiency, obtaining three-dimensional information of the aggregate pile for volume calculation. Based on the watershed algorithm and T-S inference, the aggregate clearance rate is calculated, and the initial volume is corrected. Finally, a linear relationship is established between the density of the aggregate pile and the clearance rate, and the weight of the aggregate pile can be obtained by the density formula. The experimental results on different sizes of aggregate piles shows that the average error of the experiment is less than 4%. Efficiency of improved SGM matching algorithm has increased several times compared to the original algorithm, providing a low-cost and efficient measurement method for industrial aggregate weighing.

Smartphone Application Versus Standard Instruction for Colonoscopic Preparation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To compare smartphone application (Colonoscopic Preparation) instructions versus paper instructions for bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Adhering to bowel preparation instructions is important to ensure a high-quality colonoscopy. This randomized controlled trial included individuals undergoing colonoscopy at a tertiary care hospital. Individuals were randomized (1:1) to receive instructions through a smartphone application or traditional paper instructions. The primary outcome was the quality of the bowel preparation as measured by the Boston Bowel Preparation Score. Secondary outcomes included cecal intubation and polyp detection. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a previously developed questionnaire. A total of 238 individuals were randomized (n = 119 in each group), with 202 available for the intention-to-treat analysis (N = 97 in the app group and 105 in the paper group). The groups had similar demographics, indications for colonoscopy, and type of bowel preparation. The primary outcome (Boston Bowel Preparation Score) demonstrated no difference between groups (Colonoscopic Preparation app mean: 7.26 vs paper mean: 7.28, P = 0.91). There was no difference in cecal intubation (P = 0.37), at least one polyp detected (P = 0.43), or the mean number of polyps removed (P = 0.11). A higher proportion strongly agreed or agreed that they would use the smartphone app compared with paper instructions (89.4% vs 70.1%, P = 0.001). Smartphone instructions performed similarly to traditional paper instructions for those willing to use the application. Local patient preferences need to be considered before making changes in the method of delivery of medical instructions.

Studia pedagogiczne a przygotowanie do zawodu nauczyciela, pedagoga. Raport z badań jakościowych. Perspektywa mężczyzn nauczycieli edukacji przedszkolnej

Working as a teacher requires obtaining appropriate qualifications and acquiring knowledge and competences during university studies. Although the importance of teacher education quality is emphasized, many problems related to this process are pointed out. The objectives of the qualitative research were to recognize and understand the male preschool teachers’ experiences during pedagogical studies and recognize their assessment of the quality of preparation for the teaching profession from the perspective of time, and thus to answer the questions: How do male preschool teachers perceive and evaluate studying in pedagogy? How do they evaluate their own situation during studies? What are their proposals of changes in teacher education? Research using narrative interviews was conducted in 2019 and 2020 among 18 male preschool teachers from Poland. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the research material, the categories describing male perception and evaluation of pedagogical studies as well as evaluation of male situation during studies and proposals of changes were distinguished. The research results indicate that male teachers severely evaluate pedagogical studies and make demands to improve their quality. The narratives were referred to the social constructivism and the interpretive paradigm. It was indicated that male teachers, by reflecting on the quality of pedagogical studies and proposing solutions, fit into the model of a reflective practitioner.

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ В ОБЛАСТИ ПОДГОТОВКИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ КАДРОВ

The article examines the influence of modern economic trends on educational processes. The author analyzes the changes in the economic sphere and their impact on the educational system, especially in the context of training a new generation. The paper also discusses the possibilities of adapting pedagogical approaches and techniques to the requirements of the labor market, seeking to provide graduates with the necessary skills and competencies for successful integration into the modern economy. Practical strategies and recommendations are offered for teachers and educational institutions aimed at the effective use of economic trends in the learning process, in order to improve the quality of students' preparation for the challenges of the future.

SWAT + input data preparation in a scripted workflow: SWATprepR

Input data collection, quality assurance and preparation are central but time_consuming steps in environmental modeling. Errors due to manual processing of model input data can result in an incorrect representation of an environmental system and may consequently lead to implausible model simulations. Correct input data preparation and thorough quality check at an early stage of the model setup procedure are essential to build confidence in model simulation results. Typically, in environmental model applications, many steps in the input data preparation phase have to be repeated with the inflow of new, additional or corrected data. In this study, we selected the widely used SWAT + ecohydrological model as an illustrative example to investigate challenges related to input data preparation. To assist in these tasks, we developed an R package named SWATprepR, which provides functions for typical and repeating SWAT + model input data preparation tasks. The package supports the preparation of weather input files, atmospheric deposition, soil parameters, crop rotations, and observed (control or calibration) data, to name a few, presently with focus on European applications. The SWATprepR functions are integrated in R script workflows and can help SWAT + modelers to avoid repetitive tasks, secure reproducibility and transparently document the data processing steps. Application of the package is illustrated with a test case of a SWAT + model for a small catchment in central Poland.

Oral Sulfate Solution Versus Polyethylene Glycol Solution for Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy: A Randomised Controlled Trial in a Tertiary Care Centre

Colonoscopy is an indispensable procedure in the armamentarium of an endoscopist to diagnose the pathologies of the distal gastrointestinal tract. A well-prepared bowel is mandatory for an ideal colonoscopy which facilitates in clinching the diagnosis. The aim of the study was to compare the palatability, tolerance, volume and side effects of PEG solution as well as OSS for bowel preparation and also to assess the quality of bowel preparation using Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) by the colonoscopist in a controlled, randomised, and double- blinded manner.

Modelling the centrifugal mixing process of minced meat to optimise the production of chopped meat semi-finished products

One of the most important problems in ensuring the quality of mincemeat preparation in the production of sausages is the effective structuring of components and mixing of their ingredients. To solve this problem, researchers added a multifunctional admixture based on whey protein in the process of centrifugal mixing of the components, which determined the composition of the factor space of the investigated process. Based on the results of the research, the effective content of whey protein, sodium alginate, and soy fiber in the developed recipe was proven, which showed high characteristics in terms of fat-retaining and moisture-retaining ability, digestibility, pH level – activity, and other parameters. The developed formulation made it possible to improve the general indicator of the balance of amino acids in the product and increase the functional-technological and quality parameters of the developed products. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the obtained meat product were evaluated based on the results of physical and mathematical modelling. Modelling was carried out using Federman-on-Buckingham's second similarity theory and the "dimension theory" method, which allows the processing of the obtained experimental data in the form of a criterion equation, which was compiled using Froude, Euler, and Sherwood criteria. The purpose of this study was to obtain dependencies between such process factors as product density, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the technological medium, the ultimate shear stress, the change in the concentration of the main impurities of lactic acid in the raw material, the value of the diffusion coefficient and the coefficient of mass transfer in the loading mass, the weight of one load of products, the angular frequency of rotation of the screws of the minced meat mixer, the radius of the rotating working bodies, the characteristic size of the products after grinding. Using the complex criterion equation and the developed program, we find a recommended set of operating mode parameters for preparing minced meat under the conditions of centrifugal influence on the mixing process and the action of the specified factors.

Frequency of prolonged colonoscopy and its associated factors among adults: An experience of A Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.

Objective: To determine frequency and factors associated with prolong cecal intubation among adults undergoing colonoscopy in a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Gastroenterology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Period: September 2022 to June 2023. Material &amp; Methods: The study comprised patients undergoing elective colonoscopies, regardless of gender and age, who were at least eighteen years old. Cecal intubation time longer than ten minutes was regarded as a prolonged colonoscopy duration. The Aronchick scale, which is used to evaluate the quality of bowel preparation. The association between the patient's characteristics and the prolonged cecal intubation was investigated using logistic regression. P-values were considered statistically significant if they were less than or equal to 0.05. Results: Total 281 patients were enrolled into the study. Median age of patients was 40 (IQR=30-50) years and majority were males 66.5%. Median cecal intubation length and time was 90 (IQR=80-100) cm and 7 (IQR=5-10) minutes. Prolonged intubation was seen among nearly one-fifth of total patients (19.1%). Odds of prolonged cecal intubation were significantly lower patients of age &lt;50 years, relatively higher body mass index (BMI), out-patients, patients with excellent quality of bowel preparation and among those cases in which colonoscopies were performed by consultant. Conclusion: Proportion of prolonged cecal intubation was high particularly among older age, female gender, patients with lower BMI, past surgeries and poor quality of bowel preparation.

Critical influencing factors on quality of traditional Chinese medicine preparations from perspective of process and equipment

The quality of traditional Chinese medicine preparations is directly related to the safety of patients. Among the various factors, the process and corresponding critical equipment are critical factors influencing the quality of the preparations. To improve the quality of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, this article summarizes and analyzes the problems in the process links and corresponding critical equipment in the manufacturing process of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Furthermore, a critical quality attribute evaluation system is established based on safety and effectiveness combined with the drug properties, preparation process, and preparation characteristics, providing a basis for the process and equipment improvements aimed at quality enhancement.

Can an educational video improve the adequacy of bowel preparation for patients undergoing their first colonoscopy? Results of the EBOPS RCT.

Background and study aims The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an educational video on the quality of bowel preparation of patients from a UK population attending for their first colonoscopy. Patients and methods A prospective, endoscopist-blinded trial with 1:1 allocation was performed. Patients referred for their first colonoscopy were recruited between February 2019 and December 2019. All participants were prescribed Moviprep and received the trial site's standard written bowel preparation instructions, with the intervention group also receiving a bespoke educational video. Adequacy of bowel preparation (defined as a Boston Bowel Preparation Scale of ≥2 in each segment of the bowel) and polyp detection rates (PDRs) were compared. Fisher's chi squared test was utilized with P <0.05 as the threshold for significance. Results A total of 509 participants completed the trial from six centers; 251 were randomized to the intervention group. The mean age was 57 years and 52.3% were female. The primary endpoint was met with an adequacy rate of 216 of 251 (86.1%) in the intervention group, compared with 205 of 259 (79.1%) in the control group ( P <0.05, odds ratio [OR] 1.626, 95% CI 1.017-2.614). The PDR was significantly higher in the intervention group (39% vs 30%, OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.19, P <0.05). Conclusions An educational video leads to improved bowel preparation for patients attending for their first colonoscopy, and is also associated with greater detection of polyps. Widespread adoption of an educational video incurs minimal investment, but would reduce the number of inadequate procedures, missed pathology, and the cost that both these incur.

Features of the educational strategy of school graduates when entering regional universities in Russia

Introduction. With the change of generations, changes in the socio-economic conditions of life, global processes affecting local levels, the previously habitual mechanisms for the functioning of social institutions, in particular, education, also change. Restrictions on entry into the higher education system generate competition for state-funded places, and the USE mechanism is a key way to select the most talented and capable applicants. School graduates find other ways to universities because of the competitiveness and complexity of the Unified State Exam, along with the traditional trajectory of entering a university. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the educational strategies that Russian school graduates choose, the factors that determine this choice, and the problems that give rise to the variety of educational trajectories of graduates. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using an online survey among first-year students of two Volgograd universities – Volgograd State University and Volgograd State Technical University in October 2022 (N=527), the task of representation by gender and age was not set. Methods: analysis of sources, online survey, scaling, mathematical statistics (calculation of arithmetic mean), analysis of frequency distributions, analysis of contingency tables. Results. The quality of preparation for the USE is provided not only by general education schools, but also by various forms of additional education, tutors, courses, online schools. The overall level of USE results in the Volgograd region, based on average values, fluctuates in the range of 45-55 points out of 100, while the average scores for admission to the studied Volgograd universities, which were included in the study area of the authors, are 66.4 and 68.7 points, and in the capital - much higher. However, as the analysis of empirical data shows, the decision to enter a university is made on the basis of a wider range of factors, including the territorial location of the university, family traditions, and the socioeconomic status of the family. A rational approach to the implementation of the educational strategy gives rise to the so-called. "transit" trajectory of entering the university after college graduation. Admission to an institution of secondary vocational education can be an intermediate stage (for example, the share of college graduates in full-time departments of universities in Volgograd is 13%, in Russia – about 21%), or be the ultimate goal of the educational trajectory. Conclusion. Admission to a university after the 11th grade brings to the fore the quality of education in schools and preparation for the Unified State Exam, as a tool for the competitive selection of applicants applying for state-funded places at a university. Entering a university after graduating from college is not the most popular strategy, but it avoids the procedure for passing the exam, since admission is based on the results of the university's internal exams. Entering college after the 11th grade is a forced measure and reflects the problems of limited access to higher education on a budgetary basis, competition among applicants, poor preparation for the Unified State Examination, low level of family well-being, etc.

Diagnosis and treatment of Hymenoptera venom allergy in adults: A single-center experience in Lithuania

BackgroundVenom-specific immunotherapy (VIT) is a major treatment for patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom. Thus, correct diagnosis of sensitization, identification of the risk factors, and choice of venom for the treatment are the key issues. ObjectiveWe aimed to describe diagnostic and treatment experience data of VIT performed in a single center in Lithuania. MethodsIn this retrospective study, we analyzed 9 years of clinical data (severity of the allergic reaction, recognition of the culprit insects, diagnostics, VIT protocol safety and efficacy, sting challenge outcomes) of patients treated with cluster VIT. Sting challenge helped to reveal the influence of venom preparation quality and to adjust the dosage of venom. ResultsData from 83 patients were analyzed. Double sensitization confirmed by component diagnosis was found in 39.4% (13/33), and double immunotherapy was initiated in 9.1% (n = 3/33). The cluster immunotherapy protocol was used in 81 patients. Systemic reactions occurred in 7.4% (n = 6/81) patients during the build-up phase. VIT failure was related to bee venom immunotherapy and systemic reactions during a build-up phase. The efficacy in the short term of our approach to cluster VIT was confirmed by the sting challenge in 97% (42/43). Nine patients (10.8%, n = 9/83) voluntarily stopped the treatment due to a lack of motivation. ConclusionOur protocol regarding the investigation and treatment of patients allergic to Hymenoptera venom has been safe and effective. Patient's motivation to continue VIT is one of the concerns, but the biggest challenge is the patients with bee venom allergy and repeated systemic reactions during VIT.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF KASISA BHASMA PREPARED BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS

Kasisa is an Iron-containing compound mentioned in Ayurveda. Different methods for the preparation of Kasisa Bhasma are described in ancient Ayurveda textbooks. However, the lack of standardisation in the incineration process poses a significant challenge to ensuring the preparation's quality. In the present study, the method mentioned in Rasamrutha was adopted. The classical method of bhasma preparation comes with certain challenges. An Electric Muffle Furnace offers a more controlled and consistent alternative, addressing some of the difficulties associated with the classical approach. Hence, two different heating methods were adopted here to prepare bhasma (the classical method and an Electric Muffle Furnace). The final product obtained from these two methods was characterised by X-ray diffraction to determine the composition. The study findings indicate a notable shift in the product to oxide form, with a higher percentage observed in the classical method of bhasma preparation.