Quality Of Petroleum Products Research Articles

Analysis of existing control systems for the technological regime of the oil refining process

The control system is a critically important component in every aspect of modern life, especially in oil refining processes. It ensures continuous monitoring and optimization of technological operations such as purification, distillation, and oil heating. Improved performance of such systems leads to increased overall efficiency, which in the long term results in significant savings in resources and energy, as well as enhanced quality of petroleum products. Numerous control systems have been specifically developed for this purpose over the past few decades in response to the ongoing need for improved performance. With this in mind, this article aims to classify and analyze controllers of various types. The transition from conventional to more intelligent adaptive controllers is highlighted along with the relevant principles. Conventional regulators are those designed for linear systems without considering potential parametric changes. Adaptive controllers, on the other hand, have the ability to automatically learn and adapt to the plant’s conditions, ensuring more precise system behavior.

Average Carbon Number Analysis and Relationship with Octane Number and PIONA Analysis of Premium and Regular Gasoline Expended in Ecuador

The quality of fuel depends on its chemical composition, which influences engine performance. Gas chromatography, a cornerstone of global oil and fuel R&D, remains crucial for ensuring the quality of petroleum products and regulatory compliance. Scientists use the most accurate analysis (PIONA) as a tool derived from gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify and quantify hydrocarbons that influence resistance to detonation, which is determined by the research octane number (RON). This study introduces the “average carbon number (ACN)”, calculated from the molar chemical composition of commercial gasoline samples sold in Ecuador (Extra gasoline and Súper gasoline). A quantitative comparison of the ACN with techniques applied using standardized international procedures reveals that the ACN characterizes gasoline samples by providing insight into the distribution shape of carbon graphs. A comprehensive statistical analysis demonstrates the potential usefulness of ACN in characterizing fuel composition, highlighting its relevance in broader fuel quality assessments without the need for carbon distribution plots.

Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals from Crude Oil Using High Surface Area Adsorbent Media: Vanadium as a Case Study

Vanadium, one of the heavy metals present in crude oil, harmfully affects the equipment of oil refineries and the quality of petroleum products. As a result, it is important to innovate effective methods for reducing or removing its concentration. This paper aims to study removing vanadium metal from Iraqi crude oil using activated carbon as an effective adsorbent material. Different experimental factors, i.e., the activated carbon dose, contact time, and agitation speed, were regulatory varied to evaluate their impact on vanadium adsorption efficiency. The outcomes revealed an exceptionally good efficacy of activated carbon to eliminate vanadium. The results exhibited that the maximum remediation was 86.33%, recorded at optimum factors, i.e., 0.5 g of activated carbon, 400 rpm of agitation speed, 75 °C temperature, and time of 400 minutes. According to these findings, activated carbon has a great ability to adsorb vanadium from crude oil. Thus, it can be considered a sustainable material for treating petroleum. Furthermore, this approach will help the refineries by reducing costs by eliminating the heavy metals that lead to corrosion or poisoning catalysts.

Assessment of the results of modernisation and prospects for the development of the Russian oil refining in the context of sanction restrictions

The implementation of the programme for modernisation of Russian oil refineries, launched in 2011, has already significantly increased the depth of oil refining and the quality of petroleum products. It has had a positive effect on reducing the country’s dependence on crude oil exports and has made it possible to obtain a significant positive environmental effect. However, at the same time, there has been a decrease in marginality. At the present stage, the main problems of the Russian oil refining, which affect, among other things, the implementation of modernisation projects, are associated with a ban on the supply of equipment and software for oil refining, the imposition of an embargo and a price ceiling for oil products. The article analyses the results of the implementation of the modernisation programme in terms of the impact on economic and environmental performance of oil refineries and the impact of sanction restrictions on the further modernisation of enterprises. It also considers possible ways to solve problems through the development and implementation of modern production technologies in combination with digital solutions.

PURIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON NATURAL GASES FROM HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN A TUBULAR TURBULENT APPARATUS

Purification of gases and petroleum products from sulfur compounds has always been one of the main problems of oil and gas processing and gas transportation. In recent decades, this problem has become even more urgent due to the tightening of requirements for the quality of petroleum products and the transition to high requirements for combustible natural gas supplied and transported through main gas pipelines. To ensure standardized indicators for hydrogen sulfide in gas, purification of this component is required. Traditionally, desulphurization of light hydrocarbon raw materials is reduced to removing hydrogen sulfide with amine solutions and removing mercaptans with aqueous-alkaline solutions using absorption equipment. To purify natural petroleum gas from hydrogen sulfide, it seems promising to use direct-flow vortex devices with small dimensions to create the required interfacial surface, as well as low hydraulic resistance. Based on the high rate of reaction of hydrogen sulfide with a hydrogen sulfide absorbent based on formaldehyde, research has been carried out to develop a technology for purifying associated petroleum gas using a tubular turbulent apparatus. By creating a high specific contact surface between the gas phases and the hydrogen sulfide absorber using the proposed technology, high efficiency in purifying associated gas from hydrogen sulfide was achieved under field conditions. Purified associated petroleum gas with a hydrogen sulfide content of 0.003 g/m3 complied with the STO Gazprom standard 089-2010 and the Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union 046/2018.

ANALYSIS OF THE FEASIBILITY OF REFURBISHING USED OILS FOR SUBSEQUENT APPLICATION IN MILITARY VEHICLES DURING COMBAT OPERATIONS

The increased consumption and production of petroleum products have led to a rise in the volumes of used motor oils, which has become an urgent issue in terms of ecology and economic feasibility. The production and use of motor oils involve complex processes associated with significant energy and financial expenses. Therefore, there is a growing interest in finding effective solutions for the rejuvenation and processing of used motor oils for further utilization. This would reduce the negative environmental impact and preserve natural resources. The purpose of this scientific article is to conduct an analysis of the feasibility of motor oil recovery and evaluate the economic viability of their subsequent use in petroleum refining processes. Through a systematic study of this issue, we aim to identify optimal approaches to the recovery and rational use of used motor oils, contributing to the creation of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system. To achieve this goal, we will examine existing motor oil recovery technologies, their effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages. We will also analyze the impact of recovery on the quality of petroleum products and overall economic development. The findings outlined in the article can serve as a basis for the development of strategies and policies in the field of petroleum production aimed at ensuring sustainable development and resource optimization. Keywords: recovery of motor oils, regeneration and recycling technologies, efficiency of oil recovery, impact on the quality of petroleum products, economic analysis of processing, sustainable approaches to processing, prospects for sustainable development methods, cost of recovery and production, ecological sustainability of technologies, indicators of utilization efficiency.

Improving the Verification Method for Measuring the Quality of Petroleum Products in Conditions of Insufficient Information

Improving the Verification Method for Measuring the Quality of Petroleum Products in Conditions of Insufficient Information

Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Petroleum Products from Different Sources in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria

Background: Adulteration is the illegal addition of any foreign substance into motor Gasoline / high speed diesel. Adulteration maybe due to a long storage period. fuel quality can widely evolve and be different from its initial quality.
 Aim: Physicochemical analysis was carried out on different petroleum products (namely, gasoline, kerosene and diesel) from different petrol stations/sales outlets, to determine their quality.
 Methods: The physical chemical parameters investigated were specific gravity, pour point, API gravity, viscosity, flash point, fire point and cloud point. The test was carried out using standard procedures of American society for testing and materials (ASTM).
 Results: The result shows that physical chemical parameters investigated fell short of the ASTM standard range for a good number of the petroleum products, suggestive of adulteration.
 Conclusion: Given that petroleum products are generally imported into the country, the source of adulteration could not be determined since samples were collected only at petrol stations/sales outlets.

A Neural Network-Based Model for Predicting Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products.

Saybolt color is a standard measurement scale used to determine the quality of petroleum products and the appropriate refinement process. However, the current color measurement methods are mostly laboratory-based, thereby consuming much time and being costly. Hence, we designed an automated model based on an artificial neural network to predict Saybolt color. The network has been built with five input variables, density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, cetane index, and total acid number; and one output, i.e., Saybolt color. Two backpropagation algorithms with different transfer functions and neurons number were tested. Mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to assess the performance of the developed model. Additionally, the results of the ANN model are compared with the multiple linear regression (MLR). The results demonstrate that the ANN with the Levenberg–Marquart algorithm, tangent sigmoid transfer function, and three neurons achieved the highest performance (R2 = 0.995, MAE = 1.000, and RMSE = 1.658) in predicting the Saybolt color. The ANN model appeared to be superior to MLR (R2 = 0.830). Hence, this shows the potential of the ANN model as an effective method with which to predict Saybolt color in real time.

Reduction of evaporation losses in oil and oil derivatives storage tanks: A case study for warehouse in Pozega (Serbia)

One of the biggest problems related to mandatory tanks of oil and oil derivatives are evaporative losses in the tanks. It is well known that the storage, manipulation and transport of oil and oil derivatives results in the evaporation of the liquid. In the case of tanks where commodity reserves are stored for a long period of time, the most pronounced problems are "breathing" losses and degradation of the quality of petroleum products. Many of these volatile organic compounds also have a strong negative impact that is harmful to human health and the environment. The aim of this research is to improve system in order to reduce evaporative losses in the tanks which are used for mandatory reserves of oil and oil derivative in warehouse in location near Pozega in Serbia as well as to reduce the harmful impact on the environment with the proposed improvement measures.

Optimization of the oil rectification process by the selection criterion of the light petroleum products

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the yield of light oil products at the primary oil refining unit by the methods of mathematical and simulation modeling. An overview of the software packages for technological modeling used for petroleum refineries is given. An optimization criterion, that allows determining the maximum yield of light oil products is received, as well as restrictions on the process parameters are established. The adequacy assessment of the initial data dependence according to the Fisher criterion is given. A mathematical model of the petroleum distillation process for low-capacity installations is obtained. The model can be useful at optimizing the variable composition and consumption of raw materials (petroleum) according to the selection criterion for light oil products, taking into account seasonal requirements for the quality of petroleum products. The use of the proposed optimization criterion and the mathematical model on small-capacity oil distillation units improves the efficiency of process units. Keywords sectional model, petroleum product, quality indicators, optimization, boiling point, potential fraction content, selection

Developing and Investigating the Analyzers of Kinematic Viscosity and Density of Petroleum Products on Throttle Bridge Transducers

Measuring the viscosity and density of petroleum products is important for their proper production, transportation and application. Viscosity and density are the main parameters determining the composition and structure of petroleum products. Therefore, in the industry, to control the quality of petroleum products during various technological processes, automatic and non-automatic devices are used for their measurement. The accuracy of measuring the viscosity and density of petroleum products is an important factor. The authors analyzed different methods of measuring the viscosity and density of petroleum products and synthesized three versions of throttle bridge transducers. These versions implement differential measurement methods and have different numbers of laminar and turbulent throttles. The authors obtained new equations of static conversion functions by channels of measuring the kinematic viscosity and density of petroleum products of the proposed throttle bridge transducers. The authors developed a block diagram and designed measuring equipment to study experimentally the static characteristics of the throttle bridge transducers. The authors determined that the maximal relative deviations of the results of experimental studies from numerical calculations of a static conversion factor by channels of kinematic viscosity and density were 5.88% and 8.76%, respectively. The authors developed two versions of automatic devices for measuring the kinematic viscosity and density of petroleum products based on the proposed throttle bridge transducers. The first version is an automatic analyzer with tracking astatic balancing. The second version is an automatic analyzer with deployment balancing. The authors developed constructions of both versions of automatic analyzers and obtained the results of experimental measuring of the kinematic viscosity and density of petroleum products in different ranges.

A robust hybrid predictive model of mixed oil length with deep integration of mechanism and data

Accurate estimation of mixed oil length is highly required in multi-product pipelines because it can guide the operator to correctly handle the mixed oil segment and effectively reduce the loss of petroleum product quality. In previous study, a hybrid model combined with machine learning algorithm with existing mechanism has been developed and has good predictive accuracy. Unfortunately, due to incorrect measurement and improper recording, outliers are widely present in industrial datasets and may render the predictive performance of the previous model quite disappointing, while the effect of outliers on predictive models for the mixed oil length is rarely discussed. In order to deal with such issues, this paper first proposes a way to define the outlier sample and explicitly studies its impact on the performance of the predictive model for mixed oil prediction. Subsequentially, various new hybrid modeling methods are developed driven by both operation data (exploited by the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree algorithm) and the mechanism (based on the Austin-Palfrey equation) in different arrangements. Extensive experiments are conducted on real-life transportation pipelines, and the results show that with the clean training set, the R2 index of the proposed serial-parallel hybrid model (SPHM) is 0.96, which is higher than that of mechanism model and the existing hybrid model. Even with all the outliers added, advantage in prediction accuracy of the SPHM is still noticed, demonstrating feasibility and robustness of the hybrid modeling approach for prediction of mixed oil length.

ОКИСНЮВАЛЬНА ДЕСУЛЬФУРИЗАЦІЯ НАФТОПРОДУКТІВ

The modern world market makes stringent requirements for the quality of motor fuels, in particular for sulfur content in them. The main classes of sulfur-containing compounds in petroleum fractions are thiols, dialkyl and cycloalkyl sulfides, alkylaryl sulfides, as well as heteroaromatic compounds – benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and their alkyl derivatives. They have a negative impact on the quality of petroleum products. Growing demands on the quality of oil and petroleum products have led to the search for ways to reduce the sulfur content in oils and which would not lead to deterioration of physicochemical parameters of oil, such as viscosity, density, acidity, elemental and fractional composition, etc. Among the existing methods of desulfurization of oils and their fractions, special attention is drawn to oxidation methods that allow organic sulfur compounds to be converted into sulfoxides and sulfones which are easily removed by conventional separation methods, in particular by extraction or adsorption. The prospects of the oxidation method are due to the possibility of practical use of sulfoxides and sulfones in various sectors of the economy. The most common oxidants in the processes of oxidative desulfurization of petroleum fractions are hydrogen peroxide and alkylhydroperoxides in combination with catalysts that provide high selectivity and speed of the process. Transition metal compounds (Mo, V, W,) are most often used as catalysts because they are able to form peroxocomplexes in the presence of peroxides. Heterogeneous catalytic systems consisting of various solid carriers (salts, oxides, activated carbon, zeolites) and peroxide oxidants (hydrogen peroxide or alkyl hydroperoxides) are actively developing. Molybdenum-containing catalysts are one of the most efficient heterogeneous systems for oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel. There is proved the effectiveness of oxidative desulfurization, which is a combination of catalytic oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst and adsorption on activated carbon. Methods of oxidative desulfurization with their advantages and disadvantages can be logical addition to large-tonnage hydrotreating processes, and also potentially can be used as an independent method of deep purification of oil and petroleum products from sulfur-containing compounds.

Fast, non-extractive, and ultradeep desulfurization of diesel in an oscillatory baffled reactor

Sulfur compounds are major contaminants in diesel fuels and cause significant negative impacts on the environment, human health, and petroleum product quality. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) has gained attention due to relatively mild operating conditions. However, ODS requires significant improvements in terms of productivity, reaction time, and conversion. This study reports the development of a highly efficient, rapid ODS process, in an oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR), to allow continuous, safe dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal. DBT conversion was studied as a function of temperature, residence time, oscillation frequency, and oscillation amplitude. By optimizing the operating conditions, up to 94 % DBT could be removed without further extraction in 3 min, at 80 °C, 4 Hz, and 6 mm. This is a substantial increase over comparable processes at this temperature and furthermore has been conducted in a reactor that scales up predictably, hence it is probable that this performance can be realized at an industrial scale.

Prediction indicators of the petroleum products quality using statistical methods

The possibility of the virtual analyzers models constructing of the petroleum products quality indicators for the atmospheric column of an oil refinery is considered. Comparison of linear models is carried out. It was found that more accurate and less costly are autoregressive models with a distributed lag. The use of such models at the facility improves the efficiency of obtaining information about the quality of petroleum products. Keywords virtual analyzers; autoregressive model; lag; factors; petroleum product; method of principal components; quality

МЕТОДИ ЗМЕНШЕННЯ ВТРАТ КІЛЬКОСТІ ТА ЯКОСТІ НАФТОПРОДУКТІВ

Petroleum products are a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Duringtransportation and storage of oil products under the influence of changing environmentalconditions there is a change in quality indicators. The change in the quality of petroleum products reflects the real physico-chemical processes that occur in petroleum products during their transportation and storage. As a result of changes in the quality of petroleum products, their operational qualities deteriorate, which further leads to the impossibility of their use for their intended purpose. In modern conditions, there are many ways to reduce losses in quantity and quality of petroleum products during transportation and storage. All existing methods can be divided into several groups. The first group of measures is aimed at preventing the ingress of foreign liquids and mechanical impurities into petroleum products. Particular attention is paid to the detection andremoval of commodity water. The following measures are intended to improve the tightness of storage facilities and reduce the contact of petroleum products with ambient air. To reduce losses from fuel evaporation, the method of painting ground tanks in light colors is used, which allows to reduce the heating of tanks, which in turn reduces the evaporation of petroleum products. This method is very old, effective and well known. In addition, tanks of special design are used for storage of oil products, especially light ones. Tanks with pontoons and floating roofs. Theconstruction of the tanks reduces the free volume of air above the surface of petroleum products, which significantly reduces the loss of petroleum products from evaporation. This reduces the loss of petroleum products from evaporation. The use of methods to reduce fuel damage during transportation and storage leads to significant economic benefits in the future. Keywords: Loss of quantity and quality of oil products, transportation of oil products, storage of oil products, methods of reducing losses of oil products.

Построение системы прослеживаемости в сетях АЗС и нефтебаз

Nowadays so-called traceability systems that provide fixing of history, application, and location of a product during its life cycle are formed in many spheres. Large scale and territorial distribution of petroleum supply systems require some electronical sensor fields and the same for data receiving, processing, visualization, and situation identification. Example of this kind of systems is so called guaranteed petroleum product logistics automation control system that provides petroleum product preserve during tank truck deliverance from oil terminals to gas stations. In the sphere of petroleum supply also some technology development and successful in-Russia and abroad application experience tell us about possibility of express-determination of petroleum product quality characteristics by means of spectroscopy. This method provides increase of test speed of all of the samples possible or necessary and even take and investigate sample «in-flow» (physically in pipelines, logically by means of mobile laboratories, etc). Quality parameter magnitudes may be used by automation systems of various levels to increase control efficiency. The article deals with determination, analysis and synthesis of the traceability systems for quality control of petroleum product.

Saybolt color prediction for condensates and light crude oils

Saybolt color determination is one of the techniques used to evaluate the quality of petroleum products as an indicator of the degree of refinement. As color is a property readily observed by operators, conventional procedures require operators to determine Saybolt color either through direct visual observation or through Saybolt chromometers. These methods are subjective due to the variability in perception of colors across different observers and may be influenced by external factors such as the level of illuminance. Digital oil color analyzers, on the other hand, cost almost four times as much as Saybolt chromometers. An alternative approach to color measurement is to develop a correlation model between Saybolt color with the physical and chemical properties of condensates and light crude oils from Malaysian oil and gas fields. This work applies several multiple linear regression techniques (such as stepwise regression) performed both manually and using the R software (version 3.6.1) to obtain statistically significant results. The step, regsubsets and glmulti functions from R are explored to develop the correlation model which predicts Saybolt color using only identified key properties, overcoming the possible drawbacks associated with conventional laboratory analysis. The models developed through these different techniques are analyzed and compared based on criteria indicated through the coefficient of multiple determination, R2 and F-tests to infer on suitable regression approaches. Results obtained from these regression methods for models with and without interaction terms report deviations of less than 5% for 75% of the samples used for validation.

Development of Arctic Diesel Fuel with Optimal Composition

The article offers the possibility of obtaining Arctic diesel fuel, which can be used at low temperatures. The physico-chemical properties of the resulting diesel fuel are also shown. New technical conditions were developed for a new type of Arctic diesel fuel. The main indicators of the quality of low-carbon diesel fuel are low-temperature properties, estimated by cloud point, temperature and temperature limit. New arctic fuel was obtained by adding a depressant. We used the depressor additives Keroflux and Difron. When selecting a depressor additive for a new grade of diesel fuel, it was necessary to take into account not only the composition of the fuel, but also the particular structure and composition of the additives themselves. Studies by many authors have shown that the solubility of additives based on copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate is lower than that of copolymers of vinyl acetate with alkyl methacrylate. The article also shows the possibility of obtaining basic fuel with a given pour point directly on the direct distillation of oil. An innovative jet hydraulic mixer was used to mix petroleum products, which provides intensive mixing of petroleum products in tanks and ensures stable quality of petroleum products during storage. Such technology allows to obtain winter and arctic varieties from summer diesel fuel by adding depressor additives.