Paint Quality Research Articles

Influence of Reclaimed Water on the Visual Quality of Automotive Coating.

In the present study, the possibility of recovering water in a car wash station was presented. The resistance of automotive coatings to washing water recovered at 50% and 70% from wastewater generated at car wash was tested. Wastewater treatment was carried out by ultrafiltration (UF) using tubular polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (100 and 200 kDa) manufactured by the PCI company. The membranes retained oil contamination, suspended solids, and over 60% of surfactants. For comparison, the 0.5% Turbo Active Green solution, used at professional car washes, was also applied in paint resistance studies. The tested solutions washed the painted surfaces of samples taken from car doors for 8 days. The resistance of automotive coatings to washing solutions was assessed by measuring gloss, Log Haze, RIQ, and Rspec parameters. Scratch resistance was also assessed. The results obtained in the current study indicated that the use of water recovered from wastewater did not deteriorate the quality of the car paint coating.

Linear Regression Algorithm Analysis for Predicting Electrical Panel Painting Quality

Linear Regression Algorithm Analysis for Predicting Electrical Panel Painting Quality

Beauty and Paintings: Aesthetic Experience in Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia When Viewing Abstract and Concrete Paintings

We assessed the aesthetic experience of patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) to understand their ability to experience feelings of the sublime and to be moved when viewing paintings. We exposed patients with bvFTD and control participants to concrete and abstract paintings and asked them how moved they were by these paintings and whether the latter were beautiful or ugly. Patients with bvFTD declared being less moved than control participants by both abstract and concrete paintings. No significant differences were observed between abstract and concrete paintings in both patients with bvFTD and control participants. Patients with bvFTD provided fewer “beautiful” and more “ugly” responses than controls for both abstract and concrete paintings. No significant differences in terms of “beautiful” and “ugly” responses were observed between abstract and concrete paintings in both patients with bvFTD and control participants. These findings suggest disturbances in the basic affective experience of patients with bvFTD when they are exposed to paintings, as well as a bias in their ability to judge the aesthetic quality of paintings.

Automated pavement marking integrity assessment using a UAV platform – a test case of public parking

ABSTRACT Intact pavement markings organize the utilization of the pavement surface area, increase the road capacity, and improve traffic safety. However, deterioration occurring over the service life will lead to traffic safety hazards. A detailed inspection is regarded as the central tenet of pavement marking management. Conventional manual assessment approaches are time-consuming, qualitative, and argued to be subjective. Thus, cost reduction, quantitative analysis, and automatization have been the focus of research. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform has been studied wildly in civil tasks due to its low cost and high maneuverability. A UAV-based platform was developed in this research to address the inefficiency, access limitations, and image processing of existing road marking inspection systems. In this research, the resolution of the image is 5472 × 3080 pixels and is captured with a fixed focal length of 8.8 mm. Given intensity differences between pixels of paintings and asphalt backgrounds, the pixels belonging to painting regions are classified using the K-mean clustering algorithm. After detecting all parking lines from images, the Otsu method was employed to determine the threshold of 0.9 as the quantitative indicator of painting quality. The UAV-based platform exhibits expected performance in assessing the pavement markings in a parking area. Future research will explore the deployment in city-scale applications.

Paint-CUT: A Generative Model for Chinese Landscape Painting Based on Shuffle Attentional Residual Block and Edge Enhancement

As one of the precious cultural heritages, Chinese landscape painting has developed unique styles and techniques. Researching the intelligent generation of Chinese landscape paintings from photos can benefit the inheritance of traditional Chinese culture. To address detail loss, blurred outlines, and poor style transfer in present generated results, a model for generating Chinese landscape paintings from photos named Paint-CUT is proposed. In order to solve the problem of detail loss, the SA-ResBlock module is proposed by combining shuffle attention with the resblocks in the generator, which is used to enhance the generator’s ability to extract the main scene information and texture features. In order to solve the problem of poor style transfer, perceptual loss is introduced to constrain the model in terms of content and style. The pre-trained VGG is used to extract the content and style features to calculate the perceptual loss and, then, the loss can guide the model to generate landscape paintings with similar content to landscape photos and a similar style to target landscape paintings. In order to solve the problem of blurred outlines in generated landscape paintings, edge loss is proposed to the model. The Canny edge detection is used to generate edge maps and, then, the edge loss between edge maps of landscape photos and generated landscape paintings is calculated. The generated landscape paintings have clear outlines and details by adding edge loss. Comparison experiments and ablation experiments are performed on the proposed model. Experiments show that the proposed model can generate Chinese landscape paintings with clear outlines, rich details, and realistic style. Generated paintings not only retain the details of landscape photos, such as texture and outlines of mountains, but also have similar styles to the target paintings, such as colors and brush strokes. So, the generation quality of Chinese landscape paintings has improved.

The Effect of Air Pressure and Nozzle Distance on the Quality of Water-Based Painting Using a Gravity-Feed Spray Gun

Environmental influences can cause corrosion or damage to materials, which is why paint coating is used to protect them. Some of the factors that affect the quality of the paint are technical, such as setting the air pressure and spray gun nozzle spacing. The experimental research aims to determine how air pressures of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 bar and nozzle spacings of 10–15–20 cm affect the gloss and thickness of the water-based paint layer. A gravity-feed spray gun was used for this purpose. The luster test method uses an AMTAST AMN60 glossmeter with the ASTM D523-08 standard, and the thickness test uses a coating thickness gauge with the ASTM E 376-96 standard. The air pressure and the distance of the spray gun nozzle affect the gloss and thickness of the paint layer. Parameter 2 bar/15 cm yielded the highest gloss of 92.77 GU, while parameter 2.5 bar/10 cm resulted in the highest coating thickness of 0.26 mm.

Use and Influence of Technological Gadgets on Students’ Performance in Art Production

Despite the opportunities afforded art teachers in the use of technology today, many of them avoid these opportunities; either because they are not interested or they prefer the traditional way of teaching or they lack the know-how to use them. A cursory look at our Art institutions and Departments in Nigeria today reveals that there is need to overhaul the training methods and facilities in the system to meet global standard and technology-driven society of our time. This paper discusses the place of technology in Art pedagogy; looking at studio practice and theory, its influence on art production and sustainability in the future. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the quality of computer gadget-aided paintings and those made from real objects among selected students in tertiary institutions. Methodology adopted includes literary review, survey and practical experiments. The paper points to the fact that the role of technology cannot be over-emphasized in art teaching and learning, exhibition and sale, recording, preservation, as well as documentation and archiving of art experiences. It is recommended that teachers of Art must be abreast with modern techniques in teaching in a dynamic and technology-driven world of today.

Next-Generation Exterior Painting: A Prototype Model for High-Rise Buildings with ESP32 Wireless Control

This paper addresses the need for innovative solutions in exterior painting processes for high-rise buildings. The intention is to develop a prototype model that not only automates the painting procedure but also enhances efficiency, safety, and the overall quality of the process. The methodology involves the integration of ESP32 wireless control technology, allowing for automation through either Wi-Fi or cloud control. The key components of the model include a 240V, 1hp single-phase hoisted motor for vertical movement along the building façade and a 12V PMDC square geared motor for the operation of painting arms that apply paint to the wall. A contactless painting approach is adopted using a sprayer instead of traditional brushes or rollers. The results of the model's painting operations demonstrate significant reductions in time and costs compared to traditional methods, along with improvements in safety and overall painting quality. Notably, the model is designed to adapt to diverse climate conditions and accommodate various building sizes and shapes. This proposed automated exterior painting model holds immense potential for revolutionizing conventional practices, providing a safer, more efficient, and cost-effective solution for a wide range of building structures.

Autonomous Trajectory Planning for Spray Painting on Complex Surfaces Based on a Point Cloud Model.

Using teach pendants or offline programming methods can generate tool paths for robot manipulators to carry out production activities, such as spray painting on objects of different geometries. This task, in which the complexity of painting the surface is one of the main challenges, requires highly skilled operators. In addition, the time spent setting up a robot task can be justified for the mass production of the same workpiece. However, it is inconvenient for low-production and high-variation production lines. In order to overcome these challenges, this study presents an algorithm to autonomously generate robot trajectories for a spray-painting process applied to objects with complex surfaces based on input 3D point cloud data. A predefined spherical mesh wraps the object, organizing the geometrical attributes into a structured data set. Subsequently, the region of interest is extracted and isolated from the model, which serves as the basis for the automatic path-planning operation. A user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to define input parameters, visualize the point cloud model and the generated trajectory, simulate paint quality using a color map, and ultimately generate the robot's code. A 3D sensor is used to localize the pose of the workpiece ahead of the robot and adjust the robot's trajectory. The efficacy of the proposed approach is validated first by using various workpieces within a simulated environment and second by employing a real robot to execute the motion task.

Dry air compressor for car painting quality improvement

The humidity used in the painting process greatly determines the result of painting the car body. This study aims to develop a dry air compressor that can be used to overcome car paint defects. This system consists of a 2 HP compressor engine for sucking air from the atmosphere, two air collection tubes where the first tube contains air obtained from the atmosphere and the second tube contains dry air obtained from the first tube. The inside of the first tube is given a copper coil measuring 5 mm in diameter which is connected to a 120-watt cooler while the second tube is not given a copper coil. Each tube has a diameter of 50 cm and a height of 100 cm. The addition of copper coil aims to separate air from water by means of the condensation process which is the development of this study. Testing of compressor performance is done by turning on the compressor with the exhaust valve closed. After 60 minutes, the air pressure in each tube increased from 0 Psi to 89 Psi, the humidity decreased from 52 % to 38 %, and the temperature decreased from 31.6 °C to 18.2 °C. To see the effect of cooling on the air, the exhaust valves on both tubes were opened. In the first tube there is water coming out, as much as approximately 100 ml while in the second tube there is no water coming out. The water that comes out of the first tube is caused by the condensation process that separates the air from the water and due to the influence of gravity the water falls to the bottom of the tube. The dry air contained at the top of the first tube is flowed into the second tube and is ready to be used for painting the car body. The painting results show that there are no more small holes or paint defects on the paint surface

Failure analysis of automotive helical spring

As it is known, the suspension helical or coil spring contributes to the vehicle's driving comfort and protects the vehicle parts by softening the impacts depending on the road topography and keeping the suspension system stable without shaking. In this study, the cause of coil spring fracture in a B-segment vehicle was investigated systematically. Within the scope of the investigation, microscopy studies (optical and scanning electron), hardness, and metallographic studies were carried out, and finite element analysis was used to determine the stress distribution in the spring. The failure analysis showed that the fracture was fatigue induced, and the crack initiation was interestingly not on the inner surface of the spring where the stress was maximum but in the corrosion between the upper surface and the outer surface of the wire and in a region that makes an angle of approximately 20 degrees to the vertical. Considering the properties of the steel (AISI 9254) used in the spring, such as microstructure, hardness, and the stress values obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA), it is concluded that there was no problem in terms of design, materials, heat treatment, and processing history of the spring. However, FEA results simulating corrosion-induced pitting show that the pitting has a significant stress concentration, confirming the crack initiation assessment. In this context, it was understood that the final painting process applied to the part surface was insufficient to protect the spring against deteriorating effects such as rainwater / salty snow water from the road surface. It was concluded that improving the paint quality and/or installing a polymeric part to protect the spring against the effects of the road would be beneficial in solving the problem. Finally, in order to achieve high-performance springs, the use of steels with a combination of high strength and high fracture toughness (e.g. micro-alloyed) and/or the application of a precision shot peening process such as an ultrasonic method to the surface after heat treatment will contribute significantly to the corrosion fatigue life of the spring.

Painting art and sustainability: relationship from composite indices and a neural network

PurposeThis work aims to establish the relationship between painting art and sustainability, which allows for highlighting implications likely to improve sustainability for humanity's welfare.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve this objective, painting art is measured by a composite index aggregating the quantity and quality represented by the market value. As for sustainable development, it is represented by a composite index comprising three variables: the climate change performance index (ecological dimension), the wage index reflecting distributive justice (social dimension) and the gross domestic product (economic dimension). The composite indices were determined through adjusted data envelopment analysis. In addition, two other methods are used in this work: correlation analysis and a neural network method. These methods are applied to data from 2007 to 2021 across the world.FindingsThe correlation method highlighted a perfect positive correlation between painting art and sustainability. As for the neural network method, it revealed that the quality of painting has the greatest impact on sustainability. The neural network method also showed that the most positively impacted variable of sustainability by painting art is the social variable, with a pseudo-probability of 0.90.Originality/valueThe relationship between painting art and sustainability is underexplored, in particular in terms of statistical analysis. Therefore, this research intends to fill this gap. Moreover, analysis of the relationship between both using composite indices computed via an original method (adjusted data envelopment analysis) and a neural network method is nonexistent, which constitutes the novelty of this work.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-01-2023-0006

Neural network predictive control applied to automotive paint drying and curing processes

In the automotive painting process, maintaining optimal operating conditions in drying and curing ovens is crucial to ensure high-quality paint finishes, particularly for specific car body-in-white (BIW) parts' temperature profiles. This paper presents a methodology for developing and implementing a Neural Network Predictive Control (NNPC) system for painting drying and curing processes in an automotive oven used in the electrodeposition stage (Elpo oven). The objective is to enhance temperature control for BIW parts. To train the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in the various zones of the Elpo oven, a dataset was generated using a phenomenological model based on first principles. Random disturbances were applied to the input variables (conveyor speed and zone temperatures) to capture the dynamic response of the output variables (temperature in specific BIW parts). The dataset was split into training (80 %), validation (10 %), and test (10 %) sets, and the ANN training was performed using the backpropagation algorithm. The implemented NNPC utilizes the trained ANNs to predict future temperature values in specific BIW parts (controlled variables). To determine the optimal control signals (manipulated variables), an optimizer based on the Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) model was employed, and the objective function was minimized using the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm (ACO). Through simulations of four operational scenarios with applied disturbances, the results demonstrate satisfactory performance of the NNPC, effectively maintaining controlled temperatures of BIW parts close to predefined setpoints. The utilization of NNPC offers improved temperature control for BIW parts, mitigating painting issues, reducing rework and operating costs, while ensuring painting quality is uncompromised.

Colonial Legacies: Contemporary Lens-Based Art and the Democratic Republic of Congo by Gabriella Nugent

Colonial Legacies: Contemporary Lens-Based Art and the Democratic Republic of Congo by Gabriella Nugent

Исследование параметров воздуха при сушке крупноблочных металлических конструкций в сушильной камере тентового типа

One of the stages in the manufacture of large-block metal structures is their coloring followed by drying. A feature of this process is the need to maintain a temperature determined by the characteristics of the paint, which is difficult at low ambient temperatures. The solution of the problem is the use of a tent-type mobile drying chamber at the stage of drying the painted part at the place of its assembly. At the same time, the drying process can be controlled by changing the location of the fan heater and exhaust ventilation, changing the performance of the heater fan and the temperature of the supplied air. The solution of this technological problem is the goal of the study. The study uses the methods of numerical modeling and experimental studies. As a modeling tool, the SOLIDWORKS software package and office packages for statistical data processing have been used. It is found out that the distribution of temperatures in the shelter depends on the thermal resistance of the walls of the drying chamber, the main characteristic of the heater fan, the dimensions of the chamber and the painted module, the gaps between the walls, the ambient temperature and the air coming from the heater, the fan parameters, the fan placement methods and draft ventilation. The calculation considers the aerodynamic resistance of the drying chamber with the part placed in it, the influence of free convection, heat loss and features of air distribution inside the shelter. Based on the results obtained, the authors proposed a calculation method that allows determining the temperature decrease inside the chamber relative to the temperature of the air coming from the heater. To automate the calculation results, a program has been developed to determine the parameters of air after heating with a fan heater. The results obtained makes it possible to solve an important practical problem of ensuring high quality of painting works in a tent-type shelters under various climatic conditions, including negative ambient temperatures due to a reliable forecast of the uneven temperature field in the painting chamber. The developed technique is designed for the rapid selection of heaters, including the supply of a fan, the power of the heating element, and the air temperature at the outlet of the heater depending on the ambient temperature, the permissible range of temperature changes of the paint, the geometric parameters of the tent shelter and the painted product. The scientific value of the study is the results of the study of mixed convection in the tent shelter, the revealed essential regularities of the process and the obtained criterion equation to calculate the temperature range of the paint coating of the product in the chamber. The obtained results have determined the ways to further increase of energy efficiency and to improve the design of tent shelters.

Study on the application of a new surface burr treatment process

During the wood milling process, the milling cutter will jeopardize the continuity and integrity of wood fibres, resulting in the surface roughness not meeting the requirements. Surface roughness is an important indicator to assess the surface quality of wood products, which has a great impact on its subsequent sealing performance, painting and decorative quality. Therefore, the surface roughness requirements should be factored in when designing the machining process and determining the machining allowance. This paper uses a computer numerical control (CNC) woodworking milling machine to process camphor wood products. During this processing experiment, the paper analyses the impact of changes in major processing parameters on the surface roughness of wood products, such as spindle speed, feed rate, movement trajectory, milling depth, along and against the grain. When it comes to the state of the wood product surface not meeting the subsequent process requirements after milling, further measures are proposed for ablative finishing treatment. In order to find the best way to remove the surface burr without damaging the base surface, the surface burr of milling wood was studied and analyzed from the micro-angle. Using scanning electron microscopy along with microscopic imaging technology to observe and analyse, the paper establishes an ablation model of processing surface burrs and conducts simulation analysis of the influence of parameter changes, to provide some theoretical basis for practical production and related research.

Design of a Database-Driven Quality Predictor for Painting Systems

In painting processes, to prevent the occurrence of painting defects, the rotational speed of the bell cup should be adjusted online based on the painting quality. However, there is a considerable time-delay between the painting process and the evaluation of painting quality. This paper proposes a database-driven painting quality predictor, which has a mechanism to adaptively change the threshold to classify through learning to reduce the delay. A numerical simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. As a result, the accuracy of the proposed method is superior to that of the conventional method.

Optimization of Surface Preparation and Painting Processes for Railway and Automotive Steel Sheets

The article deals with DIC (Digital Image Correlation) tests on steel plates used in the automotive and railway industries, as well as in the construction industry. The most critical part of DIC tests is the quality of proper surface preparation, painting, and random patterns. The paint mediates the deformation of the optical systems, and its quality is paramount. The authors’ goal in this research is to determine the optimal dye–cleaning–drying time parameters for DIC studies. Commercially available surface preparation and cleaning agents were tested alongside commercially available spray paints. Standard and specific qualification procedures were applied for the measurements. Once the appropriate parameters were determined, the results were validated and qualified by GOM ARAMIS tests. Based on the results, DIC measurements can be performed with higher accuracy and safety in laboratorial and industrial conditions, compared to the traditional deformation measurements executed by dial gauges or linear variable differential transformers.

РАЗРАБОТКА МОДЕЛИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ КАЧЕСТВА ЧАСТИЦ ПОРОШКА КРАСЯЩЕГО ПИГМЕНТА

Problem Statement (Relevance). Most often, the production of paints and varnishes consists of the main stages: from receipt to warehouses to packaging in boxes. And quality control is carried out at the entrance and at the exit. However, in the production of paints and varnishes, it is necessary to introduce intermediate control at the stage of grinding pigment raw materials into finely ground powder, since the main qualities of the finished paintwork product depend on the size range of particles of the finely ground powder. GOST 2093-82 recommends the use of sieve analysis, which is a sieving mechanism with a sieve from the largest mesh sizes to the smallest. However, this method is inferior to more modern ones in terms of analysis speed by more than 10 minutes, in terms of particle measurement range by 10-30%, and in terms of information content of the analysis. Objectives. Improving the quality of paints and varnishes through the introduction of intermediate control by laser diffraction. Methods Applied. In the presented work, methods such as mathematical modeling, the method of idealization and formalization of the research processes of paints and varnishes were applied. Originality. In the course of the work, new mechanisms were developed for assessing and controlling the quality of the particles of the coloring pigment powder, as well as new ways to improve the efficiency of the production of paints and varnishes. In the course of the study, an analysis of the technological process was carried out. Result. The result of the work was the developed model for improving the quality control system for the particles of the coloring pigment powder. Practical Relevance. The developed model will increase the effectiveness of current processes for the production of paints and varnishes through the introduction of intermediate control, which will increase the profit of the organization and reduce quality costs.

Effects of Nanosilver and Heat Treatment on the Pull-Off Strength of Sealer-Clear Finish in Solid Wood Species.

Pull-off strength is an important property of solid wood, influencing the quality of paints and finishes in the modern furniture industry, as well as in historical furniture and for preservation and restoration of heritage objects. The thermal modification and heat treatment of solid wood have been the most used commercial wood modification techniques over the past decades globally. The effects of heat treatment at two mild temperatures (145 and 185 °C) on the pull-off strength of three common solid wood species, i.e., common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), black poplar (Populus nigra L.), and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), were studied in the present research work. The specimens were coated with an unpigmented sealer-clear finish based on an organic solvent. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between the density and pull-off strength in the solid wood species. Heat treatment at 145 °C resulted in an increase in the pull-off strength in all three species, due to the formation of new bonds in the cell-wall polymers. Thermal degradation of the polymers at 185 °C weakened the positive effect of the formation of new bonds, resulting in a largely unchanged pull-off strength in comparison with the control specimens. Impregnation with a silver nano-suspension decreased the pull-off strength in beech specimens. It was concluded that density is the decisive factor in determining the pull-off strength, having a significant positive correlation (R-squared value of 0.89). Heat treatment at lower temperatures is recommended, to increase pull-off strength. Higher temperatures can have a decreasing effect on pull-off strength, due to the thermal degradation of cell-wall polymers.