Milling Quality Research Articles

The Value of Transitioning from the Lap Shear to an Internal Bond for Testing Plywood*

Abstract The lap shear test has been the standard for bond strength testing in plywood for years. Its goal is to predict the long-term durability of the plywood panels. This test has also been used for root cause analysis by mill quality management teams to identify issues. There are several problems with the test, two significant problems being, (1) the only bond tested is the one that is next to the veneer tested, and (2) the test is highly subjective to the accuracy of the kerfing. This paper will address the first problem, which is the larger issue. During the long-term exposure of the panel, the bond lines most likely to fail are the exposed surface or, more likely, the weakest bond. The lap shear test does not test all the bonds simultaneously, so there is no way to ensure the weakest bond is tested on each sample. The data included in this article clearly showed that there was a difference between the bond lines that would be missed in the standard lap shear test. Lastly, the main bonds tested are in the center of the panel; therefore, the result would be biased and may not be an accurate representation of how the panel would perform in the field. These deficiencies are remedied by shifting to the standard internal bond testing common in other wood products.

AAC Perform red spring wheat

AAC Perform, an awned hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, combines high grain yield and good agronomic characteristics with excellent resistance to leaf, stem, and stripe rust. Based on 43 station years of registration trial data from 2017 to 2019, the grain yield of AAC Perform was about 6% higher than AAC Foray and about 12% over AAC Penhold. AAC Perform was significantly shorter than AAC Foray and had straw strength similar to AAC Penhold. It was about two days later maturing than AAC Foray. AAC Perform had similar test weight, smaller kernel size and lower protein concentration as compared with AAC Foray. AAC Perform had milling and baking quality suitable for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring Red wheat market class.

Trends in grain quality and responses to nitrogen application of japonica inbred rice released after the 1980s in east China

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe past four decades have seen a dramatic increase in cropping area of japonica inbred rice after the 1980s and nowadays occupies 90% of the total cropping area in Jiangsu, east China. To date, little attention has been paid to the effects of genetic improvements of japonica inbred rice on grain yield and grain quality under different nitrogen (N) levels. Fifteen japonica inbred rice released from 1983 to 2014 were investigated to evaluate changes in grain yield and grain quality of japonica inbred rice under 180 kg N/ha (N180), 270 kg N/ha (N270), and 360 kg N/ha (N360) during genetic progress.FindingsGenetic improvement increased (p < .01) rice grain yield and annual gain was 47.1, 60.2, and 75.6 kg/ha under N180, N270, and N360, respectively. During genetic progress, milling quality (milled rice percentage and head rice percentage), appearance quality (chalky rice percentage, chalky degree, and grain length‐to‐width ratio), and cooking and eating quality (gel consistency, overall palatability, breakdown, and setback) have been improved, while nutritional quality has been declined because of a reducing trend of protein content. Generally, the application of N fertilizer improved nutritional quality but deteriorated milling quality, appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality. Higher N application increased grain protein content, gel consistency, and breakdown, while decreased setback, which resulted in poor overall palatability.ConclusionsThe results suggested great improvements in both grain yield and grain quality (especially milling, appearance, and cooking and eating qualities) of japonica inbred rice since the 1980s in east China. Modern rice cultivars respond more favorably to increased N application in terms of grain yield. N application improved nutritional quality but downgrades other quality traits.Significance and noveltyOur results proved a great success in breeding high‐yielding and good‐quality japonica inbred rice in east China since the 1980s. Future rice breeding for higher grain yield and better grain quality should rely both on improvements of breeding selection and cultivation practices, particularly concerning N management strategies.

The effects of filling level on the milling accuracy of rice in the friction rice mill

The filling levels of rice in friction rice mill is one of the principal factors that determine rice milling quality. Clarifying the influence of filling level on milling accuracy is the key to improve milling quality. In this work, the milling process of particles in mill under different filling levels was examined experimentally and numerically. The effects of filling level on milling degree and milling uniformity were revealed. The results show that with increase of filling level, extra added particles enter originally outer ring afterward mainly inner ring. Particles are subjected to more severe abrasion due to the increase of force and area of milling zone. The tangential dissipated energy of particles increases first then keeps stable. A method which can quantify milling uniformity is established and then applied. Particle rotational kinetic energy directly affects milling uniformity. This study is helpful to provide guidance for parameter selection of similar mills.

Effect of Kernel Size and Its Potential Interaction with Genotype on Key Quality Traits of Durum Wheat.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of kernel size and its potential interaction with genotype on durum wheat quality with emphases on kernel physical characteristics, milling performance, and color-related quality parameters. Wheat samples of seven genotypes, selected from the 2018 Canadian durum variety registration trial, were segregated into large (LK), medium (MK), and small-sized kernels (SK). In general, the kernel size greatly affected the durum wheat milling performance. Within a given size fraction, a strong impact of genotype was shown on the test weight of SK and the milling yields of MK and LK. Particularly, the MK fraction, segregated from the genotypes with superior milling quality, had a higher semolina yield than LK from the genotypes of inferior milling quality, inferring the importance of intrinsic physicochemical properties of durum kernels in affecting milling quality. SK exhibited inferior milling quality regardless of the genotypes selected. A strong impact of genotype was shown for the total yellow pigment (TYP) content and yellowness of semolina, while the kernel size had a significant impact on the brightness and redness of the semolina and pasta. Despite SK possessing much higher TYP, the semolina and pasta prepared from SK were lower in brightness and yellowness but with elevated redness.

Alleles of the GRF3-2A Gene in Wheat and Their Agronomic Value.

The Growth-regulating factors (GRF) are a family of plant-specific transcription factors that have roles in plant growth, development and stress response. In this study the diversity of the TaGRF3-2A (TraesCS2A02G435100) gene was investigated in Russian bread wheat germplasm by means of next generation sequencing and molecular markers, and the results compared with those from multiple wheat genome and exome sequencing projects. The results showed that an allele possessing c.495G>T polymorphism found in Bezostaya 1 and designated as TaGRF3-2Ab, is connected with earlier heading and better grain filling under conditions of the Krasnodar Krai. TaGRF3-2Ab is more frequent among Russian winter wheat cultivars than in other germplasms found in the world, implying that it is adaptive for the Chernozem region. A new rare mutation of the TaGRF3-2A was found in the spring wheat cultivar Novosibirskaya 67. The molecular markers developed will facilitate utilization of TaGRF3-2A mutations in future agronomic studies and wheat improvement. Albeit GRF3-2Ab may be good at maintaining high milling quality of the grain, it should be used with caution in breeding of winter wheat cultivars in the perspective of climate change.

The Genetic Architecture of Milling Quality in Spring Oat Lines of the Collaborative Oat Research Enterprise.

Most oat grains destined for human consumption must possess the ability to pass through an industrial de-hulling process with minimal breakage and waste. Uniform grain size and a high groat to hull ratio are desirable traits related to milling performance. The purpose of this study was to characterize the genetic architecture of traits related to milling quality by identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to variation among a diverse collection of elite and foundational spring oat lines important to North American oat breeding programs. A total of 501 lines from the Collaborative Oat Research Enterprise (CORE) panel were evaluated for genome-wide association with 6 key milling traits. Traits were evaluated in 13 location years. Associations for 36,315 markers were evaluated for trait means across and within location years, as well as trait variance across location years, which was used to assess trait stability. Fifty-seven QTL influencing one or more of the milling quality related traits were identified, with fourteen QTL mapped influencing mean and variance across location years. The most prominent QTL was Qkernel.CORE.4D on chromosome 4D at approximately 212 cM, which influenced the mean levels of all traits. QTL were identified that influenced trait variance but not mean, trait mean only and both.

Physical and Milling Quality of Milled Rice in Indonesia

More than 250 rice varieties are grown in Indonesia from new superior varieties and local varieties with aromatic, non-aromatic aromas and pigmented rice. Rice quality is one factor that must be considered in addition to high productivity. Generally, the quality of grain and rice quality in Indonesia have met the quality standards set based on SNI 0224-1987/SPI-TAN/01/01/1993 and SNI 6128:2020. Ricequality is determined by several factors such as grain appearance, nutritional value, cooking and eating quality and become one of the foremost considerations for rice buyers. Such information can be utilized as basic data of character of genetic resources on assembling of new superior varieties by rice breeders. Those information can be used as a descriptive information for farmers and rice productivity, high yield, and better rice quality. Good quality local cultivar can be used as parents for the formation of new superior varieties.

Genotype and Environment Affect the Grain Quality and Yield of Winter Oats (Avena sativa L.).

The extent to which the quality and yield of plant varieties are influenced by the environment is important for their successful uptake by end users particularly as climatic fluctuations are resulting in environments that are highly variable from one growing season to another. The genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) of milling quality and yield was studied using four winter oat varieties in multi-locational trials over 4 years in the U.K. Significant differences across the 22 environments were found between physical grain quality and composition as well as grain yield, with the environment having a significant effect on all of the traits measured. Grain yield was closely related to grain number m−2 whereas milling quality traits were related to grain size attributes. Considerable genotype by environment interaction was obtained for all grain quality traits and stability analysis revealed that the variety Mascani was the least sensitive to the environment for all milling quality traits measured whereas the variety Balado was the most sensitive. Examination of environmental conditions at specific within-year stages of crop development indicated that both temperature and rainfall during grain development were correlated with grain yield and β-glucan content and with the ease of removing the hull (hullability).

Prediction models for energy consumption and surface quality in stainless steel milling

Stainless steel is a kind of difficult-to-machine material, and the work hardening in milling easily leads to high energy consumption and poor surface quality. Thus, the influence of machined surface hardness on energy consumption and surface quality cannot be ignored. To solve this problem, the prediction models for machine tool specific energy consumption and surface roughness are developed with tool wear and machined surface hardness considered firstly. Then, the validity of the models is verified through AISI 304 stainless steel milling experiments. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the machine tool specific energy consumption model can reach 98.7%, and the roughness model can reach 96.8%. Later, according to the developed prediction models, the influence of milling parameters, surface hardness, and tool wear on the machine specific energy consumption and surface roughness is studied. Results show that in stainless steel milling, the most significant parameter for surface roughness is the machined surface hardness, while that for energy consumption is the feed per tooth. The machine specific energy consumption increases linearly with the increase of the tool wear and the machined surface hardness gradually. The proposed models are helpful to optimize the process parameters for energy-saving and high-quality machining of stainless steel.

Nigrospora oryzae Causing Panicle Branch Rot Disease on Oryza sativa (rice).

The panicle branch, which is the key node for transport of photosynthesis products from source to sink, is vulnerable to many diseases caused by fungal pathogens, such as Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Among these diseases, rice blast is the most important one which causes devastating losses in many regions. In 2019 and 2020, panicle branch rot of rice with a symptom which could be mistaken with rice blast was observed in a paddy field, where is not traditional epidemical region of rice blast, in Fuyang, Zhejiang province. In 2020, similar symptom was also observed in Hubei and Anhui Province. In a paddy field in Fuyang, the symptom appeared on more than 30% investigated panicles. Diseased panicle exhibited brown to black lesions on primary or secondary branches as well as pedicels, however the grain and the neck of spike could not be infected which is the most obvious difference with rice blast. Obviously, the disease can't destroy the entire function of branch and blank grain was rarely observed, so its damage is not comparable with neck blast. Normally, it caused incomplete grain filing commonly leading to 5% - 25% grain weight loss. During the booting stage of rice, local solar irradiation time and temperature were fewer and lower than common years which may be responsible for losses caused by this disease. After surface sterilized, lesion parts cut from infected branches from 25 panicle samples were cultured on 2% water agar at 28℃ for 24-28 h, and fungi were isolated and purified by mycelial tip transferring. Among 31 isolates, 26 showed similar cultural characters. The wool-like mycelia were luxuriant and grew rapidly on PDA spreading the whole 9 cm petri dish in less than a week at 28 ℃. The mycelia were white to ashen at beginning and gradually turned black from center of the plate after 5 days culture at 28 ℃. Hyphae were smooth, branched, septate, hyaline or pale brown. Conidia were single-celled, black, spherical to subspherical, and 10.2 to 14.6 × 12.2 to 15.7 μm (n=50) in dimension and born on tip of hyaline and ampulliform conidiophores. The fungus showed similar morphological characteristics with Nigrospora oryzae (1). ITS sequences of 6 representative strains of the fungus were amplified, sequenced with primer pair, ITS1/ITS4 (2), and submitted into GenBank with an accession number, MW228165. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with sequences of reference strains (3). The result showed that the fungus obtained in this study was fallen into the same group with N.oryzae. In view of above both morphological and molecular analysis, the strains were finally identified as N. oryzae. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in triplicate with rice panicles in initial heading stage. Fifty panicles were wounded on branches with needles and inoculated by spreading the conidia suspension (10μl, 1 × 106 conidia ml-1) on the wounds. The panicles used as control were treated in same way with 10μl of sterile water. The inoculated and control plants were kept in dark, 25 ℃ and relative humidity of more than 85% for 24 h in culture chamber. Symptoms appeared on 44 of 50 inoculated panicles which were basically similar with those observed in paddy field, while negative controls remained symptomless. The fungi re-isolated from inoculated panicles were also confirmed as N. oryzae by both morphological and molecular analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. oryzae causing panicle branch rot disease on Oryza sativa (rice). This disease not only cause yield losses and lower milling quality, but could also be mistaken as rice blast incurring unnecessary fungicides spray.

Improving product quality in pharmaceutical ball milling

Improving product quality in pharmaceutical ball milling

Investigations on achievable surface quality in milling of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta alloy

ABSTRACT β-type Titanium (Ti) alloy possesses less Young’s Modulus (E), which is significant for manufacturing of medical implants, since it reduces stress shielding effect. In this work, surface quality analysis on Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta(TNZT) alloy was carried out to reveal the osseointegration characteristics. TNZT alloy was fabricated by vacuum arc melting followed by homogenization process. Microstructure analysis with X-ray diffraction spectroscopy study revealed the formulation of body-centered cubic structure in the TNZT alloy. Further high speed milling was carried out to analyze the impact of process variables on surface quality. Parameters include axial depth of cut (ap), cutting velocity (vc), and feed/tooth (fz) are taken into consideration. In general, implants are miniature in size; hence, Carbide flat end mill cutter size of 2 mm is used for investigation. 27 slots are generated under mist cooling condition by using factorial experimental design approach. Surface characteristics and morphology of machined region were examined to discover biocompatibility. It is observed that ‘ap’ and ‘vc’ significantly affect surface quality and lowest Ra of 0.422 µm was observed. It is well within the allowable value between 1 and 1.5 µm for better osseointegration. It is also revealed that microparticle deposition and groove formation intensifies when ‘ap’ is higher at 200 µm.

Effects of cultivars and fertilization levels on the quality of rice milling: A diagnosis using near-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy

Cultivars and fertilization levels influence rice productivity and can be associated with grain quality. Thus, it is possible to make decisions regarding the choice of cultivars and application of fertilizer levels based on the type of milling, a necessary post-harvest process that may minimize the nutrient load in the grains and result in loss in quality. This study relates the physicochemical composition and morphological quality of brown and polished milled rice grains, cultivar types, and different levels of soil fertilization using near-infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical tools were used to test the various treatments and identify the relationship between factors and variables. A high fertilization level is related to increasing crude protein composition and starch for cultivar IRGA 431 CL associated with polished rice. However, the combination of cultivar IRGA 424 RI and brown rice demonstrated a higher grain resistance, and different percentages of whole, chalky, and damaged rice. The correlation between ash × crude protein and starch × crude fiber was found to be positive for brown rice and negative for the polished rice. Further, an increase in starch content was inversely proportional to the ash content, whereas an increase in crude protein was inversely proportional to the low-fat content in milled rice. The crystalline characteristics of rice starch were preserved at high fertilization levels associated with polished grains that demonstrated high starch content. Polished grains, however, showed more pores and cavities, and consequently greater permeabilities in the surface. It is recommended that batches of grains produced from cultivar IRGA 431 CL with high levels of fertilization be subjected to polished rice milling to achieve high protein and starch quality. However, grains from cultivar IRGA 424 RI with high levels of fertilization are recommended for brown rice milling owing to the high percentage of physical defects observed.

Evaluation and Analysis of Parboiled Rice before and after Preparation Based on Quality Characteristics and Gelatinization Properties

In this study, 12 rice varieties were selected to prepare the parboiled rice under the same process conditions. The change trend of quality characteristics and gelatinization properties of parboiled rice before and after preparation were comprehensively evaluated and analyzed. The results showed that the milling quality in the parboiled rice of ‘Yuzhenxiang’, ‘Tianfeng B’, ‘SN16-236’, ‘Guifengyou 785’, ‘Liangyou68’, ‘Huiliangyou 1898’ were better than that before preparation. Because of the yellow grain of parboiled rice of ‘SN16-236’, ‘Liangyou68’, ‘Huiliangyou 1898’ were relatively higher than the raw rice (P < 0.05), which seriously affected the appearance quality of parboiled rice. It was also found that parboiled rice could improve the nutrition and the thermal stability of rice paste. In addition, the results of taste quality analysis showed that the appearance and taste values of parboiled rice of ‘Yuzhenxiang’, ‘Hongxiang Rice’, ‘Jinyuanxiang 98’, ‘SN16-236’, ‘15L-Z156’, ‘Guifengyou 785’ were all higher than those before preparation. Based on the above results, the quality in the parboiled rice of ‘Yuzhenxiang’, ‘Guifengyou 785’ were better and suitable for use as special rice varieties of parboiled rice, but the quality of ‘Dalixiang’ and ‘Yuefeng B’ were relatively poor and were not suitable for the production of parboiled rice. This study would provide the theoretical basis for the quality evaluation of parboiled rice and the development and application of rice products.

Machining quality of high speed helical milling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics

Among advanced cutting methods, High Speed Milling (HSM) is often recommended to improve the productivity and to reduce the costs of machining parts. As every cutting process, HSM is characterized by some defects like surface roughness and delamination are the main defects generated in composite materials. The aim of this experimental work is the studying of the machining quality of woven Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) using the HSM technology. Experiments were done using different machining parameters combinations to make opened holes in CFRP laminates. This study investigated the effect of cutting speed, orbital feed speed, hole diameter on the delamination defect and surface roughness responses generated in the drilled holes. The design of experimental tests was generated using the approach of Central Composite Design (CCD). The characterization of these responses was treated with the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that the surface roughness is highly affected by the orbital feed speed (F) with contribution of 22.45%. The delamination factor at entry and exit of holes is strongly influenced by the hole diameter D (25.97% and 57.43%) respectively. The developed model equations gave a good correlation between the empirical and predicted results. The optimization of the milling parameters was treated using desirability function to minimize the surface roughness (Ra) and the delamination factor simultaneously.

Variations of colour, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities during the production of low temperature dried pasta in various durum wheat genotypes

SummaryThis research was conducted to determine the effect of milling and pasta making on yellow pigment content, soluble brown pigment content, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and peroxidase (POD) activity in semolina and pasta derived from ten durum genotypes. Results showed that pasta colour was impacted more by the milling than by pasta making. The loss of yellow pigment content, POD activity, PPO activity and soluble brown pigment content due to milling was 1.3×, 4.4×, 6.2× and 17.5×, respectively, greater than losses due to pasta making. Dry pasta contained 62%, 31%, 16% and 25% of the original yellow pigment content, brown pigment content and PPO activity and POD activity in the grain, respectively. Semolina yellow pigment content had a positive effect on pasta colour while semolina protein content, ash content and speck count had negative effects. These results indicate the importance of selecting genotypes that have high yellow pigment content and excellent milling qualities.

Chatter stability and surface quality in milling of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are typical difficult-to-machine materials. Due to their anisotropic material property, chatter and poor surface quality are easy to occur during machining. In this paper, the mechanical cutting force model and dynamic milling system model considering the anisotropy of unidirectional CFRP (UD-CFRP) were established. The cutting force coefficients and the edge force coefficients in the cutting force model were calculated as functions of fiber cutting angle. The cutting force model can accurately describe the variation laws of milling force in different fiber directions. The chatter stability of milling UD-CFRP was analyzed and the influence of the fiber direction on it was studied. The influence laws of the fiber directions and chatter stability on surface quality were discussed, and a variable related to cutting stability, chatter factor, was defined, which provides a novel method for predicting surface quality of machined UD-CFRP.

Response of grain-filling rate and grain quality of mid-season indica rice to nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the important factors for high yield of rice. Apart from high yield, high quality has become the current urgent demand for rice production. Grain-filling stage is crucial for rice yield and quality formation. However, the effect of nitrogen on grain-filling characteristics and the relationship of grain-filling characteristics and rice quality of mid-season indica rice were still unclear. A field experiment was carried out to ascertain the critical grain-filling characteristics that contribute to rice milling quality, appearance quality and cooking and eating quality under nitrogen applications. The results showed that nitrogen applications prolonged the duration of superior and inferior grain filling. The mean grain-filling rate (Gmean) and the maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax) of the inferior grains were positively correlated with chalky kernel rate, chalkiness, and amylose content. The time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax G) of the inferior grains was positively correlated with brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head milled rice rate. Chalky kernel rate and chalkiness were negatively correlated with peak paste viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Less amylose content and more crude protein content were detected in nitrogen application of Liangyoupei 9 and Y Liangyou 2 both in 2016 and 2017. According to the correlation analysis, better cooking and eating quality of Y Liangyou 2 which had less amylose content might result from its higher Gmax and Gmean of inferior grain than that of Liangyoupei 9 in the treatments of nitrogen application. These results indicated that the prolonging grain-filling duration and increasing grain weight at the maximum grain-filling rate of inferior grains contributed to the improvement of milling quality, appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality of mid-season indica rice under appropriate nitrogen applications.

AAC Oravena oat

AAC Oravena is a white-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar selected and developed under organic management. AAC Oravena yields well under organic and conventional production systems, compared with check cultivars. AAC Oravena has good milling quality. AAC Oravena was registered (Reg. No. 7561) by the Variety Registration Office, Canada Food Inspection Agency, on 3 July 2014.