Milk Quality Research Articles

Reduction of Beany Flavor and Improvement of Nutritional Quality in Fermented Pea Milk: Based on Novel Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis 80.

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) serve as a significant source of plant-based protein, garnering consumer attention due to their high nutritional value and non-GMO modified nature; however, the beany flavor limits its applicability. In this study, the effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis 80 (Bla80) fermentation on the physicochemical characteristics, particle size distribution, rheological properties, and volatile flavor compounds of pea milk was investigated. After fermentation by Bla80, the pH of pea milk decreased from 6.64 ± 0.01 to 5.14 ± 0.01, and the (D4,3) distribution decreased from 142.4 ± 0.47 μm to 122.7 ± 0.55 μm. In addition, Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation significantly reduced the particle size distribution of pea milk, which was conducive to improving the taste of pea milk and also indicated that Bla80 had the probiotic potential of utilizing pea milk as a fermentation substrate. According to GC-MS analysis, 64 volatile compounds were identified in fermented pea milk and included aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, acids, and furans. Specifically, aldehydes in treated samples decreased by 27.36% compared to untreated samples, while esters, ketones, and alcohols increased by 11.07%, 10.96%, and 5.19%, respectively. These results demonstrated that Bla80 fermentation can significantly decrease the unpleasant beany flavor, such as aldehydes and furans, and increase fruity or floral aromas in treated pea milk. Therefore, Bla80 fermentation provides a new method to improve physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of fermented pea milk, eliminating undesirable aromas for the application of pea lactic acid bacteria beverage.

Analysis of milk adulteration by means of a potentiometric electronic tongue

The adulteration of milk presents significant challenges in the food industry, promoting the need for efficient detection methods. This study introduces a potentiometric electronic tongue for rapid and accurate milk adulteration detection. Utilizing polymeric membranes integrated with various additives, the electronic tongue distinguishes between different milk types and detects common adulterants. Experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness in discriminating raw, pasteurized, and medicated cow milk, as well as goat milk. Moreover, it successfully identifies adulterants like water and bovine milk in goat milk samples. Chemometric analyses, including Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares regression, correlate sensor responses with traditional milk parameters such as fat, protein, and lactose content with up to a 0.97 R2 on the validation step. Strong correlations validate the electronic tongue's potential for rapid milk quality assessment. This innovative approach offers a cost-effective, reliable solution for detecting milk adulteration in contrast with current techniques that require numerous, time consuming experiments.

Reveal the mechanism of hepatic oxidative stress in mice induced by photo-oxidation milk using multi-omics analysis techniques

IntroductionPhoto-oxidation is recognized as a contributor to the deterioration of milk quality, posing potential safety hazards to human health. However, there has been limited investigation into the impact of consuming photo-oxidized milk on health. ObjectivesThis study employs multi-omics analysis techniques to elucidate the mechanisms by which photo-oxidized milk induces oxidative stress in the liver. MethodsMouse model was used to determine the effect of the gavage administration of milk with varying degrees of photo-oxidation on the mouse liver. The damage degree was established by measuring serum markers indicative of oxidative stress, and with a subsequent histopathological examination of liver tissues. In addition, comprehensive metabolome, lipidome, and transcriptome analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of hepatic damage caused by photo-oxidized milk. ResultsA significant elevation in the oxidative stress levels and the presence of hepatocellular swelling and inflammation subsequent to the gavage administration of photo-oxidized milk to mice. Significant alterations in the levels of metabolites such as lumichrome, all-trans-retinal, L-valine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine within the hepatic tissue of mice. Moreover, photo-oxidized milk exerted a pronounced detrimental impact on the glycerophospholipid metabolism of mice liver. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway enrichment appreciated in the animals that consumed photo-oxidized milk further supports the substantial negative influence of photo-oxidized milk on hepatic lipid metabolism. Gene set enrichment and interaction analyses revealed that photo-oxidized milk inhibited the cytochrome P450 pathway in mice, while also affecting other pathways associated with cellular stress response and lipid biosynthesis. ConclusionThis comprehensive study provides significant evidence regarding the potential health risks associated with photo-oxidized milk, particularly in terms of hepatic oxidative damage. It establishes a scientific foundation for assessing the safety of such milk and ensuring the quality of dairy products.

The Effects of Poor Fluid Milk Experience on Store Choice and Customer Loyalty in Online and In-Store Retail Channels

Dairy producers work extensively to ensure quality, but there is limited information on how poor experience with milk affects consumer choice. This study uses an online survey of 725 US consumers to assess how a poor experience with milk affects purchase behavior in different channels. We examine the relationship between product experience and purchase behavior and find that a poor experience is associated with a greater likelihood of switching stores and with lower net promoter scores, suggesting that having high quality milk may improve customer loyalty. This work highlights the important role that perishable food quality plays in retail settings.

Aplication of Sweet Maize Whole Plant Silage (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) and Gliricia sepium for Feed of Dairy Cattle

The low productivity of smallholder dairy cattle in Indonesia is due to limited capital and feed management. Limited land ownership, resulting in feeding from low-quality natural grasses and agricultural waste, limits milk production. Farmers rely on expensive commercial concentrate feed to improve feed quality. Efforts to improve productivity and milk quality on smallholder farms include utilizing low-cost, high-nutrient forages. Legume forages have the potential to replace commercial concentrates in dairy cow rations because they contain high crude protein (CP) and can increase livestock productivity. Using legumes as a substitute for commercial concentrates can reduce milk production costs by up to 20%. In Indonesia, the most widely cultivated legume crop is Gliricidia. Harapan Makmur Farmer Group is one of the few dairy cattle groups established in Padang City in 2011. The problem of the dairy cattle business is the high feed price, some of which comes from commercial feed. The activity method uses counseling, discussion, and the practice of making sweet corn silage mixed with Gliricidia. These activities concluded that farmers were utilizing forage from legumes to substitute commercial concentrates, and they were skilled in processing corn straw waste from sweet corn cultivation and Gliricidia into silage.

Quality of cow’s milk as a raw material in the dairy industry from the Pelagonian region in North Macedonia

This scientific work provides a comparison and analysis of the quality and hygiene requirements of raw cow’s milk obtained from individual producers of large and small farms in three regions of Pelagonia in accordance with the Rulebook on requirements for quality, safety and hygiene of milk. The examinations include analysis of the parameters of the chemical composition, determination of the number of somatic cells and total number of bacteria from milk samples taken throughout the year from small and large farms. The best results (p<0.05) for the protein content are observed in the milk coming from small and large farms from the Southern part of the Pelagonia region, compared to the Northern part of the Pelagonia region and Prilep region. The amount of dry fat-free matter in the milk from small farms in all three regions did not show a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results for the lactose content of milk from all three examined regions are within the limits of the Rulebook for raw milk. A significant difference (p<0.01) was found for the content of somatic cells in small farms. It is noteworthy that small farms deviate significantly from the safety and hygiene requirements outlined in the Rulebook, primarily due to the hygiene practices concerning dairy cows. The results obtained will be valuable for the dairy industry, as they will identify weaknesses among domestic producers. Professional services will implement measures and activities to help farmers meet EU standards in milk production. Additionally, these findings will provide a significant basis for establishing strategies in this agricultural sector.

Efficacy of monolaurin in treatment of subclinical mastitis as adjudged by antioxidant profile in buffaloes

Subclinical mastitis is a major threat to the dairy industry that usually gets unnoticed by the farmers but is responsible for huge economic losses owing to diminished milk production and quality and propagation of infection to other animals in milking. To date antimicrobials have been used to treat mastitis but recent reports of antimicrobial resistance have prompted us to think of concrete alternate approaches for treatment, the use of monoesters of lauric acid being one such alternate approach. Thirty animals positive for sub clinical mastitis were randomly divided into three groups of ten animals each and assigned different treatments. The efficacy was judged based on the tests performed pre and post therapy and results were compared statistically. Maximum efficacy was observed in the antibiotic treated group where all the animals recovered completely followed by antioxidant and lauric acid group (90%) and group treated with antioxidants alone (70%). The addition of monoesters of lauric acid in Group 2 can be the reason for higher therapeutic efficacy of Group 2.

Review on Improving Milk Quality

Review on Improving Milk Quality

Kazakhstan dairy market: guidelines for optimization

Milk plays an important role in human life as obligatory and necessary food product, containing the most valuable and easily digestible proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals. The goal is to show the current state of dairy industry in Kazakhstan, factors influencing its development. The economic parameters of production of milk and dairy products, dynamics of production volumes, and the number of cattle by type of management have been studied. The methods are based on the study of domestic and analytical reviews, scientific publications, and statistical information. Results – there is a shortage of raw materials for processing enterprises, their low quality, and a large number of small producers. The authors state that homemade milk from private farms does not meet technological standards, which, in turn, is the reason for poorquality industrial processing of raw materials. Domestic producers satisfy the need only for liquid processed milk and cream (94.9%). Conclusions – indicators that have restraining effect on development of dairy industry in the republic are considered, the need for technological reequipment, formation of cluster structures, and state support for Kazakh producers is pointed out. Compliance with raw milk quality standards is only possible when using the latest methods for obtaining and primary processing of raw milk. To achieve an effect, subsidies for technical equipment are required, especially for small-scale farms (milking and refrigeration machines, disinfectants, express control analyzers, etc.). Forecasts for consumption of dairy products assume the ability to determine in the future the volumes and structure of market demand for this type of product. The fundamental factors are the level of income, trends in changes in retail prices, degree of market saturation, national and historical traditions.

Pengaruh Kecukupan Pakan Terhadap Produksi Susu dan Kualitas Susu Kambing Di Kecamatan Turi Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta

This research aims to determined the effect of feed adequacy on the production and quality of dairy goat milk in Turi District. This research was carried out in the field and laboratory from 01 to 24 October 2023. A total of 98 dairy goat breeders were selected as respondents with the criteria of having at least 1 year of farming experience and having at least 2 animals. From each goat they raise, milk samples are taken to test the quality in the laboratory. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and by multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the average age of farmers is 44 years, with an education level of 86% high school graduates, the number of family dependents of 4-5 people is 67%, the majority work as farmers 52% (69% ≤10 years and 31% ≥11 years). Livestock ownership status is 100% privately owned with an average ownership of 2-5 heads. The average body weight of dairy goats was 40.13 ± 6.91 kg, with milk production of 2.21 ± 0.51 liters/day. Furthermore, the milk quality variable shows that the average specific gravity and non-fat solids are 1.055 ± 0.08 and 8.42 ± 0.43. Feed adequacy (Dry Matter) is 1.43 and Crude Protein adequacy is 7.44. Milk production was significantly (p<0.05) 52.6% influenced by the level of feed adequacy with the regression equation Y = -1.513 + 0.033XI + 0.495X2. Meanwhile, milk density was 48.5% influenced by the level of feed adequacy (p>0.05) with the regression equation Y = 1.043 + 0.073XI - 0.013X2. Likewise, the lean solitaire variable which was not significant (p>0.05) was influenced by the level of feed adequacy (0.75%) with the regression equation Y = 6.874 + 0.155XI + 0.183X2. It was concluded that the adequacy of feed for dairy goats in Turi District for production was sufficient and for milk quality it was in accordance with the 2011 SNI.

INTERPRETING FARMER ATTITUDE TO FOOD LOSS PHENOMENON IN THE FRESH MILK SUPPLY CHAIN IN BANYUMAS, INDONESIA

Food loss is currently a global problem for both developing and developed countries. Food loss is defined as the loss of a portion of food that is still raw but cannot be processed into a food product because the resulting material does not meet the desired quality. Food loss occurs in livestock production, and one focus is the milk supply chain. Food loss in milking usually occurs due to activities carried out during the harvest, post-harvest, and distribution processes. Food loss in the milk supply chain is caused by decreased milk quality and the farmer's attitude. Problems regarding the attitude of farmers that often occur are farmers' low attitude of responsibility to conduct something. This study aims to determine the effect of farmer attitudes to food loss in the milk supply chain. The method used was quantitative by collecting data from a survey of 46 milk farmers in Bayumas. Then, data were analyzed using the ANOVA approach. The results showed that demographics significantly affect farmers’ attitudes toward food loss in the milk supply chain. The food loss is due to farmers' treatments, including feeding, filtering milk into milk cans, and depositing milk in the shelter. Most farmers are over 50 and need more attention and knowledge about food loss in the milk supply chain. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct regular counseling programs for farmers in the supply chain regarding food loss mitigation. The stakeholders can provide the program to add new insights related to food loss. There should be intervention from the deposit shelter and cooperative in helping to increase farmers' awareness of food loss in quantity and quality.

Relationship between Selected SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C and g.16060A/C) of the FASN Gene and the Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk of Three Breeds of Cows.

Fat is an important energy and nutritional component of milk and consists of fatty acids. FASN (fatty acid synthase) is an enzyme that regulates the synthesis of fatty acids in the milk and meat of cattle. It was hypothesized that knowing the relationships between the genotypes of the tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the content of fat and specific fatty acids would make it possible to improve milk quality in the selection process during cattle breeding. This study aimed to analyze the relationships of SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C) of the FASN gene and their genotypes with the fat and fatty acid content of the milk of the following breeds: Polish Red-White (ZR), Polish Red (RP), and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White (RW). The SNP g.16060A/C was included in the study, although its effect on the fat composition of cow's milk has not yet been widely studied. Milk was obtained during test milkings. SNP genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR (HRM) method. The milk from ZR and RP cows was more often characterized by a more favorable fatty acid profile than the milk from RW cows. This information can be used by cattle breeders and consumers of so-called functional food.

Friesian Holstein (FH) Dairy Cows Milk Quality that Experienced Repeated Breeding in Sendang District, Tulungagung Regency

This study observe the milk quality decrease in Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows that experience repeated breeding (repeat breedings) at KUD Tani Wilis Sendang Tulungagung when viewed from density, fat content, Total Solid (TS), and Solid Non Fat (SNF). The milk samples to be used in this study were 32 with a ratio of 10 normal cow's milk samples as a control. The milk sample was examined using a lactoscan. The data obtained were analyzed using the Independent T-Test test. The results of the repeat breeding cow's milk samples for specific gravity, fat content, and Total Solids (TS) showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the treatment group and the control of normal cow's milk. Samples of repeat breeding cow's milk on Solid Non Fat (SNF) showed that it was not significantly different (p>0.05). The average specific gravity of repeat breeding cows was 1.0282 and that of normal cow's milk was 1.0260, which means that there is an increase in repeat breeding cow's milk when compared to normal cow's milk. The fat content of repeat breeding cows was 1.08% and that of normal cows was 4.18%. Total Solid (TS) of repeat breeding cows was 9.38% and normal cows was 12.73%.

Characterization of the flavor profile of UHT milk during shelf-life via volatile metabolomics fingerprinting combined with chemometrics

Ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk is popular among consumers. However, its flavor and texture change in its shelf life. Flavor is highly determinative for the success of dairy products and for consumers’ willingness to buy. It is important to milk producers to ensure the optimal flavor of their products in the shelf life. In order to be able to control and predict the flavor quality of UHT milk during the shelf life, this study compared the variations in sensory quality, volatile aroma release and backbone flavor factors and developed a discriminant model to assess flavor quality based on flavouromics data of five competing milk sample during storage. Using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with Electronic-nose (E-nose) data excellent classification sensitivity and specificity were achieved compared to models based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) data. The PLS-DA model using E-nose data exhibited a 100% correct classification rate for the storage period, and a 92% correct rate based on the eight variable importance in the projection (VIP) elements screened for volatile components from different groups. The discriminative model developed herein based on E-nose combined with chemometrics demonstrated advantages such as speed, efficiency, and environmental friendliness. This method shows promise as a precise tool for analyzing aroma changes in UHT milk during its shelf life, and provide support for controlling the flavor substances and milk product development.

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks.

Infectious and toxicological risks are the main potential hazards that operators of Human Milk Banks (HMBs) encounter and must eliminate. HMBs are trying to implement procedures that allow to manage and sanitize human milk without altering significantly its nutritional and biologically protective components, obtaining a product characterized by a valid balance between safety and biological quality. The history of human milk processing is linked to the origins of HMBs themselves. And although other forms of sterilization were used originally, pasteurization soon became the recognized most effective means for sanitizing milk: all the milk that arrives at the HMB must be pasteurized. Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the most used methodology, and it is performed using low temperature and long time (+62.5°C for 30 min). With HoP some bioactive milk components are lost to varying degrees, but many other precious bioactive compounds are completely or partially preserved. To improve the quality of human milk processed by HMBs, maintaining in the meantime the same microbiological safety offered by HoP, new technologies are under evaluation. At present, High-Temperature Short-Time pasteurization (HTST) and High-Pressure Processing are the most studied methodologies. HTST is already utilized in some HMBs for daily practical activity and for research purposes. They seem to be superior to HoP for a better preservation of some nutritional and biologically protective components. Freeze-drying or lyophilization may have advantages for room temperature storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advancement regarding the processing of DHM with a literature search from 2019 to 2022. The effects of the new technologies on safety and quality of human milk are presented and discussed. The new technologies should assure microbiological safety of the final product at least at the same level as optimized HoP, with an improved preservation of the nutritional and bioactive components of raw human milk.

Exploring the impact of maternal factors and dietary habits on human milk oligosaccharide composition in early breastfeeding among Mexican women

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote adequate intestinal microbiota development and favor the immune system's maturation and cognitive development. In addition to non-modifiable factors, HMOs composition can be influenced by other factors like body mass index and eating habits, but the reports are discrepant. The aim of this work was to describe the correlation between maternal factors and HMOs concentration in colostrum in 70 women from northeastern Mexico categorized into women with normal weight and women with overweight or obesity. The absolute concentration of six HMOs were significantly lower in women with overweight or obesity compared to women with normal weight (LNFPI p = 0.0021, 2’-FL p = 0.0304, LNT p = 0.0492, LNnT p = 0.00026, 3’-SL p = 0.0476, 6’-SL p = 0.00041). Another main finding was that the frequency of consumption of food groups such as vegetables, fruits and meats was positively correlated to specific HMOs (Poblano chili and 2’-FL; rs = 0.702, p = 0.0012; Orange or tangerine and 3-FL; rs = 0.428, p = 0.0022; Chicken and 2'-FL; rs = 0.615, p = 0.0039). This study contributes to the elucidation of how maternal factors influence the composition of HMOs and opens possibilities for future research aimed at mitigating overweight or obesity, consequently improving the quality of human milk.

SKŁAD MLEKA KRÓW W ZALEŻNOŚCI OD WIEKU, FAZY LAKTACJI I PASZY GENETYCZNIE MODYFIKOWANEJ

The aim of the presented study was to analyze changes in milk composition depending on presence of genetically modified (GM) components in feed and according to cows’ age and lactation phase. The research was carried out with Polish Holstein-Friesian black and white cows (n = 50) housed in tie stall system at one farm. The genetically modified feed was a supplementary feed mixture. Data reports from milking trials with milk chemical composition, number of somatic cells and urea content were collected. The collected data concerned groups: primiparous (P) cows and multiparous (M) cows during 2nd and 3rd lactation. In each age group, two subgroups were distinguished: cows from 1st to 4th month of lactation (I) and cows from 5th to 8th month of lactation (II). The above subgroups were divided according to feed with GM components (G) and feed with non-GM components (N). It was found that use of feed with the addition of GM plants contributes to lowering the level of casein and an increase of lactose in milk. Presence of GM components in feed did not affect the level of fat, total protein, fat to protein content, urea levels, somatic cell counts in milk and cow yield. It can be concluded that the withdrawal of feed additives based on GM components does not adversely affect the technological quality of milk.

The Effects of Flax and Mustard Seed Inclusion in Dairy Goats’ Diet on Milk Nutritional Quality

Our study evaluated the impact of incorporating flax seeds or a flax and mustard seeds’ mixture into goats’ diets to enhance milk polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The incorporation of mustard seeds also aimed to slow the lipid oxidation process. A three-week feeding trial was conducted on 18 lactating goats, randomly distributed in three groups: control (C), FS (replacing 12% of the oil source with flax seeds), and FMS (replacing a quarter of flax seeds with mustard seeds). Flax seed inclusion improved the quality of milk fat by reducing saturated fatty acid concentration (p = 0.004) and increasing PUFA levels (p = 0.001). Both experimental groups significantly lowered the omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratio (p < 0.001). The FMS group showed a significantly higher total vitamin E concentration (p = 0.007). The fat oxidation parameters revealed that after 24 h of storage at room temperature, the p-anisidine value increased for the FS group compared to the C group, while the FSM group showed no significant difference, suggesting that the combined inclusion of flax and mustard seeds may prolong milk storage time by mitigating secondary oxidation products. This highlights the potential benefits of incorporating the studied seeds into goats’ diets for improving milk quality and extending its shelf life.

Effects of Different Seasons on Milk Quality: A Study on Two Cattle Breeds in Rainy and Drought Contexts

The primary focus of dairy farming in the central region of Peru centers on producers. However, there is limited information on how different altitudinal zones, particularly during rainy and dry seasons, affect milk production. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the rainy and dry seasons on the physicochemical properties of milk from Brown Swiss and Holstein cattle. A total of sixty cows were selected for the study, comprising 30 Brown Swiss and 30 Holstein. The study was conducted across two distinct seasons, including rainy and dry seasons. All animals received the same semi-intensive management and were fed ryegrass and balanced feed. Each animal provided 500 ml of milk for analysis in the morning. The milk was transported at a temperature of 2 °C, where they were analyzed with the Lactoscan equipment to evaluate protein, lactose, fat, total solids, milk density, freezing point, salts, and pH. Significant differences were observed in the interaction between Brown Swiss and Holstein breeds across different seasons, including rainy and dry periods. Significant differences were observed in protein content, showing a positive effect in the interaction “rain: Brown” a value of 3.50 ± 0.36, while “rain: Holstein” showed 3.14 ± 0.05. Statistical differences were observed in the interactions for lactose content, with rain: Brown at 4.82% and dry: Holstein at 4.37%. Similarly, there were significant differences in fat content and total solids for rain interaction of rain: Holsten, and dry: Brown. Nevertheless, no differences were observed in terms of milk density, freezing point, salts, and pH. It is concluded that there was an influence of the interaction between breed physiology and seasonal conditions on milk composition. The results also highlight the impact of season-specific environmental factors on the quality of milk.

Discrimination of cow, goat, and sheep milk by femtosecond and nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

In the present work, femtosecond Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, fs-LIBS, is applied for the first time for the analysis of the inorganic content and the identification of the animal origin of milk samples (i.e., cow, goat, and sheep). The fs-LIBS spectra were analyzed by different machine learning algorithms (i.e., multivariate statistical analysis), and their performance was assessed. The obtained classification accuracies of the milk samples based on the animal origin were found to attain values up to 95 %, depending on the algorithm used. For comparison purposes, LIBS experiments were also carried out employing nanosecond laser pulses, ns-LIBS. The obtained results from both the fs- and ns-LIBS experiments were found to be in excellent agreement between them. The present findings, using fs laser excitation, demonstrate and extend the capabilities of LIBS technique, for the identification of the animal origin of milk samples, thus making fs- and/or ns-LIBS technique a powerful and useful tool for milk authentication, quality, and safety control related research.