Quality Of Blood Products Research Articles

Latest Findings on the Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on the Storage Quality of Blood Products (2011-2022) - A Narrative Review

Abstract: A wide range of challenges are faced during the storage of blood products, including storage lesions, contamination that must be removed, and cell and protein damage due to chemicals and UV exposure. The enhancement of stability exhibited by gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is a notable advantage of these nanoparticles for the storage of blood products. The results of our review of articles from 2011 to 2022 discussing the effect of GNPs on blood products revealed that in RBCs, the dose, concentration, amount, and surface charge of GNPs significantly affect their compatibility. Purified GNPs were compatible with RBCs. Negatively charged GNPs with smaller diameters at lower concentrations were more compatible. However, in the plasma product, the nanoparticle surface modification with different agents showed greater compatibility. PEGylated nanospheres and GNPs exhibited higher albumin conformational stability than those coated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and rods. In the platelet product, smaller GNPs and high GNP concentrations induce platelet aggregation. PEGylation increased the platelet compatibility of GNP. The combination of GNPs with human fibrinogen and clopidogrel prevented clot formation. Finally, the findings of this investigation demonstrate that GNPs are contingent on their surface charge, dosage, and concentration.

Quel avenir pour la transfusion ?

AbstractBlood transfusion is still a support in traumatic hemorrhagic emergencies, as it has been for over a century, and has become so in certain medical emergencies. The profile of blood donors has evolved over the course of this century, most notably since the second half of the 20th century. However, the profile of recipients has also changed considerably and is constantly evolving, particularly in situations where transfusion is allocated through hemotherapy. In support of this, blood products benefit from technical advances both in their production and in the prevention of the undesirable effects they can cause. The quality and monitoring of blood products and their application has also led to new disciplines, such as hemovigilance, and new protocols, such as the implementation of optimized blood management and personalized blood management. Two issues remain unresolved, however: on the one hand, the promotion of more standardized and therefore more informative clinical studies, and on the other, the expansion of innovative, disruptive technologies that could one day replace transfusion. In these circumstances, blood transfusion is irreplaceable and will probably remain so for many decades to come.

Red cell concentrates from teen male donors contain poor-quality biologically older cells.

Donor factors influence the quality characteristics of red cell concentrates (RCCs) and the lesions that develop in these heterogeneous blood products during hypothermic storage. Teen male donors' RCCs contain elevated levels of biologically old red blood cells (RBCs). The aim of this study was to interrogate the quality of units of different donor ages and sexes to unravel the complex interplay between donor characteristics, long-term cold storage and, for the first time, RBC biological age. RCCs from teen males, teen females, senior males and senior females were density-separated into less-dense/young (Y-RBCs) and dense/old RBCs (O-RBCs) throughout hypothermic storage for testing. The unseparated and density-separated cells were tested for haematological parameters, stress (oxidative and osmotic) haemolysis and oxygen affinity (p50). The O-RBCs obtained from teen donor samples, particularly males, had smaller mean corpuscular volumes and higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations. While biological age did not significantly affect oxygen affinity, biologically aged O-RBCs from stored RCCs exhibited increased oxidative haemolysis and decreased osmotic fragility, with teenage male RCCs exhibiting the highest propensity to haemolyse. Previously, donor age and sex were shown to have an impact on the biological age distribution of RBCs within RCCs. Herein, we demonstrated that RBC biological age, particularly O-RBCs, which are found more prevalently in male teens, to be a driving factor of several aspects of poor blood product quality. This study emphasizes that donor factors should continue to be considered for their potential impacts on transfusion outcomes.

Ventricular assist device using a thoracotomy-based implant technique: Multi-Center Implantation of the HeartMate 3 in Subjects With Heart Failure Using Surgical Techniques Other Than Full Median Sternotomy (HM3 SWIFT)

ObjectivesThe HeartMate 3 (Abbott) left ventricular assist device provides substantial improvement in long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. The Implantation of the HeartMate 3 in Subjects With Heart Failure Using Surgical Techniques Other Than Full Median Sternotomy study compares thoracotomy-based implantation clinical outcomes with standard median sternotomy. MethodsWe conducted a prospective, multicenter, single-arm study in patients eligible for HeartMate 3 implantation with thoracotomy-based surgical technique (bilateral thoracotomy or partial upper sternotomy with left thoracotomy). The composite primary end point was survival free of disabling stroke (modified Rankin score >3), or reoperation to remove or replace a malfunctioning device, or conversion to median sternotomy at 6-months postimplant (elective transplants were treated as a success). The primary end point (noninferiority, −15% margin) was assessed with >90% power compared with a propensity score-matched cohort (ratio 1:2) derived from the Multi-Center Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy With HeartMate 3 continued access protocol. ResultsThe study enrolled 102 patients between December 2020 and July 2022 in the thoracotomy-based arm at 23 North American centers. Follow-up concluded in December 2022. In the Implantation of the HeartMate 3 in Subjects With Heart Failure Using Surgical Techniques Other Than Full Median Sternotomy study group, noninferiority criteria was met (absolute between-group difference, −1.2%; Farrington Manning lower 1-sided 95% CI, −9.3%; P < .0025) and event-free survival was not different (85.0% vs 86.2%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.58-2.10). Length of stay with thoracotomy-based implant was longer (median, 20 vs 17 days; P = .03). No differences were observed for blood product utilization, adverse events (including right heart failure), functional status, and quality of life between cohorts. ConclusionsThoracotomy-based implantation of the HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device is noninferior to implantation via standard full sternotomy. This study supports thoracotomy-based implantation as an additional standard for surgical implantation of the HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device.

Validation of the Sysmex XN analyser and Blood Bank mode for the quality and safety of donor blood and transfusion products.

Our objective was to compare the measurement of residual white blood cell (rWBC) and residual red blood cell (rRBC) counts in blood products using the XN Blood Bank mode and the laboratory standard operating procedures for manual counts. In addition, to compare the whole blood complete blood count (CBC) values of blood donors and the quality of blood products using the Sysmex XN analyser versus the XS-1000i analyser. For blood donors, 190 samples from blood or apheresis donors were analysed on both the Sysmex XS-1000i and XN-1000 analysers and the mean values of six CBC parameters were compared: the white blood cell count (WBC), the red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the platelet count (PLT). For blood products, 164 samples were collected: 13 Plasma products - whole blood, 9 Plasma products - apheresis, 36 RBC concentrates - whole blood, 30 PLT concentrates - buffy coats, 36 PLT concentrates - buffy coats - pooled and 55 PLT concentrates - apheresis. All CBC parameters of the blood donors tested showed similar performance, with excellent correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.821 to 0.995. The majority of the blood products did not have a quantifiable number of residual cells, meaning the number of rWBC and rRBC, if present, was below the limit of quantitation (LoQ) of the different methods. rWBC were detected by Blood Bank mode in Plasma products - whole blood with a mean rWBC of 0.012 × 109 /L and in PLT concentrates - buffy coats with a mean rWBC of 0.19 × 109 /L. The correlation coefficient in both analysers for all three parameters (HGB, HCT, RBC) in RBC concentrates - whole blood was excellent, ranging from 0.95 to 0.99. For platelet count, r ranged from 0.98 to 0.99. The XN-Series analyser, equipped with a Blood Bank mode, demonstrated reliable performance when used for blood donor evaluation, rWBC enumeration and measurement of end blood products.

Role of the National Control Laboratories in Ensuring the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Blood Products in India

National control laboratories (NCLs) are responsible for testing of the batches of drugs prior to their release on the market. NCLs play an important role in strengthening a country’s regulatory systems. The National Institute of Biologicals is an NCL in India for the testing and coenzyme A (CoA) release of biologicals such as biotherapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic medical devices. Every year, the National Institute of Biologicals tests and CoA releases thousands of batches of blood products following compendial specifications and schedule F, part XII-C (G) of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945. This institute also participates in collaborative studies with the WHO for the establishment of international reference standards. In the last thirteen years (2010–2022), the blood products laboratory at this institute has evaluated 5159 batches of blood products, and 95 batches (1.84%) were declared as not of standard quality. As per CDSCO “the ‘not of standard’ quality products are categorized into three categories: A, B and C”. These 95 batches include all three categories (A, B and C) of “not of standard” quality blood products.

OA1‐AM23‐MN‐13 | Age and Sex Differences in the Red Blood Cell Proteome Highlight How Donor Factors May Impact Blood Product Quality: The BEST Collaborative Study

OA1‐AM23‐MN‐13 | Age and Sex Differences in the Red Blood Cell Proteome Highlight How Donor Factors May Impact Blood Product Quality: The BEST Collaborative Study

Evaluasi Kualitas Thrombocyte Concentrate (TC) Berdasarkan Kadar pH, Level Kekeruhan, dan Swirling Selama Masa Penyimpanan 5 Hari

Thrombocyte concentrate transfusion was one of the important medical treatments in increasing the number of thrombocytes in patients with medical indications of thrombocytopenia. The monitoring of blood product quality from upstream to downstream must be considered in order to obtain a good quality thrombocyte concentrate. Thrombocyte concentrate was prone to change during storage due to significant changes between in vitro and in vivo conditions. The changes in thrombocyte concentrate quality that commonly occur during storage were the decreased platelet levels, increased of acidity (pH) and turbidity, and loss of thrombocyte swirling in the plasma. Therefore, it was necessary to conduct research to determine the quality of thrombocyte concentrates during the 5-day shelf life to find out whether at the end of the shelf life, these blood products were still suitable for transfusion to the patients. Several tools used in this study were Hematology Analyzer, blood scales, and pH meter. The results of successive studies showed that the thrombocyte concentrate product did not meet the basic quality standards because the number of thrombocytes per unit was below the standard that was set by Regulation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 91 Years 2015.

Hemoglobin examination to improvement awareness blood donation on cadres at rw 05 Patangpuluhan, Wirobrajan, Yogyakarta

Background Blood service technicians must ensure that the blood to be used for the transfusion process is safe and quality blood. Hemoglobin examination is most of important to blood donation selection. Who will be to take blood donation its must to have hemglobin level is normal. That condition will be impact to quality of blood product.&#x0D; Objectif of this community service is to examination hemoglobin on cadres at RW 05 Patangpuluhan, Wirobrajan, Yogyakarta to improvement awarenes blood donation.&#x0D; Method of this community services is: the preparation and the implementation stage. The prapration stages include obtaining permits, preliminary studies with field observations, collecting materials and preparing tools and materials during activities and coordinating with cadres. Implementation stage are to check hemoglobin on cadres in Patangpuluhan Village.&#x0D; Result of this community service were 23 cadres who participated in the service activities. The results obtained were hemoglobin are Normal (34.79%), anemia (47.82%), polistemiavera (4.34%), refusel to examination (13.5%). &#x0D; Conclusions of 23 participants who hemoglobin examination mostly within normal limits.

A COMPARISION OF CONVENTIONAL TUBE METHOD AND COLUMN AGGLUTINATION TECHNOLOGY IN AN IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY LABORATORY

Background: Rapid technological advancements in pretransfusion procedures in an immuno-hematological laboratory are a result of the increased focus on the quality and safety of blood products. Numerous automated pretransfusion testing platforms have been developed as a result of the inherent drawbacks of the gold standard conventional tube method. The invention of Column Agglutination Technology was the biggest advancement among these. Aim: 1. To compare the results of blood grouping and crossmatching by Conventional Tube Method and Column Agglutination Technology. 2. To statistically evaluate the results obtained between Column Agglutination Technology and Conventional Tube Technique in our immunohematology laboratory. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in blood bank of a tertiary hospital in Mangalore during the month of January,2022 in which 500 samples were subjected to blood grouping and cross matching. The data obtained was extensively studied. Sensitivity, specicity and statistical analysis were done by Fisher's exact test. Results: In comparative evaluation of CAT and CTT of 500 samples, there was concordance rate of 99.6% in blood grouping and concordance of 99.8% in crossmatching. In both the scenarios, the discordance was evaluated and found CATis superior to CTT. The most common blood group of both studies was 0 positive. Statistical analysis using Fisher's test proved statistically signicant difference between grouping and cross-matching via both tests with a p value of 0.000001 and 0.01 respectively. The sensitivity and specicity of both tests showed CAT to be superior with 100% sensitivity and 100% specicity while in CTT, the sensitivity was 100% with 66.6% specicity. Conclusion: The study establishes that CAT is more sensitive, specic, rapid, reliable procedure and is a better substitute of CTT in pretransfusion testing.

The Introduction of Dendrimers as a New Approach to Improve the Performance and Quality of Various Blood Products (Platelets, Plasma and Erythrocytes): A 2010-2022 Review Study

Objectives:Platelet-, erythrocyte- and plasma-related products are vital for some patients. The main problems with these products are storage lesions, shelf life limitations, and function and quality maintenance. Dendrimers, a well-known group of polymeric nanoparticles, may help overcome these challenges due to their special properties.Methods:This review article, for the first time, comprehensively discusses studies from 2010 to 2022 on the compatibility of positive, negative, neutral, and modified charge dendrimers with each blood product. Moreover, it provides information regarding dendrimers' applications for improving the quality and function of blood products.Results:A total of one hundred and twenty-six studies showed that dendrimers affect blood components depending on their load, size, molecular weight, functional group, concentration, and exposure time. Generally, cationic dendrimers with higher concentrations and molecular weight and larger size showed little hemocompatibility, while anionic or neutral dendrimers with lower concentrations and molecular weight, and small size were more hemocompatible. Further, some modifications of cationic dendrimers were found to improve their compatibility. For erythrocytes, they included PEGylation and thiolation of dendrimers or functionalizing them with cyclic RGD, nmaleyl chitosan, zwitterionic chitosan, prednisolone, or carbohydrates. Additionally, dendrimers functionalized with arginine-birch, lysine-Cbz, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol-cyclic RGD, thiol, TiO2, maltotriose, or streptokinase decreased the platelet toxicity of dendrimers. The dendrimers modified with polyethylene glycol, glucose, and gold nanoparticles showed increased compatibility in the case of albumin products. Moreover, the PAMAM-dendrimer-antibody conjugates had no adverse effect on antibodies. Dendrimers have a wide range of applications, including virus detection kits, synthetic O2 carriers, bacterial nanofilters, drug carriers, anticoagulants, and enhanced blood product storage.Conclusion:It can be concluded that due to the outstanding properties of different types of dendrimers, particularly their manipulability, nanomaterials can be promising to enhance the quality of blood products. Thus, further research in this area is required.

Recommendations for in vitro evaluation of blood components collected, prepared and stored in non-DEHP medical devices.

DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, is the most common member of the class of ortho-phthalates, which are used as plasticizers. The Medical Device Regulation has restricted the use of phthalates in medical devices. Also DEHP has been added to the Annex XIV of REACH, "Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals" due to its endocrine disrupting properties to the environment. As such, the sunset date for commercialisation of DEHP-containing blood bags is May 27th 2025. There are major concerns in meeting this deadline as these systems have not yet been fully validated and/or CE-marked. Also, since DEHP is known to affect red cell quality during storage, it is imperative to transit to non-DEHP without affecting blood product quality. Here, EBA members aim to establish common grounds on the evaluation and assessment of blood components collected, prepared and stored in non-DEHP devices. Based on data as well as the input of relevant stakeholders a rationale for the validation of each component was composed. The red cell components will require the most extensive validation as their quality is directly affected by the absence of DEHP, as opposed to platelet and plasma components. Studies in the scope of evaluating the quality of blood products obtained with non-DEHP devices, under the condition that they are carried out according to these recommendations, could be used by all members of the EBA to serve as scientific support in the authorization process specific to their jurisdiction or for their internal validation use.

In vitro exposure of whole blood to a cannabinoid mixture impairs the quality of red blood cells and platelets.

In a recent study, 13.8% of blood donors had reported cannabis use in the 72 hours preceding their donation, and these donors are not deferred under existing criteria in Canada. This high prevalence raises concerns about the potential impact of cannabis use on the quality of blood products. The current study assessed the impact of a cannabinoid mixture on the quality of red blood cells and platelets, from the time of collection and processing to their storage. To mimic pre-donation cannabis use, whole blood was collected and exposed (in vitro) to varying concentrations (range: 1-24 μg/mL) of a cannabinoid mixture (CM) overnight. Whole blood was then separated into red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets-rich plasma (PRP), which were stored at 4°C (for RBCs) or at room temperature (for PRP). Flow cytometry analyses, hemolysis measurements and biochemical analyses were performed during the processing stage and throughout storage. In the RBC fraction, free hemoglobin levels were increased in a dose-dependent manner after the addition of a cannabinoid mixture to whole blood. Hemolysis and methemoglobin levels were significantly higher in CM-exposed RBCs than CM-free controls, after processing and throughout storage. Furthermore, platelet counts and CD62P expression (on day 7 post-separation) were significantly lower in CM-exposed PRP than cannabinoid-free PRP controls. The aggregation potential of CM-exposed platelets was significantly lower than that of cannabinoid-free controls, after the processing and throughout storage. An in vitro exposure to a cannabinoid mixture hemolyzed RBCs, impaired oxygen transport by RBCs, reduced platelet counts, and impaired platelet function. These results suggest that pre-donation cannabis use might impair the quality of blood products.

Metabolic reprogramming under hypoxic storage preserves faster oxygen unloading from stored red blood cells

AbstractStored red blood cells (RBCs) incur biochemical and morphological changes, collectively termed the storage lesion. Functionally, the storage lesion manifests as slower oxygen unloading from RBCs, which may compromise the efficacy of transfusions where the clinical imperative is to rapidly boost oxygen delivery to tissues. Recent analysis of large real-world data linked longer storage with increased recipient mortality. Biochemical rejuvenation with a formulation of adenosine, inosine, and pyruvate can restore gas-handling properties, but its implementation is impractical for most clinical scenarios. We tested whether storage under hypoxia, previously shown to slow biochemical degradation, also preserves gas-handling properties of RBCs. A microfluidic chamber, designed to rapidly switch between oxygenated and anoxic superfusates, was used for single-cell oxygen saturation imaging on samples stored for up to 49 days. Aliquots were also analyzed flow cytometrically for side-scatter (a proposed proxy of O2 unloading kinetics), metabolomics, lipidomics, and redox proteomics. For benchmarking, units were biochemically rejuvenated at 4 weeks of standard storage. Hypoxic storage hastened O2 unloading in units stored to 35 days, an effect that correlated with side-scatter but was not linked to posttranslational modifications of hemoglobin. Although hypoxic storage and rejuvenation produced distinct biochemical changes, a subset of metabolites including pyruvate, sedoheptulose 1-phosphate, and 2/3 phospho-d-glycerate, was a common signature that correlated with changes in O2 unloading. Correlations between gas handling and lipidomic changes were modest. Thus, hypoxic storage of RBCs preserves key metabolic pathways and O2 exchange properties, thereby improving the functional quality of blood products and potentially influencing transfusion outcomes.

Application of non-metal nanoparticles, as a novel approach, for improving the stability of blood products: 2011-2021.

Despite the importance of the proper quality of blood products for safe transfusion, conventional methods for preparation and their preservation, they lack significant stability. Non-metal nanoparticles with particular features may overcome these challenges. This review study for the first time provided a comprehensive vision of the interaction of non-metal nanoparticles with each blood product (red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins). The findings of this review on the most effective nanoparticle for improving the stability of RBCs indicate that graphene quantum dots and nanodiamonds show compatibility with RBCs. For increasing the stability of platelet products, silica nanoparticles exhibited a suppressive impact on platelet aggregation. Pristine graphene also shows compatibility with platelets. For better stability of plasma products, graphene oxide was indicated to preserve free human serum albumin from thermal shocks at low ionic strength. For increased stability of Factor VIII, mesoporous silica nanoparticles with large pores exhibit the superb quality of recovered proteins. Furthermore, 3.2 nm quantum dots exhibited anticoagulant effects. As the best promising nanoparticles for immunoglobulin stability, graphene quantum dots showed compatibility with γ-globulins. Overall, this review recommends further research on the mentioned nanoparticles as the most potential candidates for enhancing the stability and storage of blood components.Graphical abstract

Blockchain technology: a troubleshooter for blood cold chains

PurposeBlood cold chain (BCC) represents a system for preserving the blood during its journey from the donor to the ultimate transfusion site. Existing BCCs have many drawbacks related to information transparency and information security. Secured and real-time information sharing in BCC can bring several benefits. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the issues in typical BCCs and to explore the scope of blockchain in the management of BCCs.Design/methodology/approachIssues in the existing BCCs are identified through a narrative review. To explain the potential of blockchain in mitigating these issues, a blockchain-based traceability solution is demonstrated with respect to a particular BCC scenario. The BCC management system discussed in this study makes use of the Ethereum blockchain’s smart contract feature and internet of things (IoT) technology. The smart contract is written in the solidity programming language and tested and validated using the Remix integrated development environment.FindingsBCCs are concerned with several issues both from technical and non-technical perspectives. Blockchain technology is capable of troubleshooting the issues in the existing BCCs. Combining blockchain and IoT technology enables real-time information sharing among the entities. The demonstration presented in this work depicts how the blockchain-based smart contract can support operations in a typical BCC.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper explores the scope of blockchain in BCCs through a demonstration. To get insights into its technical and economical feasibilities, further investigations are needed.Originality/valueBlockchain-based traceability system presented in this work can be adopted in BCCs to ensure the quality of blood or blood products. Blockchain-based smart contracts can aid the BCCs to achieve a proper balance between blood shortage and outdating.

SARS-CoV-2 variants inactivation of plasma units using a riboflavin and ultraviolet light-based photochemical treatment

BackgroundTest the ability of Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology (PRT, Terumo BCT, Lakewood Co, USA) treatment with riboflavin and ultraviolet light (R + UV) in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity while maintaining blood product quality. Material and methodsSARS-CoV-2 strains were isolated and titrated to prepare cell free virus for plasma units infection. The units were then under treatment with Mirasol PRT. The infectious titers were determined before and after treatment with an in house microtitration assay on Vero E6 cells. Thirty-six plasma pool bags underwent PRT treatment. ResultsIn all the experiments, the measured titer following riboflavin and UV treatment was below the limit of detection of microtitration assay for all the different SARS-CoV-2 strains. Despite the high copies number detected by RT-PCR for each viral strain after treatment, viruses were completely inactivated and not able to infect VERO E6 cells. ConclusionRiboflavin and UV light treatment effectively reduced the virus titers of human plasma to the limit of detection in tissue culture, regardless of the strain. These data suggest that pathogen reduction in blood products highlight the safety of CP therapy procedures for critically ill COVID-19 patients, while maintaining blood product quality.

Blood Ordering and Transfusion Practices: An Insight Toward Better Utility of Blood Products.

BackgroundAn adequate supply of quality blood products is the backbone of any hospital. To maintain it, the utilization and wastage of the products should be closely monitored.ObjectiveTo determine the crossmatch to transfusion (C/T) ratio, transfusion probability (%T), and transfusion index (Ti) of packed red blood cells and to review the use of platelets.Materials and methodsA total of 6,326 hematological patients receiving packed red blood cells were included in the study. The random donor platelets that were prepared during this period were also included to know the actual utilization of platelets.ResultsA total of 26,146 crossmatches were requested for these 6,326 patients in three years. Out of these, 26,024 units were issued and transfused to the patients. The CT ratio of our data was calculated to be 1.00, the transfusion probability was found to be 98.1%, and the transfusion index was computed to be 0.99. For random donor platelets, 37,162 were prepared from whole blood during this period, while 30,971 platelets were transfused to the patients.ConclusionThe overall results of our analysis showed proper utilization of blood products at our institution. The wastage was considered to be minimal.

Impact of Metallic, Quantum Dots and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles on Quality and Storage of Albumin Products for Clinical Use

Albumin is the most versatile carrier protein in plasma, possessing multiple functions; a reduced amount of albumin in the body is associated with different kinds of diseases such as hypovolemia and hypoproteinemia. The demand for albumin increased for various indications in shocks, burns, cardiopulmonary bypass, acute liver failure and research applications. Several potential problems associated with the preparation and administration of this substance arise from purity, sterilization process and vascular membrane permeability. The present review discusses the potential of metallic, quantum dots and carbon-based nanocarriers to improve the quality of blood products and the effect of these nanoparticles on albumin products. The effects of these nanoparticles on albumin products with a focus on toxicity aspects, structural alteration, stressing conditions, stabilizing agents and unwanted leakage are highlighted. Our literature review indicated the enhanced efficiency of AuNPs in metallic nanoparticles and better performance of negatively charged QDs on albumin products, which provided important information for possible safe use in medical applications. Moreover, among carbon-based nanoparticles, GO had relatively improved effects on albumin unwanted leakage and fibrillation. This review suggests an agenda for scientists to use and design nanoparticles to improve albumin products for various applications.

Description of The Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ChLIA) Method of HIV Screening Test on The Donor's Blood

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the transmitted infection through blood transfusion. Chemiluminescence immunoassay for HIV testing is performed to ensure the safety and quality of blood product that released. Purpose of the study to identify the result of Chemiluminescence Immunoassay methode for HIV testing to blood donor’s characteristic based on gender, age, blood group, HIV titer, and donation location. The design of this research is descriptive retrospective. There is 11 (0,8%) reactive blood bag and 1.289 (99,2%) blood bag non reactive to HIV, reactive blood bag based of gender is 8 (72,7%) blood bag from male donors and 3 (27,3%) blood bag from female donors. Based on donors age, mostly reactive result are from 41-70 years old is 4 (36,4%) donors, and the fewest is from (under) 19 years old is 1 (9,1%) donors. The majority based on blood group is B Rh+ is 4 (36,4%) donors. The majority based on HIV titer is low titer, 1,0-2,0 is 7 (63,6%) donors. Based on donation location, mostly from mobile unit (MU) is 8 (72,7%) donors over 11 donors with HIV reactive. Conclusion of this study is donors gender, donors age, and donation location had a significant influence on reactive result of HIV testing.