Quality Of Limestone Research Articles

An experimental study on strength of concrete having calcium carbonate as a partial replacement material to cement and natural river sand

Limestone is a sedimentary rock mainly composed of calcium carbonate mineral. Limestone is quarried abundantly in and around Piduguralla region, Andhra Pradesh, India. Good quality limestone is used to manufacture cement. Calcium oxide is used as white wash which is obtained by heating calcium carbonate. Limestone, as fine powder or as coarse grains is also used as base for paint. In this research, the calcium carbonate mineral in the form of limestone procured from Piduguralla region is used in concrete in two different forms i.e as powder form and as sand form. The cement was partially replaced with the calcium carbonate powder when the calcium carbonate is used as fine powder. The natural river sand was partially/fully replaced with calcium carbonate sand when the calcium carbonate is used as sand (coarser) form. Experiments on cube, cylinder and beam specimens are conducted using Universal Testing Machine to establish compression strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete having calcium carbonate. The test results support the usage of calcium carbonate in concrete to enhance the strength of concrete. Up to thirty percent cement can be replaced with calcium carbonate powder without adversely affecting the strength of concrete. Natural river sand can be partially/fully replaced with calcium carbonate sand which in turn increases the strength of concrete, but the optimum percentage of replacement is fifty percent of natural sand

Correlations for Limestone Properties Used in Cultural Heritage Monuments in Malta

"The aim of this paper is to identify mathematical correlations between the physical and geochemical properties of first quality limestone extracted from the Lower Globigerina Member. Based on published results, it can be confirmed that very strong correlations exist for (i) apparent density and uniaxial compressive strength when limestone is in a saturated condition, and (ii) ultrasonic pulse velocity – both perpendicular and parallel to the bedding plane – and uniaxial compressive strength when limestone is in either oven-dried or saturated conditions. Stronger correlation is present with respect to apparent density when limestone is oven-dried and color. The correlations for color and (a) ferric oxide, and (b) loss-on-ignition are also strong."

Integrated geological data, 3D post‐stack seismic inversion, depositional modelling and geostatistical modelling towards a better prediction of reservoir property distribution for near‐field exploration: A case study from the eastern Sirt Basin, Libya

De‐risking the hydrocarbon potential in near‐field exploration is one of the most important procedures in the exploration of hydrocarbons, and it requires the integration of various data to predict the reservoir characteristics of the prospect area more accurately. In this work, wells and 3D seismic data from the Libyan producing oil fields were utilized to demonstrate how well this technique worked to improve and describe the hydrocarbon potential of the carbonate geobody that corresponds to the Palaeocene Upper Sabil Formation, which was revealed by new seismic data. This study integrates different types of data, including 3D seismic, seismic acoustic impedance, depositional history and geostatistical analysis, to predict the facies, reservoir porosity and permeability distributions and then visualize them in a 3D reservoir model. The 3D seismic data analysis revealed the presence of a clear seismic anomaly geobody (GB) that has never been penetrated by any well. The sedimentological analysis for the well adjacent to the GB indicated a deep‐water depositional environment as turbidites surrounded by deep‐water mud dominated facies. The Upper Palaeocene interval in the study area was subdivided based on the depositional facies and seismic stratigraphy into eight zones that were used to build the reservoir model framework. According to the porosity permeability relationships, the carbonate facies has been classified into five E‐Facies, that is, soft highly argillaceous limestone, hard argillaceous limestone, porous limestone (<20% porosity, and >30% shale volume), medium quality limestone (10–20% porosity, and >30% shale volume) and tight limestone (<10% porosity, and >30% shale volume). The rock physics and inversion feasibility analysis indicated that the acoustic impedance (AI) can be used to predict the porosity but not the lithology or the fluid content. The Bayesian classification has shown excellent results in predicting and modelling the reservoir facies distribution within the study area, utilizing the integration of gross depositional maps (GDEs), wells and seismic data. The reservoir quality of the GB was predicted by using the post‐stack seismic inversion, which indicated a high porosity interval (25%–30%). Moreover, the statistical analysis integrated with the well and seismic data was used to predict the GB permeability. The predicted permeability was reasonably high (40–60 mD). The final E‐facies show an excellent match with the input well data and an excellent match with the blind wells that were used for result quality control (QC) with higher vertical resolution. The developed model can be used as a guide for de‐risking the studied GB hydrocarbon potential in the studied basin, and it can be applied in other similar geological conditions worldwide for exploring underexplored reservoirs and de‐risking their hydrocarbon potential.

Effect of diagenetic events on limestone reservoir quality: Case study of Parigi formation, Northwest Java basin

Limestone is a sedimentary rock with high heterogeneity. This is triggered by diagenetic processes that affect the quality of limestone during its formation. The high uncertainty in limestone porosity values is also influenced by diagenetic processes. The Parigi Formation is a carbonate rock located in the Northwest Java Basin and has been proven to be a carbonate reservoir rock. Petrographic analysis was conducted to observe the appearance resulting from diagenetic processes. The studied area's limestone has two facies: clastic facies and reef facies. The limestone of clastic facies is white to greyish, consisting of skeletal fragments or shell fragments, with some places contains fragmented coral fragments. It is grain-supported, massive, poorly sorted, with fragment sizes ranging from 1mm-8mm and in some places 10cm-20cm. The reef facies of limestone are generally white to greyish colour, compact/massive, without cavities, and shows the body structure of coral/reef. The processes occurring in the Parigi Formation limestone, based on thin-section data, include cementation and neomorphism, which are commonly found in thin section LP 7 and LP 10. Cementation and neomorphism lead to a decrease in porosity in the limestone. Samples LP 1 - LP 5 show extensive dissolution, resulting in vuggy cavities/porosity. These limestone samples have high porosity values. The transformation of fossils into new crystals or recrystallization processes also reduces the limestone's porosity. Some samples also show that the cavities in the Parigi Formation limestone have been filled by calcite cements, thus closing the pores. This leads to poor quality limestone. In conclusion, the heterogeneous nature of limestone is significantly influenced by diagenetic processes. Petrographic analysis of the Parigi Formation limestone revealed the occurrence of cementation, neomorphism, dissolution, and recrystallization processes, all of which have implications for porosity and reservoir quality.

Characterization of kiln feed limestone by dynamic heating rate thermogravimetry

Quicklime is a product rich in calcium oxide produced in industrial kilns. The process involves thermal decomposition of minerals with high content of calcium carbonate. The kiln feed properties vary with the geological formation from where the mineral is quarried or mined. Characterization of feed properties is necessary to achieve an optimized kiln production. In this work the decomposition of four different types of calcite ore was investigated by comparing conventional constant heating rate and dynamic heating rate thermogravimetric methods.The conclusion of this work is that the conventional method always “overshoots” the calcination temperature when continuously heating during calcination compared to the dynamic rate method that resembles the kiln by holding temperatures constant during the calcination event. This justifies the used of the dynamic rate method. By a correct experimental parameter setup the dynamic rate method can be adapted for individual kilns and feed fractions, giving new additional value to the kiln operator and increasing the high value use of limestone deposits. This new method to characterize calcination properties of kiln feed materials can be utilized in normal kiln operations and when developing new mixes of different quality limestone. The results show differences when comparing the methods and different materials even though CaCO3 is present only as calcite. In addition, the dynamic rate method is faster than the conventional method. Besides quicklime production the method can also be applied in other industries calcining limestone, such as cement clinker production.

Carbonate filler resources of the Bjelopavlici area, Montenegro

Carbonate filler is an important mineral commodity, with rather diverse industrial applications. The Bjelopavlici area in Montenegro is rich in chemically pure limestone, which was preliminary explored in the field, and further on mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical and technological properties were studied. The obtained results have proven the high quality of limestone from the studied deposits, as it can be used for paints&varnishes, rubber&plastics, metallurgy, foundry, sugar, fertilizers and animal feed industry. Several deposits have very pure limestone, that can be also used for paper, glass, pharmacy and soil neutralisation. The potential resources of high quality limestone are around 23 million tons.

Iron and Manganese Removal from Groundwater Using High Quality Limestone

Several techniques are used for iron and manganese removal from groundwater. Among these treatments, adsorption has been proven to be a very effective in metal removal for groundwater treatment. Thus, limestone has been proposed as adsorption media because of its low cost. In this study, the mineral contents of limestone were detected using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). XRF results showed that limestone contains 97.93% CaCO3, 0.87% MgO, and 1.2% other elements. Groundwater sample was obtained from USM borehole located at 5° 08’ 50.5”N and 100° 29’ 34.7”E. A batch study was carried out for various dosages of limestone media (5–50 g) in 200 mL of groundwater sample. The highest iron and manganese removal was more than 90% and 70%, respectively, at optimum dosage of 40 g/200 mL sample. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The batch study result shows that monolayer Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The correlation coefficient (R2) in the Langmuir isotherm for both metals were 0.84 and 0.97, whereas 0.83 and 0.23 in the Freundlich isotherm, respectively. Based on the present results, application of limestone as adsorbent media can be a good alternative of groundwater treatment because of the low cost of the media. Thus, the use of limestone could help to overcome the excessive iron and manganese problem in water treatment plants.

Geospatial analysis in identifying karst cavity distribution: The SMART Tunnel, Malaysia

A methodology has been developed for producing zones of karst cavity distribution based on a geotechnical database containing data from boreholes drilled for a newly developed tunnel, the 9.7 km long Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART tunnel), where it is predominantly routed in karstified limestone. Preparation of such maps will provide some insight into the characterization of karst, as much of the commercial center of Kuala Lumpur is founded on heavily karstified limestone of the Kuala Lumpur Limestone. For the analysis, the three nearest boreholes were used to represent the percentage of karst in one unit triangle of area and one unit triangle of volume of ground along the tunnel alignment. This reveals the complex nature of the ground that appears to align generally in the heavily karstified limestone at the northern section and in massive, good quality limestone at the southern section of the study area. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of dissolution features is explained mostly by the structural domains, the mineralogical composition, and topography.

Re-evaluation of rock core logging for the prediction of preferred orientations of karst in the Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation

Based on the relationship between the geological structures and river patterns, the preliminary prediction of the karstic features in the Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation, based on the existing geological, map appears to be directed between N030° to 070° and N120° to 150°. The factual evidence of this occurrence is obtained from investigation in the field: first, using the two sites exposed for construction of the SMART tunnel under Kuala Lumpur and second, based on the SMART tunnel project rock cores recovery. A much detailed prediction was made by re-evaluating the TCR, RQD and SCR values. The reassessment of these values enables the drilled ground to be classified into four different qualities of rock mass: good quality limestone; moderate quality limestone; weathered limestone; and fully developed void-like karst. According to this new classification system, the tunnel appears to align generally in the heavily karstified limestone in the northern section and massive good quality limestone in the southern section of the study area; which is represented as rose diagrams. The evidence for this analysis is given and the methods used for these studies are explained.

Repeated-load testing of schist and limestone aggregate materials used in unbound forest roads

This study examined the behaviour of two completion aggregates that were placed on a silty sandy formation material and subjected to repeated loading in a large-scale testing rig. The completion aggregates were (i) a good quality limestone, and (ii) a poor quality schist, and are used in the construction of unbound forest roads in Ireland. The schist was tested on its own and in combination with the completion limestone aggregate for up to 150,000 load applications with a maximum loading pressure of 1000 kPa. Measurements of surface deflections and formation pressures were made during each test. A combination of a 200 mm layer of the limestone aggregate placed on top of a 250 mm layer of the schist aggregate produced the lowest permanent deformations, resilient deflections, and resilient pressures under dry and wet undrained conditions.

Removal of Trace Impurity from Limestone Using Flotation Techniques

High grade limestone was obtained by removing trace impurities through reverse and carrier flotation techniques. A simple method for measuring the impurity content of limestone was developed by correlating the amount of impurities and the turbidity of suspensions of residue from limestone dissolved in 20% acetic acid. Impurity removal more than 50% with limestone recovery better than 85% was obtained under suitable conditions by both reverse flotation and carrier flotation using sodium oleate (NaOl) and dodecylammonium acetate (DAA) as collectors. Limestone containing more than 0.15 mass% impurity was used as the carrier. These results suggest that limestone treated by flotation can be used as high quality limestone in paper manufacturing. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M-MRA2008839]

Use of basalt in asphalt concrete mixes

One of the main reasons behind the appearance of early distresses in Jordan roads and the low surface skid resistance is the use of marginal quality limestone aggregate. Large quantities of good quality basalt are available in the Northeastern parts of Jordan. In this research, the possibility of improving the properties of local asphalt concrete mixes by replacing different portions of the normally used limestone aggregate by basalt was investigated. The replacement included total replacement of the limestone by basalt, replacing the coarse aggregate, and replacing the fine aggregate. Results showed that the optimal mix was the mix that had basalt coarse aggregate and limestone fine aggregate. In order to overcome the stripping potential of the optimal mix, 20% of the filler portion of the aggregate, material smaller than 0.075 mm, was replaced by lime. The optimal mix showed superiority, over the tested mixes, in all the evaluated properties, which were Marshall Stability, indirect tensile strength, stripping resistance, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, fatigue, and rutting.

Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr(III)) removal from water in Malaysia: Post treatment by high quality limestone

This paper presents the results of research on heavy metals removal from water by filtration using low cost coarse media which could be used as an alternative approach to remove heavy metals from water or selected wastewater. A series of batch studies were conducted using different particle media (particle size 2.36–4.75 mm) shaken with different heavy metal solutions at various pH values to see the removal behaviour for each metal. Each solution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr(III)) with a concentration of 2 mg/L was shaken with the media. At a final pH of 8.5, limestone has significantly removed more than 90% of most metals followed by 80% and 65% removals using crushed bricks and gravel, respectively. The removal by aeration and settlement methods without solid media was less than 30%. Results indicated that the removal of heavy metals was influenced by the media and not directly by the pH. Investigations on the removal behaviour of these metals indicated that rough solid media with the presence of carbonate were beneficial for the removal process. Adsorption and precipitation as metals oxide and probably as metals carbonate were among the two mechanisms that contributed to the removal of metals from solution.

Comments on Using Dimensional Limestone…Books…Conferences…

These comments are the result of work by Brent Blackwell, who was a graduate student in the Del E. Webb School of Construction at Arizona State University. Masonry contractors, personnel at a fabricating and quarrying facility in Southern Indiana, and the Indiana Limestone Institute were all interviewed to determine the critical factors that affect impacting quality limestone work. The objective here is to present to the building industry a commentary on the interaction that must take place between the masonry contractor and the stone producer to achieve a successful project. Communication between supplier and end user is of utmost importance in delivering a quality project. The contractor and the supplier/fabricator have a responsibility to inform each other in a timely manner about their respective expectations concerning schedule and all essential information necessary to produce the desired results. It is essential that the important information exchanged be accurate and be given as far in advance as possible. The general contractor GC is often the one who bids and holds the project contract with the owner. Therefore the GC is the entity that is closest to knowing the wants, needs, and specifications of the owner, architect, or construction manager. As a result, the contractor needs to be very knowledgeable about the specifications of the materials to be used on the project. The contractor has the duty of informing the supplier of the materials that will be needed, the dates, and the order in which deliveries of finished goods will be made. The contractor should make sure that the supplier is informed at all times of any potential changes, special conditions, and tolerances allowed on the job. It is also critical that the contractor use care in selecting a building stone supplier. Concurrently, the supplier is responsible for accurately and honestly informing the contractor about the capability of the plant to supply the job materials. It is the supplier/fabricator’s duty to know the technical aspects of the product, such as the strengths of the materials, the performance and durability of the dimensional limestone products per the application, as well as to give accurate estimates of the time and cost to produce, package, and ship the materials. The supplier is also responsible for managing the quality of the dimensional stone to ensure that it is cut to measurement tolerances and meets the requirements of the job, including approved physical appearances such as grain and color. The information that follows is based on discussions with masonry contractors, a supplier/fabricator, and an organization that represents the limestone industry. Discussions were conducted with the sales, production, shipping, quality control, and financial and management personnel at Indiana Limestone Company, Inc., to learn their perspectives on what could be done to improve the deliverability of quality limestone to contractors. Indiana Limestone Company, Inc., is the nation’s largest supplier and fabricator of limestone. Next, discus-

Lime-kiln with recommendation

The mode of lime-stone production, used for centuries, almost disappeared today. The only data on lime-stone production from the Herceg Novi area are remains of lime-kiln dated to 18th century, and old archives of Venetian notaries from the cities of Kotor and Herceg Novi. The notaries collected and noted down the data on lime-kilns in many details: on particular lime-kilns, their locations, owners, supplying, reimbursements etc., and these data represent the only testimony on this activity. In order to build a lime-kiln, it was first necessary to find a suitable place and dig a hole. Also, it was an imperative that the selected place is surrounded by trees and stone. Almost all lime-kilns were located near the main roads or shores, which made them accessible to boats. A preparatory work, usually about two weeks, consisted of gathering and collecting wood and stones; the next phase was building of a lime-kiln, followed by a heating/firing wood (heating a lime-stone), a period of cooling off, and at the end, a transport of slacked lime. All these activities involved not only workers employed at the particular lime-kiln, but also their families, relatives and peasants. Based on the available documents, it was very difficult to obtain a good quality lime-stone, but it is said that the island of Lustica had provided the best quality. The lime-stone production employed peasants (one or more families, or friends joined together), which did not diminish the value and organizational aspect of this activity in the period of Venetian rule of the Boka Kotorska Bay. The government paid strict attention to the production, deliveries, judicial proceedings, and reimbursements. From the available data on the lime-kiln owners, it can be assumed that they did not own the land itself. Also, we can only imagine what kinds of troubles and difficulties the people involved in the lime-stone production had to face; this was a very difficult, hard work, and it was believed that the best lime-stone is the one from the surface, „baked“ by the Sun.

The building stones of Roman Sagalassos (SW Turkey): Facies analysis and provenance

Different types of builing stones have been macro-scopically and petrographically characterized at the ancient city of Sagalassos (SW Turkey). The natural building stones include limestone, conglomerate, breccia, marble, travertine, granite and sand-to siltstone of different qualities. The provenance of most of the building stones may be related to local lithological units, both in the immediate area of the city and on its territory. Also, some stone types were clearly imported from considerable distance. Throughout the history of the city, local beige and pink good quality limestone remained the most important building stone. Both the high quality white limestone from the territory of the city and the marbles imported from a distance of 250 km, represent only a small fraction of the total amount of building stones used. While the use of the white limestone can be considered to form a clear but limited trend from the Trajanic period (98–117 AD) onwards, the import of the marbles must be considered as a rare event. The selection of building stone went hand in hand with the appreciation for structural strength and suitability for carving complex architectural decoration, together with the desire to obtain a polychrome architecture.

Effect of silica fume on the mechanical properties of low quality coarse aggregate concrete

This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of silica fume on the compressive strength and split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of low quality coarse aggregate concrete. Concrete specimens were prepared with four types of low quality aggregates, namely calcareous, dolomitic and quartzitic limestone and steel slag. Results indicate that the type of coarse aggregate influenced the compressive strength and split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of both plain and silica fume cement concretes. Both the compressive and split tensile strengths of steel-slag aggregate concrete were more than those of limestone aggregate concretes. Incorporation of silica fume enhanced the compressive strength and split tensile strength of all concretes, especially that of the low quality limestone aggregates.

地域と共に２１世紀に生きる 環境を重視した土佐山鉱山開発

It has been known for a long time that a large quantity of high quality limestone occurs in Tosayama which lies at the central part of Kochi Prefecture along the boundary between the city of Kochi and the village of Tosayama. As for the actual development, a number of problems such as a hauling route of limestone and environmental measure existed. On the other hand, the limestone quarries in the outskirts of Kochi city which have supplied raw material to the lime industry, one of the major industries of Kochi Prefecture, have been gradually depleting their resources, and thus the development of a limestone quarry with a high quality has been an important issue for the industries of Kochi Prefecture. The Tosayama quarry development group of Taiheiyo Cement Corporation divided the development works largely into two stages. In the first stage of small scale development works, the better understanding of local community on mining operation was gained as the clue for large scale development works of the second stage, and at the same time the various complicated problems such as securing of hauling route, development of hauling technology, and local environment were resolved step by step. During the large scale development works started from 1992 , the transportation route through the mountainous area, urban area, and paddy field was constructed by level excavation with shield driving method at paddy field and adoption of long distance curved conveyor and various tough problems were settled and finally a full-scale operation were achieved in 1997. After a time over half century since the acquisition of the quarry site, the high quality of Tosayama limestone came at last to be supplied to relevant industries.

Improved In Vitro Methods for Determining Limestone and Oyster Shell Solubility

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of changing the acid volume, acid normality, and incubation time on in vitro solubility values of various test calcium samples. A 200 mL volume of 0.2N HC1 solution combined with 2.0 g sample size and 10 min incubation time at 42°C produced a limestone solubility range of 20.96% to 78.15% for the samples used. This procedure produced a model for determining limestone or oyster shell weight loss (WL): WL = 1.809 + 0.601 × ln (pH change) (adjusted R2=.961); solubility percentage was calculated as WL × 100/initial sample weight. This in vitro solubility procedure produced a higher limestone solubility range for the test samples, indicating its ability to better distinguish among different quality limestone and oyster shell sources. An in vitro assay using less than 2g of sample produced a higher standard error of the mean when large-particle limestone and oyster shell samples were tested.

Geology of Greater Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, United States of America

Metropolitan Kansas City, straddling the Missouri-Kansas state line, has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Settled in the early 1800's, to serve as the starting point for many of the famous western trails, Kansas City still serves as the major center for marketing and distribution of farm products and agriculture-related businesses. Endowed with favorable geology, Kansas City has abundant supply of good quality limestone and other construction materials to sustain its growth through the years ahead and into the next century. Pennsylvanian sedimentary rocks crop out in the area imparting it an aesthetically-pleasing hills and valley configuration. Desirable engineering properties of limestone and favorable geologic structure have aided in extensive development of underground space in the area. With 1.8 million m2 of developed space, Kansas City has the distinction of being the world leader in human use and occupancy of underground space. A detailed discussion of the history of underground space development, associated problems, and future prospects is presented in the paper. Geologic constraints of concern in the area include flooding, ground subsidence, expansive rocks and soils, mass movements and radon gas hazards. Completion of major dams and other flood protection works on the Missouri and Kansas rivers have nearly eliminated the flooding on the main rivers but the problems associated with flash floods have become very severe. Political factors have been a major obstacle in developing a master plan for flood control. However, recently a cooperative approach, involving more than 40 governments, administering the numerous towns in the metropolitan area, has been formulated and will very likely be adopted for implementation. The city has adequate water supply coming from the Missouri and Kansas rivers and the alluvial aquifers. Low-level contamination of the water supply had occurred in the past, but the problems were effectively remediated and no long-term pollution of the water supply system has since occurred. Instances of poor disposal practices of hazardous wastes are known; efforts are underway to clean up these sites. Numerous buildings and other structures have been completed in the area during the past 25 yrs. Kansas City now boasts of having the tallest building in the states of Missouri and Kansas—the One Kansas City Place stands at 183 m (600 ft), 4 m (13 ft) taller than the tallest building in St. Louis, One Bell Center. Many other ambitious construction projects are in various stages of development. A discussion of geotechnical characteristics of the foundation materials along with a list of major buildings in relation to site conditions and design features are included in the paper.