Quality Labels Research Articles

Smile

In order to reduce the possibility of neural injury from seizures and sidestep the need for a neurologist to spend hours on manually reviewing the EEG recording, it is critical to automatically detect and classify "interictal-ictal continuum" (IIC) patterns from EEG data. However, the existing IIC classification techniques are shown to be not accurate and robust enough for clinical use because of the lack of high quality labels of EEG segments as training data. Obtaining high-quality labeled data is traditionally a manual process by trained clinicians that can be tedious, time-consuming, and error-prone. In this work, we propose Smile, an industrial scale system that provides an end-to-end solution to the IIC pattern classification problem. The core components of Smile include a visualization-based time series labeling module and a deep-learning based active learning module. The labeling module enables the users to explore and label 350 million EEG segments (30TB) at interactive speed. The multiple coordinated views allow the users to examine the EEG signals from both time domain and frequency domain simultaneously. The active learning module first trains a deep neural network that automatically extracts both the local features with respect to each segment itself and the long term dynamics of the EEG signals to classify IIC patterns. Then leveraging the output of the deep learning model, the EEG segments that can best improve the model are selected and prompted to clinicians to label. This process is iterated until the clinicians and the models show high degree of agreement. Our initial experimental results show that our Smile system allows the clinicians to label the EEG segments at will with a response time below 500 ms. The accuracy of the model is progressively improved as more and more high quality labels are acquired over time.

Point Label Placement on Hexagonal Map Grids

Abstract. The past few decades have seen the development of automatically feature labelling when manual label placement was thought to be time and labour consuming. Emerging techniques like volunteered geographic information (VGI) collection are making label placement more complexed with many features in a limited space, especially for points of interest (POI). In order to improve the quality and the efficiency of point feature labelling, there have been massive researches focusing on issues like position models, assessment criteria and optimization methods. Most of the researches were using vector-based methods while raster-based methods were less used, because vector-based methods have the advantage of easy definition of features and labels but are usually followed by computation complexity problems for features with high density. In contrast raster-based methods are faster and more flexible, though being harder to represent features and labels precisely on the map grids. Considering that hexagon partitioning was rarely used in raster-based methods, compared with the most commonly used square portioning, and hexagon was potentially useful for its oblique sides and isotropic orientations, hexagonal grids were used in this research to investigate better point feature labelling approaches.A new raster-based method was promoted to figure out high quality label placement of POI in dense area. Labels were placed on a hexagonal map grids based on the principles that one Chinese character is set to one hexagon unit with the mathematical relationship of h = ((√3+1)/2)a, while h is the side length of a hexagon unit and a is the size of a Chinese character. Considering that hexagon grids are divided into flat topped type and pointy topped type, which leads to different orientations, split hexagons were promoted to extend orientations from 6 to 8 based on pointy topped grids. A hexagon is partitioned into two parts labelled ‘left’ and ‘right’ and a split hexagon is the combination of a ‘left’ part and a ‘right’ part separately from two neighboring hexagons, as shown in figure 1. Then every hexagon on the grid will have four status: not-occupied {(0,0)}, half-occupied {(0,1) and (1,0)} and both-occupied {(1,1)}. Based on the fundamental concepts above, specific definitions were made on how labels were supposed to be represented on hexagonal map grids, including the length, orientation, writing direction, character orientation and position of the labels.The approach first initially arranges labels of POI with different combinations of label orientations while pursuing coherence as much as possible, including procedures of rasterization of vector data, POI grouping and initial scheme computation. Every POI in a same group would have same label orientation and every POI group may have several accessible orientations thus making initial schemes diverse. Then a second positioning algorithm was conducted to handle overlapping (labels with POI, labels with labels) problems and improve the overall quality of labelling. The algorithm used the methods of position changing and label turning, which allow label to change its position around POI and sometimes change the orientation when it is necessary to avoid collisions. Quality of labels in a closed block was assessed from three aspects: preferential orientation, occlusion and spaciousness. POI data was chosen from restaurant, hotel and shop facilities and figure 2 showed one of the examples of label placement results using this method. The results have shown good orientation consistency of labels and occlusions were reduced to the lowest, though several label-label occlusions remained due to the limited space. After being compared with vector-based method, the approach has shown better performance on maintaining map legibility, aesthetics and harmony.

ANALISIS LOYALITAS KONSUMEN PRODUK BERLABEL HALAL

This article aims to determine how much is the influence the product quality, brand image and halal label to consumer loyalty product of PT. Unilever Indonesia. The research method used is quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. The research used primer and secondary data from consumer product of PT. Unilever Indonesia in Desa Hutaraja. The result of the research showed that there was the positif influence of product quality and brand image variable to the consumer loyalty product of PT. Unilever Indonesia in Desa Hutaraja. The result of the research also showed that there was not influence of halal label variable to the consumer loyalty product of PT. Unilever Indonesia in Desa Hutaraja.

Quality Label in Buildings and Construction – a Green Label Supporting the Sustainability of Buildings in Slovenia

Sustainable actions in the building sector need to be supported by appropriate quality assurance (QA) and control protocols and tools. In late 1990s the first – and to this date the only comprehensive – quality label for construction products and services was established in Slovenia: the Quality Label in Buildings and Construction (ZKG). It is a voluntary green label addressing not only the specific technical characteristics of products and services, but among other also the production process quality, internal QA schemes, regular training and education of staff, innovation and development activities, economic aspects, the impact of the activities on the environment, and the social role of the company in the local area. In this way it addresses the three core pillars of sustainability. The label has gained a prominent status and is being referred to in calls for tenders both in public and private sectors and in national subsidy schemes. The paper presents the structure and content of the assessment scheme and ranking system exposing their core elements. A more detailed approach is presented on the case of a window as a construction product and on the case of installation of windows as a service, underlining the positive role of the label with regard to raising the quality standards in the building sector on the national level.

Quality assurance strategy of pharmacy compounded drugs

Formulations and in-pharmacy preparation process of compounded drugs were being created for centuries, and seem to have no concerns regarding the quality, compatibility and stability during storage or usage. Taking in mind modern trends for quality assurance and standardization of drugs, quality of preparation process of compounded drugs can be proved by using of a systematic approach that is based on pharmaceutical quality systems. Variability of preparation conditions, preparation equipment from pharmacy to pharmacy, personal professional skills require the development of defined standards, rules and summarized the strategy of quality assurance of compounded drugs.
 The aim of this paper was determination of critical factors and development of the design for quality assurance of compounded drugs.
 The materials of this study were the regulative base of Ukraine, international documents, guidances and own investigations concerning the requirements for the preparation process and quality control of compounded drugs. The methods used were data systematical analysis, bibliosemantic and summary.
 The achievement of good quality of compounded drugs can be present as a step-by-step process, that cover adherence to necessary preparation procedure and knowledge of peculiarities of drugs, process understanding, identification of risks and its evaluation, minimization and implementation of the quality management system for documentation, equipment and personnel. As a result of preparation schemes analysis, the critical factors were determined and the Fishbone diagram was proposed. The factors contributing to the general strategy of compounded drugs quality assurance, such as prescription analysis, personnel, regulative base, conditions of preparation process and equipment, documentation, dispensing, characteristics of active ingredients and additives, compounding design, preparation technology, containers and package, quality control, stability and labelling were determined. The proposed diagram of causes and effects can be used as a template for the identification and quantification of risks during preparation and quality control of compounded drugs.
 The proposed general scheme for quality assurance is necessary for organization and optimization of monitoring preparation and quality control, implementation of remedial and preventive measures, tracking of causes, nonconformities, and prevention of its repetition, management of variables, determination of improvement possibilities and audit conducting.

Mobile phone applications for diabetes management: A systematic review

IntroductionThe number of mobile applications (apps) related to health is increasing, and diabetes mellitus (DM) is not an exception. The aim of this study was to assess the free mobile applications for the management of diabetes available, in Spanish, in the Spanish market. MethodsGooglePlay (Android) and AppStore (iOS) were reviewed to identify free apps, in Spanish, aimed at people with diabetes. Their main functions and a series of quality and usability features were evaluated and scored. These scores were used to make a top list with the best apps. ResultsOut of 794 registered apps, 42 were evaluated and included in the quality assessment, while 34 apps were included in the usability assessment. The main function of most of the apps was to act as a blood glucose diary (n: 30; 71.43%). As for privacy, most of the applications (33 apps; 78.6%) access device/personal data. Only a minority of apps [3 (7.1%)] reported being based on evidence, and only 3 apps (7.1%) had a quality label. The top scored apps were: OneTouch Reveal™, Social Diabetes™, mySugr: App Diario de diabetes™, Diabetes menú™, Tactio SALUD™ and Diabetes:M™. ConclusionsThere are few free apps for diabetes management available in Spanish, most lack quality certification and very few provide scientific references about their content. Furthermore, most of the apps access personal/device data.

Labels Referring to Czech Origin

The globalisation of markets leads to increased competition and the commodification of products. Research has led to growing customer interest in the Country of Origin (COO) when buying grocery. The COO is one of the crucial aspects of buying decisions and can provide a competitive advantage to local producers when differentiating from foreign rivals on the Czech market. However, there are labels where the COO have different conditions for branding. The aim of the article is to analyse COO labels and the quality referring to Czech origin in selected domestic grocery. The COO conditions serve as an evaluation criterion for labels. A descriptive and comparative analysis is used to achieve the goal, with each label examining the conditions for branding in relation to the COO of products. The source of information of the labels was the methodologies, regulations, the bulletin, website and rules for branding. In the case of inadequate information on the COO conditions, the data was acquired by interview or e-mail. The result of the analyses is the comparison of the COO and quality labels in terms of the product origin criterion. The final table summarises the results of the analyses and provides a preview of the situation of the labels on the Czech market. The results indicate that a number of labels refer to the COO by graphic design and the term. However, the COO of the product is not a primary criterion for branding. As the results show, the situation in the Czech market may be unclear. Primarily, labels do not have to state the COO or to be a quality identifier. Labels of the COO and quality are often purpose-designed by government, and profit or non-profit entities to highlight product parameters.

Enande band bland Nordens alla samer

From its establishment in 1942, the Sami folk high school included crafts as an important part of its education program. The Swedish Mission Society, who founded the school, not only wanted to educate Sami youth to better their chances on the labour market but also to give them the opportunity to get acquainted with their Sami culture. Thus Sami crafts had a crucial role in educational activities at the folk high school. With the help of Gert Biesta’s concepts, the article shows that crafts had a socializing function. The teaching strengthened the students’ collective identity and provided them with traditional skills and knowledge. However, Lennart Wallmark, the school principal (1942-1972), stressed the importance of learning crafts for other purposes. Influenced by religious thinkers, he stated that the students would also be strengthened as individuals: a process of subjectification. Moreover, the crafts lessons had a third function: qualification. Though the studies were not vocational as such, they could simplify the process of procuring the quality label bestowed by the Sami organization Same Ätnam to crafts of especially high quality. Wallmark and the teachers in crafts were important for the development of craft education at the folk high school. However, Same Ätnam’s ideas of Sami handicraft and government regulations were also influential. These inner and outer forces contributed to the teaching so that it, on one hand, did not change much but, on the other hand, was congruous with the rest of the society.

Food tourism and regional development: A systematic literature review

Using food as a differentiating asset of destinations and its potential in influencing tourists’ travel decisions is being much discussed in academia. Different countries use distinct terms to relate food to tourism. Concepts such as culinary tourism, food tourism and gastronomy tourism are used interchangeably. This paper aims to explore regional innovation strategies based on food and tourism and on how they can contribute to destination management. The study adopts a systematic literature review by focusing on two main databases, namely SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science. In total, 538 articles (from 1985 to 2017) published in English peer-reviewed academic journals were analysed. The systematic review revealed that food and tourism has been approached from varied perspectives, from interactions with traditional protection strategies under European food quality labels, such as Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), to innovative actions, which encapsulate the reengineering of places transforming them into creative food spaces or food clusters. Finally, this paper seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on food and tourism, under the perspective of regional innovation strategies, applying a qualitative systematic literature review of a 27 selected articles within the scope of the research.

Food Safety in Quality Mark Aspect

Abstract The purpose of the publication is to determine the level of consumer awareness regarding the knowledge of quality marks and food safety awareness in the aspect of purchasing decisions. The research covered a group of 51 respondents who were residents of the Silesian Voivodship. On the basis of literature research and analysis in the field of food quality and safety, the following hypothesis was formulated: By using generally known management methods, we can determine the degree of consumer awareness in terms of quality labels and food safety in the aspect of purchasing decisions. The research was conducted on a quarterly basis in 2018 based on a questionnaire (CAWI - Computer Assisted Web Interview). The results of research and their analysis have shown that consumer awareness regarding the awareness of quality marks increases, however, there is still a great need to build consumer awareness regarding the existence of quality marks and information that they provide to the consumer in terms of both quality and food safety. Research has shown that consumers are aware of the quality marks existence, but their knowledge about familiarity is still too small. It was shown that consumers, when making purchasing decisions, pay attention to product quality, price, quality certificate and ecological certificate. The factor that determines the safety of the product according to consumers turns out to be its composition. Consumers showed in research that they will not buy a product that has palm oil, sulfur dioxide, glucose-fructose syrup and aspartame.

Positioning the Value of Dietary Carbohydrate, Carbohydrate Quality, Glycemic Index, and GI Labelling to the Canadian Consumer for Improving Dietary Patterns.

The objectives of this qualitative study was to: (1) understand Canadian consumers’ knowledge and perception of dietary carbohydrates, carbohydrate quality, and the glycemic index (GI); and (2) determine Canadian’s receptiveness to GI labelling to assist with identifying and consuming foods of higher carbohydrate quality. Focus groups were recruited in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal and grouped according to body mass index (BMI) (NBW, normal body weight; PO, previously obese; and OW/OB, overweight/obese) and diagnosis with prediabetes and diabetes (PO (Vancouver) and OW/OB (Montreal and Toronto). Subjects in all groups linked excess consumption of carbohydrate with weight gain. PO and OW/OB groups were conflicted between perceived negative consequences and feelings of pleasure associated with carbohydrate consumption. Subjects were largely unfamiliar with the term ‘carbohydrate quality’, but were often associated with classifying carbohydrates as ‘good’ or ‘bad’. The concept of the GI resonated well across groups after exposure to corresponding educational materials. However, NBW groups largely felt that the GI was irrelevant to their dietary choices as they did not have a history of diabetes. PO and OW/OB groups associated the GI with diabetes management. The concept of a GI labelling program to help facilitate healthier carbohydrate choices was well received across all groups, especially when the low GI was interpreted as giving permission to consume foods they enjoyed eating. Results suggest that the GI could be used as a consumer-facing labelling program in Canada and assist with de-stigmatizing carbohydrate foods by helping to facilitate the consumption of carbohydrate foods that align with healthy dietary patterns.

Mobile phone applications for diabetes management: A systematic review

IntroductionThe number of mobile applications (apps) related to health is increasing, and diabetes mellitus (DM) is not an exception. The aim of this study was to assess the free mobile applications for the management of diabetes available, in Spanish, in the Spanish market. MethodsGooglePlay (Android) and AppStore (iOS) were reviewed to identify free apps, in Spanish, aimed at people with diabetes. Their main functions and a series of quality and usability features were evaluated and scored. These scores were used to make a top list with the best apps. ResultsOut of 794 registered apps, 42 were evaluated and included in the quality assessment, while 34 apps were included in the usability assessment. The main function of most of the apps was to act as a blood glucose diary (n: 30; 71.43%). As for privacy, most of the applications (33 apps; 78.6%) access device/personal data. Only a minority of apps [3 (7.1%)] reported being based on evidence, and only 3 apps (7.1%) had a quality label. The top scored apps were: OneTouch Reveal™, Social Diabetes™, mySugr: App Diario de diabetes™, Diabetes menú™, Tactio SALUD™ and Diabetes:M™. ConclusionsThere are few free apps for diabetes management available in Spanish, most lack quality certification and very few provide scientific references about their content. Furthermore, most of the apps access personal/device data.

Vertical differentiation via multi-tier geographical indications and the consumer perception of quality: The case of Chianti wines

We derive and estimate a model of demand for Geographical Indications allowing for subjective and heterogeneous quality perceptions, and study vertical differentiation based on multi-tier quality labels within the context of the strategy adopted by the Chianti Consortium. Quality perceptions and wine choices are elicited in an online experiment where the number of quality tiers is augmented incrementally in a between-subject design. The empirical model includes subjective quality perceptions as an (endogenous) explanatory variable, and unexplained heterogeneity in WTP for quality as a random parameter. We find that quality perceptions are endogenous to the labeling regime, and adding a high-quality label (Chianti Classico Gran Selezione) decreases the perceived quality of all other Chianti wines, but not the competitor wines. However, the market shared lost to perception restructuring is small compared to the benefits of increased vertical differentiation.

Effect of Lifestyle, Quality Products, Price, and Halal Labelling to Buying Decisions

This research was conducted in Indonesia with samples from the University of Jakarta. Data analysis was performed using SEM since the goal of this study was to test the theory, the technique SEM analysis conducted is based (Covariance-based SEM), the SEM approach that uses tools PLS. Tools that are used to perform analysis with the PLS approach in this study is SmartPLS 3.0. The data used are primary data for the independent variables (Lifestyle, Product Quality, Price, and labelling Halal) and Y (Decision Purchase) to see whether or not the influence of variables X (Lifestyle, Product Quality, Price, and labelling of Halal) to variable Y (Purchase Decision). This study aims to determine the effect of Lifestyle, Product Quality, Price, and Halal labelling of the Purchase Decision on vending machine BlueMart Jakarta State University. The population in this study are all users in the region the BlueMart Engineering State University of Jakarta. The data used are primary data collection method of data using questionnaires. The analysis technique used is multiple regression with moderating variables. The results show that: 1) product attributes a significant direct effect on purchasing decisions. 2) The halal label can strengthen a direct relationship between product attributes influence on purchase decisions. Adjusted R Square of 77.6%.

Searching for a Measure Integrating Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors.

Sustainable and healthy food-related behavior is high on the public policy and research agenda due to its potential to cope with negative environmental and health outcomes. There are several measures related to sustainability in food choices but there have not been many attempts to integrate sustainable and healthy eating (SHE) behaviors into one measurement instrument so far. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify how young adults interpret the SHE concept and to develop an instrument that measures a self-reported consumer’s SHE behavior. The process of scale development involved an exploratory qualitative study and two quantitative studies. As a result of 20 individual in depth interviews with Polish young adults, 50 items were generated reflecting their perspective on principles of SHE (Study 1). Two samples were used in the scale validation process: n = 217 (Study 2) and n = 220 (Study 3). Via principal component analysis, reliability analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, the final form of the scale was derived. The proposed 34-item scale offers insights into the most relevant aspects of SHE behaviors, grouped in eight factors: “healthy and balanced diet”, “certification and quality labels”, “meat reduction”, “selection of local food”, “choice of low fat food products”, “avoidance of food waste” and purchase and consumption of food products that are respecting “animal welfare” and finally choice of “seasonal food”. Although the developed scale can benefit from further refinement and validity testing in different cultural and social background, it is clear that the scale, as developed, can be a useful tool for researchers who are interested in the study of SHE behaviors.

A Hedonic Approach to Estimate the Price of Reliability, Energy Efficiency and Safety for New Cars in Switzerland

When purchasing a car in Switzerland, consumers can consult three quality labels. First, a reliability label provides the probability that a given car will have a breakdown in the next year. Second, an energy efficiency label, based on fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, ranks cars from A to G. Third, a safety label, based on crash tests, ranks cars from five to one stars. The aim of this paper is to establish whether these labels have an impact on the price of new cars in Switzerland. Using a hedonic regression model, we show that the reliability label influences the price. More precisely, a decrease by one per thousand of the breakdown’s probability increases, on average, the car price by 639 Swiss francs. For the energy efficiency and the safety labels, the hedonic model attains its limits due to collinearity issues and the question cannot be answered in a satisfactory way.

Improving the placement of food products of organic origin on the AP Vojvodina market

The aim of this paper is to define suggestions and guidelines for improving the placement of food products of organic origin in the AP Vojvodina market. The main task is to identify and analyse indicators that the final consumers consider most important when purchasing food products of organic origin. The data was collected by field and electronic studies on a sample of 500 final consumers about their expectations, attitudes and habits in the purchase and consumption of organic food. Descriptive statistics was used for data processing, while multiple regression analysis was used to interpret results and test the established hypotheses. The results showed the existence of statistically significant correlations between different indicators, such as: quality label, origin of the product, composition of raw materials, freshness, price, taste, place of sale and packaging and consumers' decision to purchase an organic food product. The results of the research will serve as a basis for the creation of a regression model for the successful placement of food products of organic origin in the AP Vojvodina market. The practical significance of the research is reflected in the fact that it will indicate to the supply chain managers the indicators that need to be optimized to ensure more efficient placement of organic products on the national market. Suggestions and recommendations for future research are provided in the paper.

Analysis of the perceptions of wine consumers toward environmental approaches: Support for the management of environmental strategy

For several years now, the protection of the environment has become a priority for public authorities and the agricultural sectors. On one hand, this has led, in Europe and in the world, to the challenge of modifying or redesigning farming itineraries. On the other hand, it has also caused a multiplication of environmental approaches and environmental product labeling across all sectors. Several studies clearly show that French consumers are increasingly sensitive to environmental information and are in favor of mandatory environmental labeling. These elements tend to encourage agricultural value chains to develop environmental communication strategies as a key factor of differentiation and competitiveness. However, few studies address the joint evaluation of environmental and quality labeling of products under a quality sign, especially for those with a strong image of AOC (“Appellation d'Origine Contrôlé” or “Controlled Origin Denomination”) such as wine. This approach is even more important since the publication of the 2016 decree giving to AOC wines the possibility to integrate agro-ecological measures into their specifications. Through the analysis of consumers' representations and perceptions regarding environmental approaches, the objective of the work is to provide professionals in the wine sector i) objective elements to support changing viticulture practices at the individual farm level and ensuring their commercial valorization among consumers ii) information enabling an AOC union to define an environmental strategy and support integration of agro ecological measures in its specifications. The work conducted by USC GRAPPE since 2014, across the French territory with more than 3,700 consumers, has identified a number of trends. First, there is a clear general lack of awareness among consumers regarding the majority of the existing environmental labels besides the AB logo (“Agriculture Biologique” or “Organic Agriculture”), which is the only one they known. The results obtained show different consumers' perception of the link between a “wine's category” and its “environmentally friendly production”. Overall, AOC wines are perceived as significantly more respectful of the environment compared to the IGP (“Indication Geographique Protégée” “Protected Geographical Indication”) wines which at the same time, are better perceived than the VDT (“Vins de France” or “Wines of France”). In addition, the reputation of an AOC can have an influence on the perception of its environmental respect. The results also confirm the importance of integrating consumers' segmentation according to their level of involvement with the product versus the involvement with the environment. Finally, wine consumers' representation of the environmental impact of different practices throughout the wine bottle production process, was addressed through a qualitative and quantitative approach and confirms the importance given to the phase “vineyard production”. This work provides insights into consumers' perceptions of the possible links between the signs of quality and an environmentally-friendly production. These elements, coupled with an eco-design based work, can identify the most relevant practices to be changed from an environmental and consumer point of view.

Mogućnosti unapređenja imidža prehrambenih i organskih proizvoda na tržištu AP Vojvodine kroz uvođenje regionalne oznake kvaliteta

Mogućnosti unapređenja imidža prehrambenih i organskih proizvoda na tržištu AP Vojvodine kroz uvođenje regionalne oznake kvaliteta

Quality Labelling for Re-used ICT Equipment to Support Consumer Choice in the Circular Economy

The ever-increasing consumption of natural resources required for the production of consumer electronics, and the growing amount of electronic waste, underline the importance and urgency of extending the lifespan and use of such products. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) remanufacturing is a growing industry, which nonetheless faces several barriers. Consumers often have a perception of re-used and remanufactured products that they are of lesser quality than their new counterparts. To increase consumer confidence, a quality label could be used to communicate quality aspects of re-used ICT equipment. This study investigates the potential of establishing a comprehensive labelling scheme for ICT products, covering criteria on product quality, as a way to support the uptake of re-used and remanufactured products in Sweden. A detailed analysis, through interviews and a literature review of existing re-use certification initiatives in different jurisdictions, highlighted aspects that should be considered for the design and implementation of a labelling scheme, including appropriate marketing, funding sources, establishment of networks, and the necessity of specific quality criteria on ICT products. Interviews with Swedish ICT stakeholders revealed a trade-off between the information communicated by a label of re-used and remanufactured ICT products and the costs to cover and verify these aspects. The Swedish ICT re-use sector is small and it could only benefit from a labelling scheme if there is wide stakeholder participation and government support. Lastly, a quality labelling scheme should be linked to public procurement processes to improve its effectiveness and efficiency.