Bread Quality Research Articles

Characteristics of Soft Wheat and Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus) Composite Flour Bread

This study investigated the effects of tiger nut flour (TNF) incorporation (5–25%) on wheat-based bread characteristics. Dough rheology analysis revealed optimal gas retention at 10% TNF addition, while higher concentrations decreased dough stability. Physical analysis demonstrated that 10% TNF substitution yielded the highest specific volume (2.4 mL/g) and porosity (67.0%), with significant textural changes observed at higher concentrations. Bioactive compound analysis showed progressive increases in the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity with increasing TNF levels, particularly in 25% TNF bread (111.31 mg TE/g dm in crumb). Storage studies over 7 days indicated that TNF incorporation affected bread staling characteristics, with 10–15% substitution levels maintaining better textural properties. The results suggest that TNF incorporation up to 15% can enhance bread’s nutritional value, while maintaining acceptable technological properties, with 10% substitution showing an optimal balance between functional benefits and bread quality.

Hybrid Modification of Wheat Bran Using Microbial Processing and Ultrasound: Enhancements in Bran Composition and Bread Quality

This study investigates the effects of microbial bioprocessing (MB), ultrasound treatment (UT), and their combined application (hybrid method, HM) on the functional and nutritional enhancement of wheat bran (WB) and its impact on bread quality. MB was performed by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Levilactobacillus brevis LABE 32 (MB32) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LABE 29 (MB29). MB32 significantly increased soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and reduced phytic acid content by up to 25.7% when compared to the control. UT further decreased phytic acid content by 52.2% and enhanced phenolic compound release, contributing to improved antioxidant activity. The hybrid method (HM) demonstrated the strongest effect, reducing phytic acid content by 95% and enhancing antioxidant properties, including a 2.4-fold increase in bound antioxidant activity (bound-AA). Bread produced from modified WB showed improvements in specific volume (SV), texture, and nutritional composition. The HM-treated WB yielded bread with the highest SV, approximately 10% greater than the control, while MB29 produced significantly harder bread than other samples (p < 0.05). The HM-treated bread had the highest crust L* value and softest texture (p < 0.05). Nutritionally, only UT and HM treatments significantly increased the total dietary fiber (TDF) content, with the most pronounced increase observed in the HM treatment. Phytic acid degradation in the WB modified with MB32 and UT was in accordance with their breads, notably lowering phytic acid content. Additionally, MB32 and HM increased total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity, enhancing the bread’s overall nutritional quality. In conclusion, the hybrid application of MB and UT (HM) proved to be the most effective in improving the functional and nutritional properties of WB and the resulting bread, including increased dietary fiber content, reduced phytic acid levels, and enhanced antioxidant activity.

Extruded Quinoa Flour Applied for the Development of Gluten-Free Breads: a Technological, Sensory and Microstructural Approach.

Quinoa flour due to its nutritional and sensory characteristics could be used as an ingredient to improve the nutritional and technological properties of gluten-free bread. Furthermore, the application of hydrothermal processes such as extrusion can enhance their native properties. Hence, our objective was to evaluate how the incorporation of extruded quinoa flours (EQFs) affects the technological, sensory and nutritional quality of gluten-free bread. EQFs were obtained following two extrusion conditions with different ranges and ramps of temperature: (EQF1: from 77°C to 139°C, and EQF2: from 79°C to 145°C). Replacements (25, 35 and 45%) of a base premix (rice flour and corn and cassava starches) by EQFs were tested. Breads with EQFs showed a reduction in luminosity and specific volume (SV) with respect to control (bread without quinoa). While increasing levels of EQF1 led to a progressive decrease in SV, it remained constant when increasing levels of EQF2 were used. The crumb texture showed an increase in hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience with respect to control, presenting EQF1 at 45% the highest increase in hardness (53%). The same tendency was observed in the crust since crust hardness was higher in formulations with EQF1. Finally, bread containing the EQFs showed higher protein, ash, and total dietary fiber content than the control bread. In conclusion, these results showed that the extrusion procedure impacted the flour aptitude for breadmaking. However, EQFs are suitable for developing bakery goods with improved nutritional properties and acceptable technological and sensory properties.

Improving the quality of steamed bread with whole soybean pulp: Effects of ultrasonic treatment on protein structure and reduction of beany flavor

Incorporation of whole soybean pulp (WSP) into wheat flour has been shown to improve the nutritional profile of steamed bread. However, this substitution often disrupts the protein network and introduces an undesirable beany flavor, compromising the overall quality of the steamed bread. This research explored the impacts of varying ultrasonic power levels on the quality of steamed bread containing WSP (WSPSB), with the goal of improving both the protein network structure and the flavor profile. The findings indicated that at an ultrasonic power of 300 W, WSPSB had an 18.10 % decrease in hardness and a 14.93 % increase in specific volume compared to the 0 W. Results from CLSM, SDS-PAGE, fluorescence intensity, surface hydrophobicity, and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that ultrasonic treatment modified the secondary protein structure by increasing the proportion of β-sheets and random coils. These changes facilitated better integration of soybean protein and gluten, thereby strengthening the steamed bread’s protein network. Furthermore, analyses of volatile flavor components, molecular docking, and correlation studies indicated that alterations in the protein structure mitigated the binding of beany flavor components to proteins, leading to significant reductions in their presence—specifically, a 7.12 % decrease in 1-Octen-3-ol and an 8.47 % decrease in Furan, 2-pentyl-. Overall, ultrasound treatment effectively refined the protein network and mitigated the beany flavor in steamed bread, thereby improving its quality.

Effect of dried distillers grains on quality of dough and bread

Effect of dried distillers grains on quality of dough and bread

Impacts of Drought Stress on Wheat Flour, Dough, and Chinese Southern‐Type Steamed Bread Quality Characteristics

Impacts of Drought Stress on Wheat Flour, Dough, and Chinese Southern‐Type Steamed Bread Quality Characteristics

Effect of Peroxidase on the Physico-chemical, Rheological Properties of Whole Wheat Flour Dough, and Quality Attributes of Chapati and Its Health Benefits

Additives are added to wheat flour to improve the quality of its products. Enzymes are preferred as additives over chemical agents, as they are safe and natural. Few studies indicate that incorporation of peroxidase in wheat flour influences the bread quality, however, no report is available on its influence on whole wheat flour and on chapati quality and hence, a study has been carried out on the effect of peroxidase on the protein characteristics and rheological properties of whole wheat flour dough, chapati quality and its health benefits. In the present study, addition of peroxidase to whole wheat flour increased water absorption, dough stability and overall quality of chapatis. Peroxidase treatment increased the puffed height of chapatis by 0.6 cm. Increase in disulfide content resulted in increase of molecular weight of non-gluten proteins on peroxidase treatment of the dough. However, no significant difference was observed in protein digestibility of chapatis, while glycemic index of chapatis prepared from peroxidase treated dough was significantly lower compared to that of control chapatis. Thus, peroxidase treatment improved the quality of chapatis and also the health benefits.

Effects of aqueous cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) cladodes extract on wheat dough and pan bread quality characteristics

The effect of kneading wheat flour with aqueous cladode extracts on the dough's rheological and pan bread quality characteristics was investigated. Cladodes aqueous extract solutions of 5% and 7.5% positively and significantly (P < 0.05) impacted the dough's rheological properties as well as the bread-specific volume index. The use of 10% cladodes aqueous extract solutions, however, negatively impacts bread quality. As the cladodes extract increased from 5 to 10%, the L* and b* color values of both crust and crumb were reduced, a* color values of crust significantly increased while decreased for the crumb. Sensory bread preferences formulated with 7.5% extract were assessed as the best, followed by 5% bread, while the lowest preferences were bread formulated with 10% extract. The use of 7.5% of cladodes aqueous extract resulted in the greatest specific volume and extensograph parameters, except the extensibility E; an indication of the significant impacts on bread quality. In particular, the Max height extensograph index was 426 when 7.5% of cladodes aqueous extract solution was used compared to 280 for the control and 396–365 for the 5 and 10% cladodes aqueous extract solutions, respectively. Results suggest the potential use of cladodes aqueous extract solutions as a healthy alternative to chemical additives in bread and baked products.

Comparative Analysis of Bread Quality Using Yeast Strains from Alcoholic Beverage Production.

The impact of yeast strain selection on bread quality was evaluated using a range of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, typically employed in various alcoholic beverage productions, to determine their effectiveness in bread making. The final products made from these strains were compared to bread produced using the commercial baker's strain S. cerevisiae ACY298. Key parameters, including specific volume, hardness, pH, residual sugars, and organic acids, were thoroughly assessed. Among the strains tested, S. cerevisiae ACY158 produced bread with a specific volume of 5.0 cm3/g and a Euclidean distance of 0.895, closely resembling ACY298. In contrast, S. cerevisiae ACY9, with a specific volume of 1.1 cm3/g and the highest Euclidean distance of 6.878, exhibited the greatest deviation from ACY298, suggesting it may be less suitable for traditional bread production. Furthermore, ACY158 displayed a balanced organic acid profile and minimal residual sugars, aligning well with consumer expectations for bread flavor and texture. These results underscore that certain alternative S. cerevisiae strains have the potential to match or exceed the performance of commercial baker's yeast, offering opportunities to optimize bread quality and diversify industrial baking practices.

Impact of surfactin on the physicochemical properties of dough and quality of corresponding steamed bread.

The extensive use of additives in ultra-processed foods presents considerable health concerns. In light of the growing consumer demand for clean labels, a prominent trend is the development of multifunctional food additives that are both natural and beneficial to health. Surfactin, a compound produced by Bacillus subtilis, features both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and is noted for its safety, emulsifying and antimicrobial properties. This compound holds significant potential as a multifunctional additive in flour-based products. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of surfactin on the physicochemical properties of dough and the quality of steamed bread, as well as to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the addition of surfactin significantly improved its rheological properties, increased elasticity and viscosity, improved extension resistance and increased disulfide bonding content in dough (P < 0.05), subsequently stabilizing the gluten network structure. With a 0.3% surfactin addition, the digestibility of steamed bread significantly reduced. After storing for 7 days, surfactin inhibited water migration, reduced the transfer from bound water to free water, delayed starch recrystallization, improved resistance to starch retrogradation and markedly extended the shelf life in steamed bread. The addition of surfactin improved the quality of steamed bread through stabilizing the gluten network structure and improving storage properties, presenting it as a promising natural, multifunctional food additive for flour product innovation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impact of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Protein Addition on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough and Bread Quality

Impact of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Protein Addition on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough and Bread Quality

Effects of oligosaccharides, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and d-allulose as a compound improver on the quality of sugar-reduced bread.

Growing public concern over the health risks of high-sugar diets has led to a consensus on the necessity of sugar reduction. This research evaluated the effects of oligosaccharides (OS), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) and d-allulose as a compound improver on the quality of sugar-reduced bread, aiming to assess the feasibility of substantial sucrose reduction at the same time as maintaining desirable bread characteristics. Compared to bread with a 90% sugar reduction, the improved formulation increased specific volume by 50.14% and reduced hardness by 66.69%. It exhibited a homogeneous structure and crust color closely resembling that of full-sugar bread. Low-field NMR analysis revealed better moisture control, delaying water loss and starch retrogradation, with relative crystallinity and retrogradation enthalpy decreased by 45.31% and 59.96%, respectively. Additionally, the combination of XOS and d-allulose boosted volatile compound production, increasing the abundance of aldehydes, esters and heterocyclic compounds, enriching the flavor with fruity and baked aromas. The improvers enhanced the texture, appearance, flavor and storage stability of sugar-reduced bread, yielding qualities that are comparable to or even surpass conventional bread. These findings provide a new insight for the development of quality improvers designed for sugar-reduced bakery products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of the Extruded Pea Hulls on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Wheat Bread.

Incorporating extruded pea hulls (EPH) into wheat bread increases its nutritional value by increasing dietary fiber content, which in turn influences the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of bread. This study aimed to assess the effect of varying EPH levels on the rheological properties of wheat dough, as well as on the physical and sensory attributes of wheat bread, providing insight into the optimal EPH inclusion level. Farinograph analysis indicated that the inclusion of extruded pea hulls progressively increased the water absorption capacity. At higher EPH replacement levels, bread exhibited decreased specific volume, increased hardness, reduced porosity, darker color, and pronounced sensory attributes of pea aroma and pea taste. Bread with 5-15% EPH retained physical qualities comparable to bread without EPH, with 5% EPH replacement particularly improving specific volume, porosity, and texture. However, 20-30% EPH significantly impaired bread quality, resulting in denser crumb, darker crumb color, and intensified pea aroma. These findings suggest that moderate EPH inclusion (up to 15%) is optimal for enhancing fiber content without compromising bread quality, while higher levels (20% and more) may negatively affect both physical and sensory attributes.

ENHANCING BREAD QUALITY: EFFECTS OF SMALL AND MECHANICALLY DAMAGED STARCH GRANULES IN LOCAL WHEAT FLOUR

This study investigates the impact of small-sized and mechanically damaged starch granules on the quality and shelf life of bread made from high-grade local and imported wheat flours. By separating these damaged granules, we aimed to enhance bread quality indicators such as freshness, moisture retention, structural integrity and overall longevity without the use of synthetic additives. The results demonstrated that bread made from flour with separated starch granules consistently retained higher freshness scores, exhibited better moisture retention, had a higher swelling capacity, showed reduced crumbling and maintained lower firmness over time compared to control samples. These findings suggest that the separation process provides a natural, cost-effective solution to improve bread quality, offering significant benefits for the bakery industry and aligning with consumer preferences for natural and environmentally friendly products.

Unlocking the potential of carboxymethyl tamarind: A multi-pronged analysis of its impact on whole wheat bread quality

Unlocking the potential of carboxymethyl tamarind: A multi-pronged analysis of its impact on whole wheat bread quality

The Mechanism Underlying the Increase in Bread Hardness in Association with Alterations in Protein and Starch Characteristics During Room-Temperature Storage.

Hardness constitutes one of the primary performance indices of bread. However, there is scarce literature regarding the study of the mechanisms of increased hardness in different breads. In this paper, the hardness and retrogradation rates of five popular brands of bread (DaliGarden, Mankattan, MianLunSi, TOLY, and ZhengMao) in China during storage at room temperature were determined, and the mechanism of increased hardness was revealed by the results in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), disulfide bonds, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the sequence for the degree of hardness increase among the five bread brands was DaliGarden > TOLY >Mankattan > MianLunSi > ZhengMao. The bread hardness was likely associated with the gliadin content; the more gliadin, the higher the hardness of the bread. All bread hardness values underwent a rapid increase during storage at room temperature. The hardness level of the bread preferred by Chinese individuals was approximately 105 g, and the hardness of the TOLY bread underwent relatively minor changes during storage at room temperature. The disulfide bond content of all breads apart from Mankattan decreased during storage at room temperature. The increase in the hardness of the bread was attributed to the ordered configuration of the amylopectin structures resulting from water evaporation. The results given in this paper offer a practical hardness index to control the quality of bread. This study is expected to contribute to better quality control and optimization in bread production, enhancing consumers' satisfaction and extending products' shelf lives.

Fortified bread with encapsulated ingredients: impacts and potential applications.

Waste production is a major challenge in the food industry. The use of 'functional food' by adding bioactive compounds is a promising solution to reduce it. However, many bioactive compounds are unstable when subjected to industrial and environmental conditions. Microencapsulation technology is a useful method to preserve these molecules. This review categorizes microencapsulated functional bread additives, including enzymes, salts, alcohols, oils, herbal compounds, probiotics, and acids, and demonstrates various beneficial effects of these additives. Suitable wall materials and encapsulating techniques - including freeze drying, spray drying, the emulsion-congealing method, fluidized bed coating, and thin-film hydration methods - are discussed in terms of their effect on bread quality. The encapsulated bread ingredients and their impact on bread characteristics are investigated by examining relevant original and review studies from various electronic databases, irrespective of publication date. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhanced Stability, Quality and Flavor of Bread through Sourdough Fermentation with Nisin-Secreting Lactococcus lactis NZ9700

Sourdough bread is traditionally made fermenting a starter with high-gluten flour and water among other ingredients. However, the stability and safety of naturally fermented sourdough cannot always be fully guaranteed. In this study, Lactococcus lactis NZ9700, which actively secretes the bacteriocin nisin, was employed for sourdough fermentation and bread production. Three control groups were established to explore the complex and diverse changes occurring during sourdough fermentation, including a non-acidified dough group, a chemically acidified dough group, and a sourdough group fermented with L. lactis NZ9000 (which does not secrete nisin). The results demonstrate that fermentation with L. lactis leads to a rapid increase in colony-forming units (CFU) , stabilizing the pH of the sourdough at approximately 4.2 within 12 h. The in situ production of acids, sugars, and other metabolites during sourdough fermentation has a significant impact on the dough's microstructure. Microstructural analysis reveals that sourdough fermentation results in a more organized gluten network, with the L. lactis NZ9700 group exhibiting a more refined microstructure and fewer prominent starch granules. Furthermore, L. lactis NZ9700 produces stable nisin during fermentation, which persists even after baking, providing continuous antimicrobial protection to the final product. This reduced fungal contamination and extended the shelf life of the bread. Last, the growth of L. lactis NZ9700 during the early stages of fermentation provides more alcohols and ketones to the breads, endowing the sourdough breads with richer and more complex flavor profiles.

Effect of TESOTA Composite Flour Composition (Wheat, Sorgum, Tapioca) and Carrageenan Concentration on The Quality of Low-Gluten Bread

This study aimed to determine the effect of composite flour composition (wheat, sorghum, and tapioca) and carrageenan concentration on the quality of low-gluten white bread. This study used an experimental method with a two-factor completely randomized design (CRD), namely (1) composite flour composition (wheat:sorghum:tapioca) T1 = 50:25:25, T2 = 40:30:30, and T3 = 30:35:35, and (2) carrageenan concentration of 0.2 and 0.4%. Observation data were analyzed with SPSS software using ANOVA at the 5% significance level. Data that were significantly different were further tested with Honest Significant Difference test at the 5% significance level. The parameters observed included chemical quality (moisture content, ash content, and crude fiber content), physical quality (expandability, elasticity, bread pores, and staling), and organoleptic quality (aroma, taste, texture, crust color, and crumb color). The results showed that the treatment of different flour compositions and carrageenan concentrations had a significant effect on ash content, crude fiber content, expandability, elasticity, bread pores, and staling. However, there was no significant effect on its moisture content and organoleptic quality. To minimize the use of wheat flour, the composition of wheat:sorghum:tapioca flour 40:30:30 and carrageenan concentration 0.4% is the recommended treatment, with 24.35% moisture content (met the SNI requirements), 1.49% ash content, 4.08% crude fiber content, 68.69% expandability, 82.55% elasticity, pore size tends to be uniform between 12.08-19.11µm, staling time on the third day, and preferred by panelists because the texture is rather soft, the color of the crust is yellowish brown, and the color of the crumb is yellowish white.

Quantitative Assessment of Volatile Profile and Sensory Perception of Artisan Bread Made in the City of Valencia.

Artisan bread, known for its simple recipes, natural ingredients, and traditional techniques, has seen a surge in demand, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic. Small bakeries emphasize extended fermentation processes and prioritize sensory qualities in their products. However, the impact of ingredients on the quality characteristics of artisan bread remains underexplored. Here, a set of breads from artisanal bakeries in Valencia, Spain, was characterized. Bread dough pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), and acid content were influenced by flour type and sourdough use, creating different environments for volatile compound (VOC) generation. Over 50 VOCs, including aldehydes, alcohols, acids, and furans, were identified in crumb and crust samples of most artisan bread samples, compared to fewer than 20 VOCs in control industrial bread, where ketones dominated. Whole flours, such as spelt, durum wheat, or T80, along with the leavening agent, affected the abundance of certain volatiles, particularly in the crust. Additionally, the use of spelt or wheat flour impacted crumb texture, while sourdough improved taste intensity, acidity, and crumb color. Finally, certain sensory attributes were also influenced by the presence of hydrocarbons and furans in the volatile fraction of both crumb and crust. Overall, the results provide new insights into the influence of ingredients on the quality of artisan bread and can help bakers refine recipes while maintaining a natural ingredient list. Hence, the work is substantial for the artisan bread industry and consumers.