Irrigation Quality Research Articles

Sustainable Agricultural Development In Sw Tunisia/ Survival Sector And Natural Resources Degradation

Agricultural production relies on numerous interrelated key factors namely irrigation technique, drainage, soil quality … and irrigation water quality that has gained less concern in the agricultural management process. However, the evaluation of the used quality for irrigation especially for long-term use is of crucial importance. Unfortunately, no comprehensive classification based on the assessment of the complex causality links of chemical water composition of the different environmental components that is suitable for the accurate evaluation of the used quality at a local particular scale was found.
 Thus, to gain an overall impression of the different methods and approaches a review of the previously published diagrams in the light of the effectiveness and representativeness of the obtained results about the various factors related to farming practices and land characteristics is required. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to represent new diagrams used in future studies as classification approaches. New classification techniques are introduced and described based on the previously used approaches coupled with the consideration of variables soil physic-chemical properties and climate conditions. The resulting schema is used to classify a variety of different approaches operating at multiple levels of characteristics and interaction levels (structure, texture, permeability ...).

Hydrochemical assessment of the quality of thermal mineral water for irrigation: The case of Hammam Meskoutine (northeast Algeria)

This study was carried out to assess the state and quality of Hammam Meskoutine's thermal mineral water and its suitability for irrigation. To accomplish this, water samples from ten different thermal mineral springs were evaluated in February and June of 2016, respectively, in the region of Hammam Meskoutine in northeastern Algeria. The analyzed parameters are the water’s physical and chemical characteristics (temperature, pH and electrical conductivity) as measured in situ, and the dosing of the major components (Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) in the laboratory. Based on the chemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters were calculated, e.g. the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), the percent of sodium (% Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), and magnesium hazard (MH). The results showed the spring water there to be generally unsuitable for irrigation practices during the two sampling periods.

Assessment and Mapping of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in and Around Areas of Paper Board Industry

Water has become a scarce commodity due to its over exploitation as well as its pollution due to different reasons. For many important agricultural areas groundwater is the ultimate source of fresh water as surface water sources have been depleted. The quality of groundwater is important because it determines the suitability of water for drinking, and domestic and irrigation purposes. A survey was undertaken during the year 2020 to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation in Mondipatti region of Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu. A totally 18 samples were collected from bench mark wells of (W1-W18) in and around the paper board industry and GPS locations of sampling points were recorded. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties viz., pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+; CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42-. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in groundwater ranged from 7.6-8.4, 0.68-5.12 (dS m-1), 0.69-12.9 and -8.1 to 5.3 (meq L-1), respectively. The concentration of cations viz., Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ varied from 1.7 to 10.8, 0.7 to 14.3, 0.009 to 0.931 and 2.8 to 39.2 meq L-1 with average of 5.4, 4.51, 0.190 and 9.24 meq L-1, respectively. The concentration of anions viz., carbonate, bicarbonates, chloride and sulphate varied from nil to 3.2, 3.2 to 9.6, 2.8 to 39.2 and 0.25 to 4.52 meq L-1 with average values of 0.64, 6.72, 11.88 and 1.31 meq L-1, respectively. The relative abundance of ions for most of the water samples were Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations and Cl- > HCO3-> SO42- > CO3- for anions. According to CSSRI water quality classification, 44.5, 44.5, 5.5 and 5.5 per cent of good, marginally saline, High SAR saline and Alkaline, respectively. Spatial variability maps of pH, EC, SAR and RSC of groundwater used for irrigation in and surrounding areas of paper board industry were also generated. As a result, it's critical to analyse groundwater quality not only for current use, but also as a future water source. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater may help the farmers in choice of crops and other agronomic management practices for getting profitable yields without affecting the soil health.

Geothermal water in Bakreshwar-Tantoli region in West Bengal, India: Implications on water quality for irrigation and drinking purposes

Groundwater becomes more critical for drinking and irrigation purposes due to reduced surface water supplies and contamination of these sources. Knowing the quality of underground water is vital to the protection of public health and sustainable water resource development. The goal of this study is, therefore, to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Bakreshwar-Tantaloi hot springs in West Bengal, India. This study evaluates the quality of water produced from 7 different geothermal hot springs by investigating its chemical concentration. The physicochemical parameters were examined for the water samples. The suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes was measured by contrasting the chemical concentrations with the WHO standards and also computing and comparing the Water Quality Index (WQI) value with recommended norms. The concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− are within the WHO (2011) and BIS (2012) tolerable limit. Statistical analyses are used to reveal patterns and groups from the physiochemical dataset of groundwater samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and factor analysis identify the source for groundwater parameters. The correlation matrix and scatter plot matrix give the relationship among major chemical ions of water samples. Dendrogram defines the relationship between physicochemical variables and groups them into strong to weak correlations among water components.

Agricultural Use Report Card development: A case study in the Fitzroy Basin, Queensland

Agriculture is heavily reliant on readily available water of a suitable quality for stock consumption and irrigation of crops. While technical methods for assessing water quality are available, methods to summarise the results and communicate it to a broader audience are lacking. Here the development of an Agricultural Use Report Card in the Fitzroy Basin, Queensland, is outlined. This study summarises findings and includes a methodology developed and deployed to deliver these stock and crop water suitability assessments. We also discuss the index developed to underpin agricultural use, report card publication and communication, along with the online assessment architecture used to facilitate multi-tier result interrogation by end users. This study found surface waters of the Fitzroy were generally of good or very good quality for agricultural uses. Occasional exceedances of agricultural suitability thresholds for several indicators were identified, and we discuss the method used for exceedance identification and a novel style of exceedance reporting that provides a greater degree of transparency than traditional aquatic ecosystem report card approaches.

Application of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor Method to Calculate Field Water Use Efficiency

Field water use efficiency is an important parameter for evaluating the quality of field irrigation in irrigated areas, which directly affects the country’s food security and water resource allocation. However, most current studies use point-scale soil moisture (SM) or remote sensing water balance models to calculate the field water use coefficient, which cannot avoid errors caused by the spatial heterogeneity of SM and insufficient spatial resolution of remote sensing data. Therefore, in this study, the cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS), Time-Domain Reflectometers (TDR) and Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) were used to monitor the meteorological and hydrological data such as SM, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation in the experimental area of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District for three consecutive years. The scale of the CRNS SM lies between the point and the remote sensing. Based on the CRNS SM, the calculation method for canal head and tail water was used to calculate the field water use efficiency to evaluate the level of agricultural irrigation water use in the experimental irrigation area. The results showed that CRNS could accurately detect the change in SM, and four irrigation events were monitored during the winter wheat growth period from October 2018 to June 2019; the calculation result of field water use efficiency in the experimental area was 0.77. According to the field water use efficiency of the same irrigation area from October 2013 to October 2015 in other studies, the field water use efficiency during the growing period of winter wheat in this area increased from 0.503 to 0.770 in 2013–2019, indicating a significant improvement in the field water use level. In general, this study not only solves the problem of low calculation accuracy of field water use efficiency caused by the mismatch of SM monitoring scales but also explores the application potential of CRNS in agricultural irrigation management and water resource allocation.

Evaluation of the Groundwater and Irrigation Quality in the Zhuoshui River Alluvial Fan between Wet and Dry Seasons

The Zhuoshui River alluvial fan is one of the most important groundwater and agricultural areas in Taiwan. Abundant groundwater resources are the main source of domestic water supply and irrigation water. However, groundwater recharge and groundwater quality have been greatly affected under extreme climate and hydrological conditions. Hence, the quality of groundwater has been a topic of concern to the public. In this study, groundwater level and groundwater quality data of the Zhuoshui River alluvial fan from 2008 to 2020 were used to divide the wet and dry season groups according to the sampling dates. An independent samples t-test was used to evaluate the differences in the mean groundwater level and the mean concentration between the wet and dry seasons. The test results show that there was no statistically significant difference in the mean groundwater level between the wet and dry seasons. This may result from the time lag effects of groundwater recharge. Except for groundwater temperature, bicarbonate, and total organic carbon (TOC), there were no significant differences among the mean concentrations of other groundwater quality parameters in Aquifer 1 and Aquifer 2 between the wet and dry seasons. In terms of the alluvial fan location, although the soil texture, land utilization, cropping systems, and hydrogeology of the proximal, mid-, and distal fan may affect groundwater quality variations, it seems that only Aquifer 1 is affected by surface water infiltration, resulting in significant differences in mean groundwater temperature, mean concentrations of major ions, and nitrate between the wet and dry seasons, whereas Aquifer 2 is less affected. At the same time, owing to the geological conditions and intensive cultivation in the Zhuoshui River alluvial fan, nitrate and arsenic could represent a high risk to the public’s health if groundwater is used as a source for domestic water supply or irrigation water in the distal fan area, whether in the wet season or dry season. Meanwhile, due to global climate change and uneven droughts and floods, the hydrological conditions of the so-called “wet season” and “dry season” are obviously different from those in the past. Compared with precipitation, groundwater level may be a better indicator for understanding variations in groundwater quality.

Seasonal and Spatial Water Quality of Awash River for Irrigation at Dubti/Tendaho, North Eastern Ethiopia

Salt affected soils are common in the irrigated arid and semi arid regions where irrigation with poor quality water is a common practice. In all irrigation farms, particularly at Dubti/Tendaho state farm, clear information on Awash River water quality for irrigation is lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted at Dubti/Tendaho state farm to investigate seasonal and spatial variations of irrigation water quality in Awash River. Water samples were collected from four sampling sites (dam to field) in monthly interval from September 2013 to August 2014. Relevant data were collected and interpreted as per the irrigation water quality guidelines. The result showed that pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (adj.SAR) were beyond the permissible limit in Autumn and Summer. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) were unsuitable in all seasons except in Spring. Sodium percentage (Na %) was permissible in Winter and Spring whereas doubtful in Autumn and unsuitable in Summer seasons. Sodium toxicity was severe in Summer and Autumn (>9 meq l -1 SAR) while slight to moderate in Winter and Spring (3 - 9 meq l -1 SAR) seasons. However, chloride (Cl - ) hazard was safe (< 4 meq l -1 ) in all seasons except Summer which showed slight to moderate. Spatially, an increasing trend on Cl - , pH and Na% from the dam to the end of field drain water(FDW) whereas a decreasing trend on EC, Na, Mg, Ca, K, HCO 3 - , total dissolved solids (TDS), SAR, and RSC were observed. The results revealed that irrigation water quality was highly saline and toxic in Summer and Autumn whereas slight to safe in Winter and Spring seasons. Hence, it is possible to infer that the planting date of crops should be adjusted in Winter and Spring seasons when the quality of irrigation water becomes safe. Keywords: Awash River, irrigation water quality , Electrical conductivity, pH, residual sodium carbonate, sodium adsorption ratio , toxicity, water quality parameters DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/85-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2022

Resource Use Efficiency and Gross Returns from Food Grain Crops in the Low Hill Zone Economy of Himachal Pradesh

Resource use efficiency in agriculture is defined to include the concepts of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and environmental efficiency. Public investment, subsidies and credit for agriculture are used in an efficient manner. There are large scale inter regional as well as inter farm variations in factor productivity due to varying influence of different factors in different regions. A number of management factors such as timeliness and method of sowing, transplanting, irrigation and application of right doses of inputs and input mix play an important role in influencing inter-farm variation in crop productivity. Growing marginalization and fragmentation of land holdings coupled with rising incidence of informal tenancies and poor rural infrastructure such as road, electricity, markets and education affect factor productivity. The availability of good quality irrigation water coupled with flexibility of irrigation and drainage system and appropriate methods of application as well as pricing of irrigation water is crucial for sustainable use of land and water resources.

Urban water as an alternative freshwater resource for matching irrigation demand in the Bengal delta

Rapid changes in climate patterns, population growth, urbanization, and rising economic activities have increased the pressure on the delta's freshwater availability. Bangladesh's coastal planes suffer from a shortage of good quality irrigation water, which is crucial for peri-urban agriculture and at the same time, a high volume of untreated wastewater is discharged into the surface water. This calls for a transition towards efficiently managing and (re)using available urban water resources for irrigation, which is addressed in this paper. A quantitative match between the irrigation demand and potential freshwater supply has been assessed considering different urban water generation scenarios. The FAO AquaCrop model has been used to calculate the irrigation water demand for Boro rice during the dry period. Results indicate that 7.4 million m3 of irrigation water is needed, whereas over 8.2 million m3 of urban water is being generated during the dry season. Simultaneously, mismatches between irrigation demand and alternative water supply mainly occurred in February and March, which could be resolved with water storage capacities. However, to make urban water reuse a reality, the water management policy needs to change to facilitate the construction of required infrastructures for collection, treatment, and storage. The proposed method helps realize the urban water's hidden potential to sustain agricultural activities in the delta areas.

Analysis of Irrigation Water Quality Indices for Chambal River at Kota, Rajasthan, India

Surface water is an essential natural resource for the survival of biotic components on Earth and plays a vital role in every country's domestic, commercial, agricultural, and industrial sectors. River water is a primary source of surface water, and its quality is very important for crop production, maintenance of soil productivity, and protection of the environment; hence, the assessment of river water quality for irrigation is essential. The present study assessed the Chambal River water quality for irrigation purposes in upstream and downstream of Kota Dam, Rajasthan (India). Various irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs), such as SAR, KR, TH, Na%, PI, MH, RSC, and RSBC are evaluated to define overall irrigation water quality. Four sampling sites are selected to define IWQIs with the help of seven water quality parameters, namely, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, carbonate, bicarbonate, and electrical conductivity. This study shows a significant variation in the values of different IWQIs for irrigation compared to 2019 in 2020. The values of IWQIs at Akelgarh indicate the water quality as "Good and Suitable" for irrigation purposes for both years. However, the scenario is different at Rangpur, SRRT, and Keshoraipatan sampling locations. The river water quality for irrigation is continuously deteriorating during the study period and presently has the status of "Moderately suitable" for irrigation. The research demonstrated the application of IWQI, which would be helpful to policymakers and stakeholders to provide large-scale management to control pollution in the Chambal River for economic and sustainable social development.

A comprehensive health risk assessment and groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around municipal solid waste sanitary landfill: A case study in Morocco

The proper management of municipal solid waste for the reduction of its potential impacts on the environment is one of the most challenging issues faced by the world. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of leachate and groundwater was carried out surrounding the Oum Azza sanitary landfill in Morocco to assess their potential risks to human health. The groundwater quality was analysed using quality indices and chemometric expertise. For this purpose, spatiotemporal variation of sixteen (16) physico-chemical parameters and nine (9) heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Zn, and Fe) in groundwater and leachate were studied. Experimental data showed elevated leachate contamination potential (LPI = 29.14) surpassed the permissible limits for discharge of leachate. Besides, the application of WQI (27.47–214.58), Nemerow index (0.72–6.17), irrigation quality indices (SAR, MHR, %Na, KI, and PI), and spatial distribution revealed the unsuitability of most of the groundwater samples in vicinity of the landfill area for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are still within acceptable limits for residential receptors. The multivariate statistical (PCA and HCA) analysis suggested that the deterioration of groundwater quality was mainly originated from anthropogenic sources related to landfill leachate. This study proved an alarming threat of the groundwater in vicinity of the sanitary landfills due to leachate pollution. It is important to note that despite the fact that the landfill is a sanitary landfill and provided with liners, leachate contamination potential is inevitable. Thus, it is important to continuously monitor the groundwater quality surrounding the landfill. The study also recommended emphasizing on the status and conditions of geomembrane used in the landfill liner systems to prevent leachate percolation into the groundwater.

Influence of Ion Pairs and Activity on the Index of Irrigation Water Quality Relying on Some Modern Terms in Erbil Governorate. *

Influence of Ion Pairs and Activity on the Index of Irrigation Water Quality Relying on Some Modern Terms in Erbil Governorate. *

Influence of Reclaimed Water Quality on Infiltration Characteristics of Typical Subtropical Zone Soils: A Case Study in South China

Irrigation with reclaimed water (RW) can alleviate water scarcity and improve the environmental and economic benefits. However, RW contains a large number of salts, suspended particles, organic matter, etc., which can affect soil infiltration. Previous studies focused on the examination of this effect in alkaline soils, but the infiltration change of acidic soils has seldom been investigated. This study selects four typical types of soil in the subtropical area in the south of China and designs experiments using different concentrations of RW to examine the influence of RW on the infiltration of various acid soils. The short-term impact is examined based on a one-dimensional horizontal method, and the long-term infiltration characteristics are measured by a Mini Disk infiltration meter with one year’s RW irrigation. Results show that RW irrigation can restrain the short-term infiltration of red soil while accelerating that of purple soil, aquic soil and paddy soil. Regarding the long-term effect, the cumulative infiltration of red soil increases with the decline of the concentration of RW, while there is no unique trend for the other soils. After one year’s RW irrigation, physical properties such as soil particle size distribution, texture and EC have changed. For red soil, EC increased significantly with RW irrigation, from 46.7 µS/cm to 101.07 µS/cm. However, regarding aquic soil, EC decreased from 157.05 µS/cm to 123.20 µS/cm. Moreover, the infiltration rate coefficient of red soil and aquic soil exhibits a significant positive correlation with RW concentration (p < 0.01), while the silt content shows a significantly negative correlation (p < 0.01). Furthermore, soil infiltration parameters c and S value of the purple soil, paddy soil, is significantly negative correlated with pH value (p < 0.01). The results reflected that appropriate RW quality for irrigation is different among various soil types, which will influence the sustainable application of RW. It can shed insights into solving the water scarcity issue and improving water sustainability in subtropical regions.

Combinations of multivariate statistical analysis and analytical hierarchical process for indexing surface water quality under arid conditions

Novel methods for water quality indexing increase insight into the fitness of water bodies for different uses. We hypothesized that integrating multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) with the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) may provide a reliable estimation of water quality status. Hence, twenty water samples from canals and drains in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt were collected during summer, autumn, winter, and spring and analyzed. Data were subjected to MSA, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA). The AHP was applied to derive weights of parameters implied in developing water quality indices for irrigation (IWQI) and fish farming (FFWQI). Human health risks due to exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) via dermal contact were also considered. The average concentrations of water constituents were acceptable for irrigation, except sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and Cl−. The dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, Cl−, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH3, and PTEs (except Zn) did not meet standard limits for fish production. The MSA revealed that water contamination resulted from human activities (agriculture, industry, and domestic wastes) and hydrochemical processes. The PCA indicated that SAR, Cu, and pH could adequately represent water quality for irrigation, while temperature, NO2-N, Cr, and Zn could reflect fish farming requirements. The AHP provided consistent weights for the original and shortlisted parameters. The water quality varied from good to poor for irrigation and from excellent to low for fish farming. The minimum IWQI could adequately represent the IWQI (R2 = 0.83) and thus reduce the time, effort, and cost for monitoring water quality. However, the minimum FFWQI showed moderate consistency (R2 = 0.51) with FFWQI, implying that increasing the sampling size is essential for better performance. The hazard quotient of all PTEs was below 1.0 for both adults and children, indicating a safe limit. The potential cancer risk was acceptable (1.36E-06) for adults and safe (8.03E-07) for children. Results of this work would be a start point for efficient quality control programs in arid regions.

Assessment of Water Quality for Agricultural Cultivation Irrigation Using the Irrigation Water Quality Index: A Case-Study Land Survey and Evaluation from Kampus Polinela II

River water has an essential role in irrigation water sources in agricultural cultivation activities on the Polinela II campus land. The availability of water on the land depends not only on river water but also on reservoirs that can be used as a source of irrigation water for cultivation activities. In this study, 21 river and pond water samples were taken during May-September 2021, and hydrochemical and hydrophysical quality tests were carried out. Assessment of the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes is carried out with hydrochemical parameters (Ca, K, Ca, Mg, EC, COD and Nitrogen) and different indices (SAR and ESP). Some of the data obtained were studied by geostatistical analysis and the spatial variation in the Kampus Polinela II land. The results of hydrochemical testing have different levels of variation in content so that a concise combination is carried out using the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) method, which gives the quality of irrigation water for crop cultivation purposes with a single value. IWQI can be used as a basis that irrigation water from river water has better irrigation properties than irrigation water from reservoirs. The IWQI found in cultivated land is divided into two water quality index classes: excellent and moderate. The excellent category from the test results is river water used for agricultural irrigation, while the moderate category is found in ponding water. Long-term irrigation by surface water and neglect of implementing soil quality improvement measures can cause negative impacts on the soil, therefore to avoid soil degradation, appropriate and effective preventive measures are needed.

Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Quality and their Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in Odisha, Eastern India

The study was conducted during the pre-monsoon period in April-May 2019 to monitor the quality of different water sources for assessing their suitability for irrigation purposes in Odisha state of eastern India. Twenty-seven surface water and twenty-one groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for chemical parameters. The suitability of the surface and groundwater for irrigation were evaluated based on pH, residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Adjusted SAR (Adj. SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), permeability index (PI), Kelly’s ratio (KR), Chloride (Cl-), boron (B), nitrate (NO3-), iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). Results showed that three rivers, Mahanadi, Brahmani and Bansadhara, were found medium salinity (EC 0.25-0.75 dSm-1), and all the rivers have no sodicity problem with RSC within the permissible limit of 2.5 meqL-1 and free of chloride and boron toxicity. All the surface water samples were safe with respect to Zn (2 mgL-1), Cu (0.2 mgL-1), Fe (5 mgL-1), Mn (0.2 mgL-1) and Cr (0.1 mgL-1). Four rivers were exceeded the maximum permissible limit of Cd. All the groundwater samples were found below the toxicity level and safe concerning Cl-, NO3-, B, Zn (2 mgL-1), Cu (0.2 mgL-1), Fe (5 mgL-1), Mn (0.2 mgL-1) and Cr (0.1 mgL-1) where Cd content of three sources exceeded the MPL (OUAT Agronomy Farm 0.011 mgL-1, Putibandh of Sambalpur 0.011 mgL-1 and Rourkela 0.010 mgL-1). Results depicted that all the surface water samples collected from nine different rivers are of good quality and suitable for irrigation purpose except for some specific limitations. Among all the groundwater sources, groundwaters of the Putibandh area in Sambalpur district are found very poor in quality and unsuitable for irrigation.

Assessment of Variation in Groundwater Quality and Level for Irrigation Using Long-Term Data

In Pakistan, the symbols of water stress are ubiquitous in the form of water resources depletion, water scarcity, quality, depletion of level and contamination. Water is a precious gift of God for all living and non-living things to complete the cycle of ecosystem. This research was conducted to check the trends groundwater level and its quality analysis using long term data of same study area. In this study area, groundwater quality and level data of 421 piezometric wells of 15 years were used to analyze through graphical analysis, from a region in Pakistan. The four major indicators for irrigation as recommended by Punjab Irrigation Department are; pH, EC, RSC and SAR. These parameters were used and appraisal for irrigation to fit or unfit the monitoring sites. The results indicate the significant increasing trend of level as well as quality of water. Average declining of groundwater table is 0.0963 meter per year in study area. As 20% of the groundwater depth is declining per year. Sites unfit ratio is 50% of the total monitoring sites being installed with respect to quality parameters. These trends indicate more water extraction in region that cause adverse effect on quality and level. This research is an excellent recommendation for water experts, to amend new law for operation of water resources and its extraction from groundwater through tubewells. The heavy metal concentration, hazardous waste to soil and sewerage of colonies should be supervised on daily basis.

Combined Modeling of Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics in Assessing Groundwater Irrigation Sustenance in the Middle Cheliff Plain (North Africa)

The assessment of groundwater irrigation using robust tools is essential for the sustenance of the agro-environment in arid and semi-arid regions. This study presents a reliable method consisting of a combination of multivariate analysis and geostatistical modeling to assess groundwater irrigation resources in the Western Middle Cheliff (Algeria). For this goal, mean data from 87 wells collected during April to July 2017 were used. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) using the Q-mode approach revealed three distinct water types, with mineralization increasing from cluster 1 to cluster 3. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) utilizing the Varimax method approach allowed the extraction of three main components: the first and second (PC1, PC2), revealing that the geogenic process, have influenced the hydrogeochemical composition of groundwater. The pollution induced by agriculture activities has been related to PC3. Based on the combination of multivariate analysis and geostatistical modeling, the distribution maps were created by interpolating the factor distribution values acquired in the study region using the ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation method. The findings revealed that both natural processes and man-made activities have a substantial impact on the quality of groundwater irrigation. Cluster mapping, another often used combining approach, has shown its effectiveness in assisting groundwater resource management.

ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЕ ПРИ ПОЛИВЕ МНОГООПОРНЫМИ ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНЫМИ МАШИНАМИ

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to reduce energy losses during irrigation and improve the quality of irrigation of the «Fregat» sprinkling machines. The article describes a low-pressure sprinkling machine «Fregat» with an additional polyethylene pipeline and a filter that provides fine cleaning of water from debris and feed to the hydraulic drives of the sprinkling machine’s carts. The formulas are given and the sequence for calculating the di-ameter of the additional polyethylene pipeline and the pressure at the inlet to the machine, de-pending on its modification, is shown. When using an additional polyethylene pipeline with a diameter of 63 mm and the cyclicity of the hydraulic cylinder of the last cart equal to 4 strokes/min, the pressure at the inlet of machines of various modifications decreases from 0.53-0.7 MPa to 0.37-0.45 MPa or 1.3-1.5 times. For such machines, in order to increase the movement speed by 2-4 times, the hydraulic cylinders are fed with water from an additional polyethylene pipeline only in the second half of the length of the machine pipeline. Researches have confirmed the high efficiency of modificating the «Fregat» sprinkling machine to a low-pressure operating mode, which leads to optimization of the pumping station operation, also increases the number of simultaneously operating machines, decreases the time of irrigation of an irrigated area and a decreases an electricity consumption for irrigation.