Qualitative Section Research Articles

An exploration of patient safety culture in NICUs: a convergent parallel mixed-method study

BackgroundSafety culture, as a component that improves the quality of safety and health care for neonates, serves as foundation for providing professional and high-quality care by creating positive insight among employees. This study aimed to explore the safety culture concept in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).MethodsThis convergent parallel mixed-method study included Quantitative, Qualitative, and Integrated parts. In the Quantitative part, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of “Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture” were examined among physicians and nurses in NICUs. CFA was performed on the data obtained from 342 participants. The Qualitative section data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 24 staff to understand the concept of safety culture. Data were analyzed through the Elo & Kyngäs approach. The interpretation of the results and the convergence of the data was done using the Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie method.ResultsThe initial CFA showed that the 12-dimensional model did not align well with indices. Subsequently, based on T-values, six heterogeneous items were eliminated. The revised 11-dimensional model consisting of 36 items showed an acceptable fit during the second CFA. In the qualitative part, five main categories of “Constructive interactions”, “Management’s commitment to neonatal safety”, “Organizational supportive climate”, “Professional development”, and “Planning and implementation of neonatal developmental care” were obtained. The comparison of the results showed that the dimensions of the quantitative part, except for “Overall perceptions of patient safety”, were also present in the qualitative part, but they were different in some aspects. New findings in the qualitative study such as “Striving for mutual empowerment”, “Constructive criticism in teamwork”, “Efficient supervision procedures”, “Inexperienced staff’ leading” and “Provision of care assistance equipment and facilities” were not found in the dimensions of the quantitative part. The main categories “Acquiring professional competence” and “Planning and implementation of neonatal developmental care” were not align with the dimensions identified in the quantitative study.ConclusionThe findings shed light on previously unexplored aspects of the safety culture concept within the nursing profession, leading to a better understanding and evolution of this concept in Iranian NICUs. The new definition obtained in this study can enhance nursing knowledge on safe care and improve patient safety culture in the NICUs in Iran and globally.

A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Foreign Language Anxiety Interventions Among Students

Foreign language anxiety is an emotional reaction toward learning and using a foreign language, which may negatively influence individuals’ self-perceptions, beliefs, emotions, and behaviors. To explore how to mitigate the potential detrimental effect of foreign language anxiety, this meta-analysis and systematic review included 37 primary articles on interventions targeting relieving foreign language anxiety. The results revealed the overall efficacy of these interventions ( ES = −0.61, p = .03) in reducing anxiety . Age was the only significant moderator despite seven moderators being included. The qualitative section of the systematic review examined intervention types, publication patterns, and research designs in the 37 analyzed articles. A notable increase in publications on this topic was observed over time, with approximately equal numbers of studies utilizing direct versus indirect interventions. This review offers implications for both future researchers and practical applications in addressing foreign language anxiety.

Internet of Thing (IOT) Based Sensor Technologies and Smart Irrigation System: An Analysis of Critical Success Factors in Emerging Markets

ABSTRACT: This study explores how smart irrigation systems can be improved by introducing advanced technologies and reducing water consumption to fight climate change. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the success of smart irrigation systems based on the Internet of Things with the mediation of optimal consumption management. This is an applied research employing mixed methodologies (qualitative-quantitative). Initially, the semi-structured interviews were carried out to obtain the effective success factors of the smart irrigation system. Analysis in the qualitative section has been conducted using the Maxqda software. For the quantitative study, a 25-statement questionnaire was applied according to the selected codes obtained with a five-point Likert scale to validate the obtained model. The questionnaire was distributed online in January 2023, and analysis was conducted using SmartPLS3 software. The technical aspects of the questionnaire were assessed using validity and reliability criteria, which can guarantee the precision of the research findings. Construct and content validity were employed in this study to examine the questionnaire’s validity. The researchers employed Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to evaluate the reliability of the measurement instrument. Besides, it can be said that the research instrument has acceptable reliability because obtained Cronbach’s alpha for all variables was greater than 0.70 and the questionnaire’s overall alpha was determined to be 0.810. Furthermore, the t-statistics for all research hypotheses is higher than 1.96 at the 95% confidence level. In this sense, the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. The Internet of Things and will change the nature of activities and services in the market. In fact, for emerging markets, the untapped and growing investment opportunities and the economic leap against the Internet of Things are so enticing and facilitating that it is impossible to resist. and neglecting it will cause irreparable damage to agility. Therefore, the success of the Internet of Things for emerging markets depends on the preconditions of integration of activities carried out by decision-making organizations, facilitation of regulations, and communication and interaction between relevant sectors, which should be considered a priority through cross-sectoral research.

Designing a health literacy model for patients with diabetes

BackgroundLow health literacy levels among individuals with type 2 diabetes are common and may be a fundamental barrier to increasing self-efficacy and self-care in patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to propose a model for educating health literacy in diabetic patients in hospitals affiliated with the Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.MethodsThis research was applied in terms of purpose, mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of data type, qualitative content analysis, and cross-sectional survey in the quantitative aspect (fitness of model). The statistical population in the qualitative section included 18 participants from experts in the field of health care. In the quantitative section, 220 educators working in hospitals affiliated with the Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, were selected using stratified random sampling. Data collection tools included interviews in the qualitative section and research-made questionnaire in the quantitative section. For data analysis, coding was used in the qualitative section, and structural equation modeling was used in the quantitative section.ResultsFor this model, 6 dimensions, 17 components, and 78 items were identified. The results showed that the basic literacy dimension had a coefficient of 0.729, the specialized literacy dimension had a coefficient of 0.712, diabetes management had a coefficient of 0.654, social literacy dimension had a coefficient of 0.630, cultural literacy dimension had a coefficient of 0.605, and media literacy had a coefficient of 0.535, respectively, contributing the most to the health literacy of diabetic patients.ConclusionSince the “Health Literacy Education” model has a good fitness, it is recommended that this model will be applied in different settings such as hospitals in order to improving the health level of patients.

Practice of district health information data for decision making and associated factors among performance monitoring team at Hadiya Zone Public Health Facilities SNNPR, Ethiopia.

Evidence based practice is a key tool to increase effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare providers worldwide and using health facility data at all levels is vital. But, it is poorly practiced in developing countries including Ethiopia. As a result, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of practice of District Health Information for decision making and associated factors among performance monitoring teams in Hadiya Zone public health facilities, South Nation Nationality People Republic, Ethiopia, in 2022. A facility based-cross sectional study was employed from May 3 to June 3, 2022. To obtain data, a pre-tested structured questionnaire with qualitative was employed. A multistage random sampling technique was employed to select performance monitoring team from public health facilities. Data was entered into a computer using Epi data version 4.6, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify determinants related to practice of district health information. For the qualitative section, thematic analysis was used. The practice of district health information for decision making among performance monitoring team in this study was 48% (95% CI: [42.3, 54.1]). having standard sets of indicators [AOR = 4.055; 95% CI: (1.67, 9.86)], Being trained [AOR = 3.12; 95%CI: (1.385, 7.023)], having internet access [AOR = 3.23; 95% CI: (1.52, 6.9)], having positive attitudes [AOR = 2.667; 95% CI: (1.28, 5.56)], having low motivation [AOR = 0.202; 95% CI: (0.081, 0.504)], Sufficient skill [AOR = 3.239: 95%CI; (1.328, 8.164)] and having knowledge [AOR = 6.227; 95% CI: (2.12, 12.8)] were significantly associated with practice of District health information for decision making. In general, this study found that the performance monitoring team at health facilities poorly practiced district health information. It requires major improvement to provide a consistent set of indicators, training, internet access, user attitudes, motivation, and necessary skills and knowledge, as well as to raise users' confidence in DHIS2.

Design, development, and evaluation of a multi-lingual web-based database for informing people regarding driving-impairing medicines

Objective Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a growing traffic safety problem in many countries. It is estimated that 5 to 10% of medicinal drugs may impair driving due to their side effects. Despite the high number of medicinal drugs prescribed in Iran, there is a lack of a database that could provide specialized information regarding medicinal drugs and driving. Therefore, the present study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate a database for informing the general public, drivers, and healthcare providers regarding driving-impairing medicines. Methods The Drugs-and-traffic-safety (DATS) database, which has been developed by Road Traffic Injury Research Center (RTIRC), was designed using Java, HTML, JavaScript and MySql database. After completing the testing process, pharmaceutical data (i.e., generic and brand names, route of administration, anatomical classification, etc.), the level of influence of medicinal drugs on driving, and driving-related recommendations based on the level of influence for consumers were entered into the database. A cross-sectional study, and a qualitative study as semi-structured interviews and expert panels were conducted in different target groups to evaluate the DATS. Finally, the evaluation results were used to improve the database. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and MAXQDA-10, respectively. Results The DATS was the only web-based database that could be accessed online via different browsers. The database included information about 1,255 medicinal drugs, and their influence on driving was shown with four colors, i.e., green (insignificant or no effect), yellow (mild effect), orange (moderate effect), and red (severe effect). The database was designed in multiple languages, which could enable users to search for medicinal drug names in both Persian and English. Based on the quantitative results, the mean score of the DATS was 75.10 ± 16.01 (out of 100) from the public viewpoint, indicating that the users were relatively satisfied with the database. Some themes and subthemes were extracted from the qualitative section of the study which revealed the users found DATS a practical, useful, and user-friendly tool. Conclusion Considering the positive feedback of users about DATS in the quantitative and qualitative evaluations, implementing DATS in Iran could provide useful advice in terms of the influence of medicinal drugs on driving to the public and traffic users. Therefore, it can raise public awareness of the risk of driving under the influence of medicinal drugs.

Effects of interactive learning module technology on Kazakh as a second language learners’ achievement and communication skills

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interactive learning module technology (ILMT) in teaching Kazakh as a second language in secondary schools in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This research was carried out at Russian-medium secondary schools during the academic year 2021-2022. There were two groups in the sample: the experimental (n=63) and control (n=61). The experimental group received an education based on the ILMT while the control group received an education based on the curriculum's traditional technique. The study used a mixed research design and was divided into two sections: quantitative and qualitative. A semi-experimental pre- and post-test control group design was adopted in the quantitative section. The qualitative section employed phenomenology. The quantitative data were acquired using the students' knowledge assessment test and analyzed using comparative analysis. An interview questionnaire and observations were used to obtain qualitative data which was then evaluated using content analysis. The experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of mean post-test knowledge assessment test scores. The ILMT in teaching Kazakh as a second language is efficient in improving the quality of mastering Kazakh language by Russian-speaking students. Content analysis showed that the ILMT helps to reduce students' anxiety and increase independence which is necessary for the development of students' communication skills.

Challenges and solutions of medical residency: the example of Iran

BackgroundMedical residency constitutes a highly demanding and taxing phase in the professional journey of physicians. Factors such as low income, excessive workloads, and uncertainty regarding their career trajectory can contribute to diminished job satisfaction among residents. Neglecting this issue can have enduring negative effects on the quality and quantity of healthcare services provided. This research aims to explore the challenges encountered during medical residency and propose viable solutions.MethodsIn this qualitative study conducted in 2023, interviews were employed to identify challenges, facilitators, barriers, and potential solutions associated with transitioning from residency to a job. In the qualitative section, a purposive selection process led to the inclusion of 26 interviewees, and for the Delphi method, 17 experts were purposefully chosen at three hierarchical levels: macro (Ministry of Health), intermediate (university), and executive (hospital). Qualitative data underwent analysis using a conceptual framework, while Delphi data were subjected to quantitative analysis.ResultsThe qualitative analysis revealed five general themes with 13 main categories and 70 sub-categories as challenges, two general themes as facilitators, and barriers to the transition from residency to a job. Additionally, eight main categories with 52 interventions were identified as solutions to overcome these barriers. In the Delphi stage, the number of proposed solutions was streamlined to 44 interventions. The most significant challenges identified in this study included high workload during residency, low income, career-related uncertainties, issues related to welfare services, and challenges in education and communication.ConclusionThe decline in residents’ willingness, coupled with the substantial work and financial pressures they face, poses a serious threat to the healthcare system, necessitating significant reforms. Transitioning from residency to a full-fledged job emerges as a potential avenue to address a substantial portion of the expressed needs. Implementing these reforms demands resolute determination and collaboration with sectors beyond the healthcare system, integrated into a comprehensive national healthcare plan that considers the country’s capabilities.

Cooperation of Emotional Intelligence and Social Activities in Education: Effects on School Culture and Value Acquisition

This study examined the effects of the cooperation of emotional intelligence and social activities in education on school culture and value acquisition. The research used a simultaneous transformational research design with a mixed research method. Seven hundred and ten students participated in the quantitative part of the research, and 105 teachers and school administrators participated in the qualitative part. The quantitative research with students determined a positive and significant relationship between social activity, values and school culture scales. Students’ participation in social activities mediates the impact of values on the school culture and contributes to the formation of a culture. Accordingly, the cooperation of emotional intelligence and social activities significantly contributes to developing students’ emotional and social skills, the positive transformation of the school culture and the acquisition of values. The teachers who participated in the qualitative section also confirmed this result. The teachers stated that social activities are essential in the value education process at school and connect students more strongly to the school. In this regard, developing educational programs and policies that support the cooperation of emotional intelligence and social activities will be a critical step for education systems. This is crucial in achieving the sustainable development goals. This study indicates that social activities are essential in promoting sustainability in education.

Essence of Establishing Fully Equipped Emergency Medicine Department for Medical Professionals: Key Informants Interview

Background: Medical profession is a combination of multi- sectoral and multi-departmental approach. Emergency department is such type of service area which deals with emergent condition of patients by skilled professionals, staffs and necessary equipment. So, it is important to find out the necessity of establishment of fully equipped Emergency Medicine and Causality Department in health professional training institutes. Methods: This qualitative section representing a larger cross-sectional study that was conducted from July 2022 to June 2023 to identify current status of emergency care among interns and medical students of Bangladesh. This information were obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with 10 emergency physicians of eight medical college hospitals to find out essence of Emergency Medicine and Causality Department. Results: Most (80%) of the interviewees mentioned that learning Emergency Medicine is very vital for medical students and interns. They also mentioned that due to identity crisis of the Emergency Medicine, creating challenges for medical graduates to trained upon emergent cases. Majorities (70%) of the interviewees clearly defined that medical professionals are continuously losing skills to handle medical emergencies due to improper training facility by proper trainer and staffs. Many (60%) of the interviewees mentioned a hopeless situation that the learners’ skills not up to mark to deal emergency cases. It’s not only the learner fault, it’s also for lacking in our educational policy. Majorities (70%) of the interviewees agreed that if we want to flourish the essence of emergency Medicine care for our learners it is mandatory to establish separate Emergency Medicine Department by skilled trainers, staffs and required equipment. Conclusion: This study recommended to produce competent medical graduates by fully equipped of separate Emergency Medicine Department. CME J 2024; 3(2); 38-42

A mixed method feasibility and acceptability study of a flexible intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy for patients with cancer.

This study aimed to propose an innovative, open, and circular program that combines acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and mindfulness practices. We assessed its feasibility, acceptability, and first signs of its effect on psychological wellbeing in cancer support treatment. A single-center, single-arm, uncontrolled study was performed. Forty adult patients with non-metastatic prostate or breast cancer, newly diagnosed or undergoing treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy), were recruited. Three cycles of three MAEva program sessions (MAEva: Mindfulness meditation, Acceptance, and Commitment to values program) over nine consecutive weeks were proposed. During the total of 12 weeks of follow-up, after attending the first session, patients were free to attend subsequent sessions. Adherence to the study was high, with participation in an average of 6.8 out of nine sessions. A total of eight patients attended all sessions over the three cycles, and 90% participated in at least one cycle. Furthermore, attendance was associated with a statistically significant improvement in Quality of Life (QoL). Each additional session was associated with a mean increase in overall QoL score of more than one point (β = 1.09 [0.13; 2.04], p = 0.02). The fatigue dimensions decreased with session attendance: physical (β = -2.24 [-3.63; -0.85]), emotional (β = -2.60 [-4.11; -1.09]), and interference with daily life (β = -2.33 [-3.95; -0.72]). The qualitative section demonstrated that patients learned skills and shared their ability to "let go". Patients rated the degree of importance of the program at 8.36/10 (SD ± 1.64). This study highlights the feasibility and acceptability of an original program that combines ACT and mindfulness practices in cancer patients. Future studies are required to demonstrate the efficacy of the MAEVA program. The MAEva pilot study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier NCT04751201. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04751201, identifier [NCT04751201].

Identifying Barriers to the Participation of Diabetic Patients in Khuzestan Province in Sports Activities

Objective: Exercise and physical activity as an essential factor and an integral part in the prevention of standard management of diabetes, however, most people with diabetes are not active enough. The objective of this research was to identify the obstacles hindering the participation of diabetic patients in sports activities in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods: The study followed an exploratory-applicative approach, utilizing a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology. The qualitative section involved 18 knowledgeable experts, while the quantitative section included all diabetes patients in Khuzestan province. The sample size for the quantitative section was determined to be 384 patients, based on Morgan's table. Data collection in the qualitative part was conducted through semi-structured interviews, resulting in the extraction of 46 concepts, 19 sub-categories, and 8 main categories over three stages. In the quantitative part, a researcher-designed questionnaire was used, based on the interview findings. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0.90. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results: The findings indicated that various factors act as barriers to the participation of diabetic patients in sports activities, including self-actualization (7.79), environmental (6.10), educational and research (5.83), managerial (5.72), cultural (2.85), physical and supportive (2.8), time (2.62), and economic (2.15) factors. Conclusion: Therefore, it is recommended that sports and health officials in the province take measures to alleviate these obstacles and improve the quality of life for diabetic patients.

Spin Entanglement – A Unifying Principle for Superconductors and Molecular Bonding

The spin-statistics theorem is generalized to include quantum entanglement. Specifically, within the context of spin entanglement, we prove that isotropically spin-correlated (ISC) states must occur in pairs. This pairing process can be composed of parallel or anti-parallel states. Consequently, the article proposes using ISC states as a unifying principle to explain better Bose-Einstein condensates, the theory of superconductivity, and molecular and atomic orbitals, all of which involve a pairing process. The theoretical framework is established in sections 1 and 2. The other qualitative sections focus primarily on the experimental evidence to support the theory.<strong>Keyword</strong><strong>s</strong>Entanglement and spin-statistics; unifying principle; condensates; superconductors; molecular bonds

Development and Validation of a questionnaire on human dignity in nursing cares: an exploratory sequential mixed study.

The current study aimed to develop and validate of human dignity questionnaire in nursing care. The present research is a sequential exploratory mixed method study. The questionnaire was developed and validated in three phases: (1) the concept of human dignity was defined through conventional content analysis qualitative approach, (2) early items of questionnaire was generated according to findings of the first phase, (3) validation of the questionnaire was evaluated using face, content and construct validity as well as reliability. The study was conducted with the participation of 13 nurses in the qualitative section and 203 nurses in the quantitative section in teaching hospitals affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (Iran). In the qualitative section, the definition and dimensions of the concept of human dignity in nursing care were discovered. In the quantitative section, the initial pool of items for the questionnaire of human dignity in nursing care was formed using the results of the qualitative section of the study and review of texts and related questionnaires. In factor analysis, four subscales including: respectful communication, equality of patient human value, preservation of privacy and patient-centered care were extracted by Eigen value above one. Internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire were calculated as 0.85 and 0.80, respectively, indicating an excellent reliability. The 20-item developed questionnaire is valid and reliable for measurement of human dignity questionnaire in nursing cares.

Construction and validation of a secure-base leadership model in education organization (a mixed-methods exploratory study)

There is no doubt about the importance of leadership and attachment styles on individual behavior and organizational outcomes. However, researchers have neglected to apply and integrate attachment concepts in management and organizational studies for years. One of the basic concepts in attachment theory is the secure base. In 2011, Coombe considered the application of this concept in leadership, which resulted in representing the theory of secure base leadership. The present study aimed at constructing and validating a secure base leadership model. The research method is a mixed exploratory method composed of qualitative and quantitative measures including thematic analysis and survey, respectively. The participants of the qualitative section were 14 faculty members, specialists, and experts in the field of educational management and psychology selected using the purposive sampling method and snowball technique. Besides, the participants of the quantitative part included 441 administrative staff and teachers in Tehran were by cluster sampling. Open, axial, and selective coding was used to analyze interview data in the former part, while in the latter, structural equations were used. The results of the qualitative analysis indicated that secure base leadership includes three main aspects, namely security (accepting people (acceptance), support, providing security, mutual trust, independence, fairness, staying calm (controlling and adjusting emotions)), exploration (risk-taking, increasing individual capacities, being responsive and sensible, intellectual stimulation), and deep intellectual bond (positive attitude, high emotional capacity, transparency in relationships, compatibility, being a good listener). Also, the quantitative part of the research results showed validity and reliability as well as a good fit of the proposed model.

Staff Opinions on the Most Positive and Negative Changes in Mental Health Services During the 2 Years of the Pandemic Emergency in Italy

AbstractThis mixed-methods study investigated healthcare staff members’ opinions on the most positive and negative changes in mental health services (MHSs) during the 2-year COVID-19 pandemic emergency in Italy, and whether those changes differed by professional role and type of service. At the end of the national health emergency (March–April 2022), staff members from 17 MHSs completed the MHS Transformations Questionnaire, which includes a quantitative section with 30 multiple-choice items addressing positive changes and a qualitative section with two open-ended items on the most positive and negative changes. The 714 participants who responded to at least one open-ended item in the qualitative section formed the sample. Qualitative responses were categorised according to the textual content of the response and the themes of the quantitative section. Flexibility and Ability to Reinvent the Service was the subscale with the highest mean score. The most positive and negative changes fell into the following categories: practices (49.1 and 39%), organisation (34.5 and 36.9%), teamwork values (45.0 and 34.5%), and relationships with users and their families (31.9 and 40.6%). The most positive changes differed by type of service (i.e. in the relationship with users and their families category) and by professional role (i.e. in the practices and relationship with users and their families categories), whereas the most negative changes differed by type of service (i.e. in the practices category). The results may elucidate the complex experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic in MHSs and reveal lessons to be considered in post-pandemic service planning.

Social workers and xenophobia: The case of Türkiye

Summary In recent years, xenophobia has become an increasingly important area of research in social work. This study was conducted in the South-Eastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean regions of Türkiye, both of which are densely populated by immigrants. In the study, the mixed method was conducted on social workers working in these regions. In the quantitative section, the Xenophobia Scale was applied on 242 social workers. In the qualitative section, 35 social workers were interviewed. Findings The findings revealed that married social workers were more xenophobic than their single counterparts ( p ≤ .05). While those who did not receive training on immigration tended to be more xenophobic than those who received training ( p ≤ .000), those who worked in the Mediterranean region tended to be more xenophobic compared to their counterparts who worked in the South-eastern Anatolia region ( p ≤ .05). In the qualitative section featured 35 social workers who fell into three categories: those who did not use xenophobic expressions but were disturbed by the problems that arose with living with immigrants, those who used xenophobic expressions, and those who did not use xenophobic expressions at all. Applications This study's findings highlight the significant role of non-xenophobic social workers in the field of migration. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity for xenophobia-focused trainings for social workers. In conclusion, there is potential for enhancing non-xenophobic practices among social workers in the field.

A Study of Women`s Language Features in Pakistani Female Bloggers

Bloggers often write about personal interests. The content of Pakistani female bloggers' blogs might reveal their views on women's rights and empowerment, social issues, education, fashion, and lifestyle. Pakistani female bloggers' gender discourse is examined using women's language traits. This study investigates linguistic patterns and issues of interest within a specific group to get insight into the role of women in Pakistani online discourse and gendered communication in digital spaces. This study could use qualitative research methods and data acquisition. The qualitative section of this research analyses the chosen female bloggers' blog postings to identify linguistic patterns, vocabulary, grammatical structures, and other language characteristics. Pakistani English often uses progressive verbs, which are stative in British English. In conclusion, Pakistani female bloggers' writing language is revealed via data analysis. Pakistani female bloggers have a particular voice and style due to the lack of articles, the usage of prepositions with "-ing" participles, progressive features, and informal language. The study may also examine Pakistani English stative verb progression. This could involve identifying the verbs used this way and exploring the causes of this linguistic diversity. The current study only included five female bloggers. Future research should involve a wider and more diverse sample of bloggers to better understand the groups and themes being investigated.

The implications of Artificial Intelligence on international development management

<p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool revolutionizing various sectors globally, including international development management. This research aims to explore the current landscape of AI implementation in global development management, assess the benefits and challenges associated with its adoption, and propose relevant policies and practices. A mixed research design, comprising qualitative and quantitative methods, was utilized to gather data from secondary sources. The qualitative section of the study draws upon case studies from diverse operational sectors to examine the impact of AI adoption. These case studies highlight how AI contributes to improved performance in various industries and the potential positive effects on individuals’ lives. The quantitative part of the research utilizes data from renowned databases such as World Bank Open Data, United Nations Development Programme, International Monetary Fund (IMF), OECD Stat, and Global Open Data Index. Integrating qualitative and quantitative data allows for a comprehensive understanding of AI implementation’s economic growth and development across different organizations worldwide. The findings reveal that AI adoption in international development management holds significant promise for enhancing organizational efficiency and individuals’ well-being. However, the research also identifies various challenges associated with AI implementation, such as ethical considerations and potential job displacement. To address these issues, the study proposes policy recommendations and best practices that can guide organizations and policymakers in effectively harnessing the transformative potential of AI. This research contributes to international development management by providing a deep understanding of the importance of AI in the current context. The study offers insights for organizations adopting AI and assists policymakers in identifying and resolving pertinent challenges. By completing this study, organizations and policymakers can proactively address the existing problems and develop strategies to maximize the benefits of AI while minimizing potential risks. In summary, this research underscores the immense potential of AI in driving development and improving lives, laying a foundation for future advancements in international development management.</p>

DECISION-MAKING OF FOOTBALL REFEREES BEHIND CLOSED DOORS: PSYCHOLOGICAL, COMMUNICATIVE, AND FUNCTIONAL FACTORS

DECISION-MAKING OF FOOTBALL REFEREES BEHIND CLOSED DOORS: PSYCHOLOGICAL, COMMUNICATIVE, AND FUNCTIONAL FACTORS