Qualitative Response Research Articles

The Recognition of Fragrant Plant Characteristic in Enhancing the Place Image for Royal Town of Kuala Kangsar, Perak

In Malay art, a flower or Bunga expressed about the beauties and aesthetics. At the same time, the fragrant plant belief to be a representative of paradise, which have a pleasant fragrance. It is observed that the used of aromatic plants has been a practices in Perak's royal ceremonies. This paper aims to identify the qualitative response on the recognition of the fragrant plant to support the reinforcement of place image of Kuala Kangsar as Royal Town of Perak. The results reveal that Lotus (Nelumbo), Melur (Jasminum), and Tanjong (Mimusops elengi) are mostly associated with Royal Town Kuala Kangsar, Perak. (100 words max.)Keywords: Fragrant plant; Place Image, Royal TowneISSN: 2398-4287 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v4i12.1874

PERBANDINGAN REGRESI LOGISTIK BINER DAN PROBIT BINER DALAM PEMODELAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA

Regression is a data analysis method used to model the relationship between one response variable and one or more predictor variables. In regression modelling, data is often used. In general, the regression model that is often used is simple or multiple regression in modelling where the response variable is quantitative data. The fundamental difference from regression models using quantitative data is the main objective is to estimate the average value of the dependent variable using certain values of the independent variable. Whereas in a regression model with a qualitative dependent variable the main objective is to find the probability of something happening (probability model). One of the development methods of the regression model for data with qualitative response variables is Logistic and Probit regression. The purpose of this study was to compare the best model using binary logistic regression with binary probit regression in the case of Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) in Gorontalo City. The research method used is quantitative research methods, with binary logistic regression modelling and binary probit regression. The results showed that the variable that has a significant effect on TPAK Gorontalo City is the open unemployment rate, and the best model between the binary logistic regression model with an AIC value of 1.289 is smaller than the AIC value of the binary Probit regression 1.318, likewise from the R2 value the R2 value for regression is obtained. binary logistic of 12.74%, greater than the R2 value of binary probit regression of 10.70%.

Intercultural Education Between Pedagogical Challenge and the Premise of Social Development

The paper presents the formative approach of the intercultural education as a pedagogical challenge and the premise of the social development of the individual and of the society as a whole.Lucrarea prezinta demersul formativ al educației interculturale ca provocare pedagogica și premisa a dezvoltarii sociale a individului și a societații in ansamblu. Multicultural education is presented as a qualitative response to the opportunities for social interrelation, as a pedagogical solution for a qualitative approach to cultural expansion in the context of applying educational and cultural policies focused in a balanced manner on both national and international values.

Peptide-Conjugated Silver Nanoparticle for Autoantibody Recognition.

In this work, we considered the autoantibodies proposed as putative biomarkers of demyelination taking into account their reactivity towards myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein (MBP). These myelin proteins are among the most commonly researched targets in the immunopathology of demyelinating diseases. In this context, the development of assays for autoantibody detection can contribute as a predictive value for the early diagnosis of demyelinating diseases. Hence, we aimed to address the application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a sensing device of autoantibodies. AgNPs were synthesized via a chemical reduction method and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry, dynamic light scattering, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. The process of peptide conjugation on the nanoparticles was also analyzed. The autoantibody recognition by the peptide-conjugated AgNPs was evaluated with UV-visible spectrophotometry, atomic force spectroscopy (AFS), and color changing. AgNPs exhibited spherical morphology, low polydispersity, face-centered cubic crystal structure, and an average size of 29.3±3.0 nm. The hydrodynamic diameter variation and AFM showed that the MBP peptide induced greater agglomeration, compared to MOG peptide. The AFS measurements indicated the efficient binding of peptides to the AgNPs maintaining their activity, revealed by typical adhesion force and shapes of curves. The absorption spectrum features were more affected by the interaction with the specific autoantibodies, which also caused a visible color change in suspension providing a qualitative response. We described a preliminary study of MOG- and MBP-conjugated AgNPs which showed to be applicable in the autoantibody recognition. These have promising implication in the searching for biological markers for diagnostic purposes in the demyelination context, in which the nanoscale sensing exploitation is recent.

Qualitative Response Modeling Using Ordinal Logistic Regression

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Conditional effects of development aid on political perceptions: mixed-methods evidence from North-East Afghanistan

Can aid create political trust in conflict-affected states? International aid organizations often argue that supporting states in providing basic services can contribute to strengthening state–society relations. Previous studies in international development have indicated that the provision of basic services can indeed improve people’s attitudes towards state institutions. We take this research a step further: in addition to analysing the impact of aid on political trust, we assess how violence influences this effect. We argue that aid can create opportunities for constructive state–society interactions. As violence increases, however, development-related interactions are crowded out by security-related ones. Violence also fosters corrupt aid governance, which undermines the positive effects of aid on public perceptions. We analyse this hypothesis with a mixed-methods research design that combines original opinion survey data with qualitative interview material systematically collected in 252 villages of northeast Afghanistan. Based on a combination of (a) quantitative analyses, (b) a comparison of most-similar villages, (c) a systematic comparison of qualitative survey response patterns across levels of insecurity, and (d) an in-depth analysis of interview material on aid and trust in highly insecure areas, we show that violence negatively impacts the relative relevance as well as the quality of aid-related state–society interactions. These findings indicate that international aid agencies should refocus from mainly output-oriented project appraisal, design, and monitoring to a stronger process orientation that maximizes state–society interaction and prevents elite capture in areas exposed to high levels of violence.

Linking intraspecific variation in plant chemical defence with arthropod and soil bacterial community structure and N allocation

AimsWe tested whether chemical content of individual Tansy plants influences aboveground arthropod and belowground soil microbial community composition.MethodsWe use Tansy chemical defence composition as focus for our analysis, given that changes in chemical defence are a dominant mechanism expected to modify aboveground and belowground community composition and nutrient cycling. Detailed assessment of arthropod food webs were made on tansy chemotypes. Next generation soil DNA analyses were used to assess soil bacterial community.ResultsTansy plants defended by Camphor and Borneol had higher total soil bacterial diversity than control plants (soils under non-Tansy plants) and Tansy chemotypes containing high concentrations of Thujon. Furthermore, the frequency of bacterial genera with a significant role in litter mineralization processes decreased with time in soil associated with Camphor and Borneol chemotypes, indicative of complete microbial decomposition and mineralization of plant material. No such changes occurred in soils associated with Thujon chemotypes. Thujon plants had fewer aphids, ladybirds, spiders, and Orius sp. than other chemotypes.ConclusionsOur experiments revealed that Thujon chemotypes had different associated aboveground arthropod and belowground soil microbial communities than Camphor or Borneol chemotypes. The common qualitative response between aboveground and belowground communities to Tansy plant defense is consistent with our hypothesis and extensive literature on plant defense and aboveground and belowground feedbacks.

Critical Social Justice Inquiry Circles: Using Counter-Story as a Counter-Hegemonic Project

This article presents a qualitative dialogic poetic response in the form of a critical social justice inquiry circle and a critical reading of Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds as poetry and as an intentional gesture of listening as activism. This discourse is one of resistance to the acritical/apolitical nature of schooling and to prepare hegemonic/White educators to become culturally responsive (ala Milner) and to devise a new critical methodology, we embark on this radical proposition. Our use of critical social justice inquiry circles using poetic dialogue is inspired by Denzin’s conception of Critical Performance Pedagogy.

Immigrant-Origin Students in Community College: How Do They Use Their Time on Campus?

BackgroundImmigrant-origin students are the fastest growing new population in community colleges, making up nearly a third of the community college population. To date, little is known about how immigrant-origin students make use of their time on community college campuses.PurposeThis study sought to understand in what ways and to what extent immigrant-origin students—defined as first-generation (foreign-born) or second-generation (born in the United States to immigrant parents)—used their out-of-class campus time at three urban community colleges. We examined the following quantitative questions: How much time do students report spending on campus doing what activities? What is the demographic variation in these patterns (according to immigrant generation, ethnicity/race, and gender)? What factors predict how much overall time immigrant-origin students spend on campus? What is the effect of academically productive time spent on campus on grade point average for immigrant-origin students? We also explored the following qualitative questions: What do immigrant-origin community college students say about the time they spend on campus? What insights do they have as to what impedes or facilitates their spending (or not spending) time on campus?Research DesignThe study proposed a new conceptual framework and employed an embedded sequential explanatory mixed-methods design approach. As part of a survey, participants (N = 644, 54.6% women; M age = 20.2 years; first-generation immigrant n = 213, 33%; second-generation immigrant n = 275, 43%) completed a series of items about the time that they spent on campus and their relationships with their instructors and peers. Qualitative response data were derived from an embedded interview subsample of participants (n = 58).ResultsImmigrant-origin students reported spending a considerable amount of out-of-class time—an average of 9.2 hours—on campus. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that peer relationships and time spent helping parents or commuting positively predicted the amount of time students spent on campus. Qualitative responses provided further insights into immigrant-origin community college student experiences and provided perspectives on issues contributing to their spending out-of-class time on campus.ConclusionsThis study has implications for research, practice, and policy, given that immigrant-origin students make considerable use of their campus spaces. Community colleges should strive to nurture positive spaces and design the kind of on-campus programming that will enhance the success of immigrant-origin students. Collectively, these services will not only enhance the experience of immigrant-origin students but also be beneficial to the larger campus community that uses the community college sector as a stepping-stone toward upward social and economic mobility.

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of SAM-supported Porphyrin-based Metal Organic Frameworks for Molecular Recognition

The development of the sensing systems based on the ultrathin films of functional metal organic networks as efficient synthetic alternative to molecular biosensors is in the focus of intense research. Herein we report how to fabricate uniformly structured surface-attached metal organic frameworks (SURMOFs) from zinc complex of meso-carboxyphenyl-substituted porphyrin and zinc acetate as films on the surface of self-assembled monolayers of silanes and thiols. The layer-by-layer self-assembly with shortened time of the layer deposition at room temperature was applied to obtain 5-layer SURMOFs with high crystallinity, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. These SAM-supported SURMOF films were used as sensing layers for qualitative response to organic molecules in aqueous solutions. By using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, we showed that the SURMOFs do not bind 4-nitrophenol and uracil whereas they are capable of absorption of purine compounds such as adenine and adenosine 5-monophosphate. This binding is a size sensitive process in favor to adenine suggesting the effect of the SURMOF structure on the molecular recognition. The UV-vis spectroscopy study of the process indicated that the recognition of purines by the porphyrin-based SURMOF proceeds through the interactions of the amine groups with zinc ions in metal clusters rather than with the central metal ions in porphyrin cores. Our findings provide an insight into the sensing properties of the porphyrin-based SURMOFs that is useful for further advancements in fabrication of responsive thin films for biologically relevant analytes.

Dynamic analysis of crank mechanism with complex trigonometric nonlinearity: a comparative study of approximate analytical methods

The geometrically nonlinear crank (GNC) is a mechanism that is found in machines. Its vibration is governed by a differential equation with complex trigonometric nonlinearity. This paper presents two approximate analytical solutions for dynamic analysis of the GNC using a quasi-static cubication method (QCM) and the energy balance method (EBM). Comparison of the results of the QCM and EBM with standard numerical results shows that the QCM gives a better estimate of the GNC vibration and captures the qualitative response better than the EBM. The study shows that the GNC exhibits a strong nonlinear vibration response at all amplitudes. The dynamic analysis also reveals an asymptotic response in the relation between the frequency and a geometrical constant defined as the ratio of the crank length to the distance between the supports of the GNC.

Qualitative and quantitative response of artichoke to irrigation treatments and planting densities

To study the effects of water stress and plant density on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), a two-year field experiment was carried out in a semi-arid region in 2016 and 2017. The experimental treatments were arranged as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were three irrigation treatments of 40, 60 and 80% field capacity and sub-plots consisted of four planting densities of 2, 4, 6 and 8 plant m−2. The results showed leaf area, dry matter, and chlorophyll (a, b, and total) concentration decreased by water deficit stress, whereas proline concentration was increased by water deficit stress. Dry matter and LAI were significantly affected by plant density, so that the highest dry matter and LAI in all irrigation treatments were observed at the populations of 6 plants m−2. An increase of plant density decreased concentrations of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll in artichoke leaves. The various irrigation treatments and plant densities influenced total polyphenol and yields of caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Among irrigation treatments, the highest yield of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and total polyphenol (5.14, 8.24, and 5.01 g m−2, respectively) belonged to the non-stressed control. In addition, the highest yield of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acids and total polyphenol (5.90, 9.38, and 5.60 g m−2, respectively) were observed at the population of 6 plants m−2. For both of these factors, the yields of these compounds were completely affected by dry matter yield.

PNS231 THE VALUE OF EMBEDDED INTERVIEWS: CASE STUDY OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT EXPERIENCE OF MEPOLIZUMAB SELF-ADMINISTRATION

To describe the value and operational learnings of embedded interviews using mepolizumab trials as a case study. Mepolizumab is licensed to treat severe eosinophilic asthma in the US. Development of a prefilled autoinjector (AI) and prefilled syringe (PFS) has been undertaken to allow self-administration, which may improve the patient treatment experience. Quantitative questionnaires [AI: n=153; PFS: n=56] and complementary qualitative exit interviews [AI: n=25; PFS: n=7] assessing the patient experience of self-injection were embedded in two real-world use studies of mepolizumab administered via an AI [N=159] and PFS [N=56]. • Capturing the patient experience through clinical endpoints alongside quantitative and qualitative patient reported outcomes provided a fuller picture of the value of the mepolizumab AI and PFS. • Qualitative interviews allowed improved interpretation of quantitative results. Example – mepolizumab AI/PFS self-administration studies Primary endpoint • > 99% of injections via both devices were successfully self-administered at week 8. Example of patient treatment experience results • Quantitative (satisfaction): >96% of respondents were “satisfied”/“very satisfied” with using the device (AI/PFS) at home. ○ AI qualitative response example: “… it’s comfortable. I have it at home, I’m independent from anyone else. I can do it any day of the week, any time of the day, and, you know, it’s easy to do. It’s not a big deal”. • Quantitative (convenience): >96% of respondents reported receiving mepolizumab using the device at home (AI/PFS) as “moderately”/”very”/”extremely” convenient. ○ AI qualitative response example: “It’s very convenient, because like I said, you don’t have to leave the house to go to some office in order to get it done”. Operationalisation learnings will allow for implementation improvements of future embedded interviews. Seeking the patient experience can provide valuable additional information. Including qualitative interviews alongside quantitative questionnaires increases response understanding. However, proactive consideration of the operationalisation of embedded interviews is necessary.

Simulation of swelling pressure evolution during infiltration in a bentonite block-pellet laboratory scale test

This paper presents numerical simulation of an infiltration test performed on MX-80 block-pellet laboratory sample. The simulation is performed with Thebes Code, a fully coupled THMC finite element program. The focus of the simulation is to recover the observed swelling pressure and dry density of the initially inhomogeneous system during the hydration process and at the final fully saturated state. The numerical results show that the simulation is capable to capture the qualitative response reported in the experimental results. However, the quantitative predictions still need improvements. That could be achieved by better simulation of the three-dimensional geometry of the pellets and further incorporation of the microstructural effects in the employed hydro-mechanical constitutive models.

Análisis de la violencia en las mujeres con un modelo de escenarios de riesgo

Introducción. En El Salvador, la probabilidad de encontrar una mujer víctima de violencia basada en género es de 34 mujeres por cada 100. Objetivo. Construir escenarios de riesgo, y riesgo relativo en la mujer, partiendo de características como los antecedentes de violencia en la niñez y aspectos sociodemográficos que incrementan la probabilidad de que se convierta en víctima de algún tipo de violencia. Metodología. Análisis de los factores que incrementan el riesgo que una mujer sea víctima de algún tipo de violencia mediante un modelo de probabilidades de respuesta cualitativa usando la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Violencia contra las Mujeres 2017. Resultados. En promedio, la probabilidad de que una mujer se convierta en víctima de algún tipo de violencia es del 29.3 por ciento, considerando los valores medios de la densidad poblacional, la edad y el antecedente personal de la mujer. Conclusiones. El antecedente personal de la mujer es determinante ya que el riesgo relativo aumenta si la mujer fue víctima de violencia antes de los 15 años, en ese caso, las posibilidades se triplican respecto al grupo de mujeres sin historial de violencia.

Different Interferon Beta Preparations Induce the Same Qualitative Immune Response in Human Skin.

Interferon beta (IFNβ) is used as a first-line treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously (s.c.). The subcutaneous route is considered more immunogenic as it is associated with increased antidrug antibody-positive patients. The skin contains dendritic cells (DCs) and it is unclear whether these contribute to immunogenicity. To assess the effect of IFNβ on skin-resident cells, IFNβ was injected intradermally (i.d.) ex vivo using a human skin explant model or s.c. in vivo in MS patients. Ex vivo, intradermal IFNβ injections reduced migration and enhanced surface CD86 expression of dermal DCs, and an increased expression of HLA-DR+ was observed in skin biopsies taken after subcutaneous IFNβ injection (in vivo). In both models, IFNβ elevated the expression of several inflammatory cytokines when compared to the control biopsies. Our results show that 3 different IFNβ preparations, normalized in dose and injection site, induce similar immune responses, suggesting that the differences in immunogenicity are likely due to the route and frequency of administration.

Qualitative response of super basmati rice to different nitrogen levels under varying rice ecosystem

Planting methods and nitrogen rates play pivotal role in the production and quality of fine grain rice. A field experiment was carried out at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan during 2015 and 2016 using four planting methods namely drilling of dry seed in well prepared dry soil (DSR-drill), ridges made after broadcast of dry seed in dry soil (DSR-ridge), broadcast of dry seed in well prepared dry soil (DSR-broadcast), followed by irrigation and Puddled transplanted rice (PTR)-conventional transplanting. Four nitrogen levels viz. N0: control, N1: 133 kg N ha-1 (recommended), N2: 166 kg N ha-1 and N3: 199 kg N ha-1 were compared for a fine grain rice variety Super basmati. Data were collected on quality parameters namely brown rice (BR) %, total milled rice (TMR) %, head rice (HR) %, average grain length (AGL), length width ratio (LWR), cooked grain length (CGL) mm, bursting (%), elongation ratio (ER), amylose content %, protein content % and grain yield (t ha-1). Results indicated that planting methods behaved the same with respect to the parameters BR %, TMR %, AGL, LWR, amylose and protein content %. However, HR % was the highest in DSR-ridge sowing as compared to other planting methods. AGL, CGL, and ER were more in PTR-conventional transplanting followed by DSR-ridge sowing and bursting % was more in DSR broadcast method. Nitrogen affected positively all the parameters under study up to maximum level of its application. So it can be concluded that PTR-conventional transplanting and DSR ridge sowing with nitrogen at the rate of 199 kg ha-1 gave better quality compared to other DSR methods and nitrogen doses. Key words: Grain quality, Nitrogen levels, rice (Oryza sativa L.), sowing methods.

Quantitative and qualitative changes in anti-Neu5Gc antibody response following rabbit anti-thymocyte IgG induction in kidney allograft recipients.

Antibodies of non-human mammals are glycosylated with carbohydrate antigens, such as galactose-α-1-3-galactose (α-Gal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). These non-human carbohydrate antigens are highly immunogenic in humans due to loss-of-function mutations of the key genes involved in their synthesis. Such immunogenic carbohydrates are expressed on therapeutic polyclonal rabbit anti-human T-cell IgGs (anti-thymocyte globulin; ATG), the most popular induction treatment in allograft recipients. To decipher the quantitative and qualitative response against these antigens in immunosuppressed patients, particularly against Neu5Gc, which may induce endothelial inflammation in both the graft and the host. We report a prospective study of the antibody response against α-Gal and Neu5Gc-containing glycans following rabbit ATG induction compared to controls. We show a drop in the overall levels of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies at 6 and 12months post-graft compared to the pre-existing levels due to the major early immunosuppression. However, in contrast, in a cross-sectional study there was a highly significant increase in anti-Neu5Gc IgGs levels at 6months post-graft in the ATG-treated compared to non-treated patients(P=0.007), with a clear hierarchy favouring anti-Neu5Gc over anti-Gal response. A sialoglycan microarray analysis revealed that the increased anti-Neu5Gc IgG response was still highly diverse against multiple different Neu5Gc-containing glycans. Furthermore, some of the ATG-treated patients developed a shift in their anti-Neu5Gc IgG repertoire compared with the baseline, recognizing different patterns of Neu5Gc-glycans. In contrast to Gal, Neu5Gc epitopes remain antigenic in severely immunosuppressed patients, who also develop an anti-Neu5Gc repertoire shift. The clinical implications of these observations are discussed.

Evaluation of Electronic and Paper-Pen Data Capturing Tools for Data Quality in a Public Health Survey in a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Ethiopia: Randomized Controlled Crossover Health Care Information Technology Evaluation.

BackgroundPeriodic demographic health surveillance and surveys are the main sources of health information in developing countries. Conducting a survey requires extensive use of paper-pen and manual work and lengthy processes to generate the required information. Despite the rise of popularity in using electronic data collection systems to alleviate the problems, sufficient evidence is not available to support the use of electronic data capture (EDC) tools in interviewer-administered data collection processes.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare data quality parameters in the data collected using mobile electronic and standard paper-based data capture tools in one of the health and demographic surveillance sites in northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA randomized controlled crossover health care information technology evaluation was conducted from May 10, 2016, to June 3, 2016, in a demographic and surveillance site. A total of 12 interviewers, as 2 individuals (one of them with a tablet computer and the other with a paper-based questionnaire) in 6 groups were assigned in the 6 towns of the surveillance premises. Data collectors switched the data collection method based on computer-generated random order. Data were cleaned using a MySQL program and transferred to SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0) and R statistical software (R version 3.4.3, the R Foundation for Statistical Computing Platform) for analysis. Descriptive and mixed ordinal logistic analyses were employed. The qualitative interview audio record from the system users was transcribed, coded, categorized, and linked to the International Organization for Standardization 9241-part 10 dialogue principles for system usability. The usability of this open data kit–based system was assessed using quantitative System Usability Scale (SUS) and matching of qualitative data with the isometric dialogue principles.ResultsFrom the submitted 1246 complete records of questionnaires in each tool, 41.89% (522/1246) of the paper and pen data capture (PPDC) and 30.89% (385/1246) of the EDC tool questionnaires had one or more types of data quality errors. The overall error rates were 1.67% and 0.60% for PPDC and EDC, respectively. The chances of more errors on the PPDC tool were multiplied by 1.015 for each additional question in the interview compared with EDC. The SUS score of the data collectors was 85.6. In the qualitative data response mapping, EDC had more positive suitability of task responses with few error tolerance characteristics.ConclusionsEDC possessed significantly better data quality and efficiency compared with PPDC, explained with fewer errors, instant data submission, and easy handling. The EDC proved to be a usable data collection tool in the rural study setting. Implementation organization needs to consider consistent power source, decent internet connection, standby technical support, and security assurance for the mobile device users for planning full-fledged implementation and integration of the system in the surveillance site.

Evaluating classification accuracy for modern learning approaches.

Deep learning neural network models such as multilayer perceptron (MLP) and convolutional neural network (CNN) are novel and attractive artificial intelligence computing tools. However, evaluation of the performance of these methods is not readily available for practitioners yet. We provide a tutorial for evaluating classification accuracy for various state-of-the-art learning approaches, including familiar shallow and deep learning methods. For qualitative response variables with more than two categories, many traditional accuracy measures such as sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve are not applicable and we have to consider their extensions properly. In this paper, a few important statistical concepts for multicategory classification accuracy are reviewed and their utilities for various learning algorithms are demonstrated with real medical examples. We offer problem-based R code to illustrate how to perform these statistical computations step by step. We expect that such analysis tools will become more familiar to practitioners and receive broader applications in biostatistics.