Qualitative Research Model Research Articles

ÇOCUKLARIN “YAPAY ZEKA” KAVRAMINA İLİŞKİN METAFORİK ALGILARININ İNCELENMESİ

Özet: Bu çalışmada çocukların, başta eğitim alanı olmak üzere her geçen gün hayatlarına daha fazla giren yapay zekânın 6-10 yaş grubu çocuklar tarafından nasıl algılandığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma modeli kapsamında olgubilim (fenomonoloji) deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 6-10 yaş grubu 146 çocuk ve ebeveyni oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplamak amacıyla biri ebeveynlere biri çocuklara yönelik olmak üzere iki form kullanılmıştır. Çocukların, “Yapay zeka ………… gibidir. Çünkü …………..” ifadesini tamamlamaları istenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde MAXQDA programından yararlanılmış, elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesinde ve yorumlanmasında içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda çalışma grubundaki çocukların yapay zeka kavramını ifade etmek için 12 metafor ürettikleri belirlenmiştir. 12 metafor kendi içerisinde canlı ve cansız olmak üzere 2 ana temada gruplandırılmıştır. Yapay zekanın benzetildiği olgunun sebebi incelendiğinde verilen yanıtlar insanlığa yönelik, zekâya yönelik ve robotik olmak üzere 3 ana temada gruplandırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, üretilen metaforlar 6-10 yaş grubu çocukların yapay zekâ kavramına ilişkin sahip oldukları algıları anlama, açığa çıkarma ve açıklama imkânı sunmuştur..

Stereotypes About the Teaching Profession

This research aims to determine the stereotypes about the teaching profession. In line with this purpose, 104 classroom teachers determined by the criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, were determined as the study group in the 2021-2022 academic year. In this study, which was directed by the basic qualitative research model, one of the qualitative research approaches, semi-structured interview forms, were used to collect data. The purpose of this interview form was to identify the stereotypes experienced by classroom teachers, the cause for the creation of these judgments, and the behaviours expected of teachers and non-teachers to combat these stereotypes. The content analysis technique was used in the analysis process of the obtained data. As a result of the research, the teaching profession, It is seen that there are stereotypes that it is comfortable, having a lot of holidays, working half a day, the most difficult, earning money while lying down, a sacred, female profession. Examining the origins of stereotypes reveals that the teacher (attitude, qualifications, type of employment) and working conditions are professional factors. In contrast, the country's political structure, the media, and the social perspective are non-professional factors.

Green Defense Industries in the European Union: The Case of the Battle Dress Uniform for Circular Economy

As climate change is at the top of the world’s agenda, the armed forces and other defense actors must give a signal that they are environmentally responsible. In this regard, the defense industry should be one of the first actors to devise new strategies and actions aimed at reducing the environmental footprint. This article focuses on the measures being taken by the defense industry and the armed forces, and on how technology, the circular economy (CE) and Lean principles can contribute to a better environment. A qualitative multimethod research model was used, covering more than one research method, such as a systematic literature review and a case study research. Although the literature highlights that the defense sector in Europe is far from being a green actor, a transition to the CE was identified. In that regard, the European Union (EU) defense industry has been a key player in CE R strategies, such as: repurpose, remanufacture, repair, reuse, reduce and rethink. The contribution of new technologies has empowered military equipment to acquire enhanced characteristics, such as material resistance, while EU technology centers have been instrumental in a green transition. Additionally, more comprehensive research is needed in order to allow generalization of the results.

EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL HEADS' OPINIONS ON LOCALIZATION IN EDUCATION

In this study, it is aimed to examine the opinions of school principals about decentralization in school administrations. The research is in the qualitative research method. In the research, the phenemology model of qualitative research was used. The study group was selected by purposive sampling method and consists of six school principals experienced in school management. Data were obtained through interview and analyzed by content analysis. According to the results of the research, school principals experience various problems in management, the main ones being pressure from the supervisor, financial inadequacies, personnel shortages and clumsiness and slowness caused by the bureaucratic structure. These problems experienced by school principals are closely related to localization and result from the fact that schools are managed with a centralized structure. School principals believe that decentralization in education is necessary. They think that decentralization in school management will save public money, get rid of the excessive workload of the central government, increase success and efficiency in education, and help ensure adocracy and peace in schools and society. While decentralization has benefits, it can cause some inequalities and negativities. It is recommended to create the necessary environment for this and to make legal and structural preparations.

According to Teachers Problems Regarding the Content of the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge Course Teaching Curriculum (4-8. Grades) and Solution Suggestions in the Pandemic Process

Türkiye’de 10 Mart 2020’de ilk COVID-19 vakasının görülmesinin ardından 23 Mart 2020 tarihinden itibaren uzaktan eğitime geçilmiştir. Uzaktan eğitimde gerçekleştirilen uygulamalarla ilgili literatür incelendiğinde birçok çalışmaya rastlamak mümkündür. Bu çalışma Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi Dersi içeriğini konu edinmesiyle diğer çalışmalardan farklılaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel problemi; pandemi sürecinde öğretmenlerin DKAB Dersi Öğretim Programlarının işlenişi esnasında yaşadıkları sorunlar ve bunlara yönelik çözüm önerilerinin belirlenmesidir. Böylece eksikliklerin belirlenerek program geliştirme çalışmalarına katkı sunmak hedeflenmektedir. Nitel araştırma modelinin benimsendiği bu araştırma, durum çalışması deseniyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada pandemi sürecinde gerçekleştirilen din öğretimi uygulamalarında yaşanan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, öğretmenlerle yapılan görüşmeler doğrultusunda derinlemesine incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak DKAB Dersi Öğretim Programları nın içeriğinin bir taraftan pandemi sürecinde karşılaşılan problemlere yönelik temizlik alışkanlıklarına vurgu yapılması, değerlerin öğretimi gibi bazı katkılara sahip olmakla birlikte süre sorunu yaşanması, öğrencilerin aktif hale getirilmesi, materyal kullanımı ve ölçme-değerlendirme gibi konularda da zorlanıldığı tespit edilmiştir.

PENELITIAN DESAIN MEBEL BERBASIS PANGKALAN DATA DENGAN METODE DIVERGEN KONVERGEN ITERATIF SEBAGAI STRATEGI R&D & MANUFAKTUR PERUSAHAAN (STUDI KASUS: CORPORATE SPECIALISTS, MALAYSIA & HOMELEGANCE, USA)

Furniture design for mass production & export orientation is complex innature, tend to have a lot of revisions, thus require a lot investment in fund,time, and effort. There are 2 research issue: 1) Mistakes in design proposalsoften occurred (size, construction, style, finishing, price), can not match withfactory production capacity, or buyer’s market target. In this case, factoriesare suppliers of research partner 1 (CS), and buyer is research partner 2(Homelegance). Second issue: 2) Designer’s idea often surrounds in designaesthetic alone, disregard the A-Z aspect in supply & demand chain of amass-produced furniture (production, marketing, packing, shipping, etc).This research uses qualitative research model with many case studies, andapplies 3 methods: 1) divergent convergent iterative design method; 2) 2D &3D database from CS; 3) considering US market response fromHomelegance. This research aims to: 1) providing ways and recommendationfor stakeholder to reduce revisions (time & cost saving), 2) producingdesigns with export oriented quality, 3) providing design insights foracademics about furniture design from early to final phase. Research output(furniture samples) are stored in multiple supplier’s warehouse.

The road to championship: An example of an individual with autism spectrum disorder

The aim of this research is to investigate the road to championship of an individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who began physical activity in childhood under parental influence and won medals in competition as an athlete. In this research, founded on the phenomenological pattern from qualitative research models, data were collected in a semi-structured interview. Face-to-face interviews were held with the family, coach and the research participant. The content analysis method was used. The individual with ASD began a physical activity program in a special education center in childhood under parental influence and psychiatric referral. The individual with ASD continued in long-term regular physical activity. It was stated that physical activity provided many benefits like socialization, healthy lifestyle, development of motor skills. With the awareness of the individual’s ability for physical activity, they were directed toward a sport with parental support and through a coach. In conclusion, parental influence on physical activity and sport was effective in the individual with ASD to begin. Physical activity and sport also provided many significant benefits, and these benefits were effective in the continuation. The individual was observed to achieve success in their sports discipline as a result of this process.

Technology of vocabulary development in English lessons for students of grades 5–6 with poor hearing

The purpose of this research is to get teachers' opinions on the use of word development technology in English lessons for grade school students. In this study, the phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research models, was used. The study group for the research consists of 20 English teachers working in various schools for the hearing-impaired in Kazakhstan. Research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the majority of English teachers participating in the research support the use of technology in the education of hearing-impaired fifth- to sixth-grade students, and they sometimes use word development technology in the education of hearing-impaired fifth- to sixth-grade students. The majority of English teachers stated that they sometimes use word development technology in the education of hearing-impaired fifth- to sixth-grade students; that it has a positive effect on the participation of students with hearing impairments; that it makes it easier for students with hearing impairments to understand what they read; and that it facilitates the success of hearing-impaired students.
 Keywords: Vocabulary development technology, English education, teacher opinions;

Analisis Makna serta Diksi Pada Puisi “Padamu Jua” Karya Amir Hamzah

This study aims to discuss the hidden meaning in the text of the poem "Padamu Jua" by Amir Hamzah through discussion and exposure in terms of Hermeneutics and also examines interesting diction in the text of the poem. The hermeneutical theory is used to interpret the meaning of the poem. This study also uses a descriptive qualitative research model. The data subject of this study is a literary work of poetry with research data in the form of quoted words whose meaning and diction are analyzed using a hermeutical approach. Diction is word choice. That is, we choose the right words to convey an idea and accuracy. The role of diction in poetry is very important because in poetry words are everything. In fact, for the type of imaginary poetry as stated by Sapardi Djoko Damono. The data collection technique in this article is the first to analyze the meaning of perbait with a hermeneutical approach, the second to analyze and look for the interesting diction in the poem "Padamu Jua" by Amir Hamzah and the third to present the data results in descriptive form.

Public health genomics capacity assessment: readiness for large-scale pathogen genomic surveillance in Canada’s public health laboratories

BackgroundAlong with rapid diagnostic testing, contact tracing, and public health measures, an effective pandemic response incorporates genomics-based surveillance. Large-scale SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing is a crucial component of the global response to COVID-19. Characterizing the state of genomics readiness among Canada’s public health laboratories was necessary to inform strategic planning and deployment of capacity-building resources in the early stages of the pandemic.MethodsWe used a qualitative study design and focus group discussions, encompassing both technical and leadership perspectives, to perform an in-depth evaluation of the state of pathogen genomics readiness in Canada.ResultsWe found substantial diversity in the state of readiness for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance across Canada. Despite this variability, we identified common barriers and needs in the areas of specimen access, data flow and sharing, computing infrastructure, and access to highly qualified bioinformatics personnel.ConclusionsThese findings enable the strategic prioritization and deployment of resources to increase Canada’s ability to perform effective public health genomic surveillance for COVID-19 and prepare for future emerging infectious diseases. They also provide a unique qualitative research model for use in capacity building.

Multicultural Education Policies and Connected Ways of Living during COVID-19: Role of Educators as Cultural Transformers

Multicultural education plays a significant role in eliminating prejudices and developing concepts such as tolerance, understanding, respect for differences, and empathy. The northern part of Cyprus exhibits the characteristics of a society that has received increasing numbers of immigrants in recent years, and where the experiences of living together with individuals from different cultures begin to differ rapidly. As a result of increasing immigration to the northern part of Cyprus in recent years and the changing lives based on digitalization, students from different cultures have started to receive education in schools. The aim of this research is to evaluate the multicultural education policies to contribute to the creation and implementation of multicultural education policies according to the results of the evaluation of the role of digital educators in transforming cultures. In addition, the qualitative research model was adopted, and the Case Study pattern was used. The interview technique was used for data collection. The research universe consisted of 31 participants, including teacher training faculty members, administrators, and teachers working in public schools in the 2020–2021 academic year in the northern part of Cyprus. Educators participating in the research expressed more positive views on multiculturalism, multicultural education, and multicultural education.

The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) in Studying Health Care Professional–Patient Communication

Our study aimed to describe and evaluate the applicability of the critical incident technique (CIT) in qualitatively identifying the health-related outcomes of professional–patient communication. We described and evaluated the applicability of the CIT by analyzing previous CIT studies in the field of multidisciplinary health research, as well as conducting a study in which the CIT was applied. We based our description and evaluation on the qualitative research model developed by Carter and Little (2007). Our evaluation showed that in addition to defining the critical requirements of professional–patient communication in relation to specific outcomes, the CIT could be applied in defining the significance of the multidimensional nature of professional–patient communication. However, the successful use of the CIT requires correct epistemological, methodological, and method-related choices regarding the CIT’s application in the research frame and the type of information sought.

Manajemen Pemasaran Bank Syariah Berbasis Tekhnology Revolusi Industry 4.0

Marketing of Islamic banks must have an economic construction 4.0, which is a fundamental change in the way of human life and work processes, where advances in information technology can integrate in the world of life with digital which can have an impact on scientific disciplines. This research is expected to add to the scientific treasures in the field of Islamic banking, especially those related to Islamic Banking issues in Facing Economic Construction 4.0 Reviewed Through SWOT Analysis which can be used as reference material for further researchers who conduct similar research. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the strategy of Islamic banking in dealing with economic construction 4.0 is reviewed through a SWOT analysis, and also to find out what are the obstacles of Islamic banking in facing economic construction 4.0 through a SWOT analysis. This research is a qualitative research with a qualitative research model with a case study approach model, which is a research approach that tries to explore real life through detailed and in-depth data collection involving various sources of information, either in the form of interviews, document observations or reports by describing objects from research case. The research results obtained are that Islamic banks must have a strategy to face the 4.0 industrial revolution, which researchers then analyze using SWOT.
 Key Word: Sharia Bank Marketing Management, Industry Revolution Technology 4.0

Interpersonal Problems of Urban Poor Children Case Intervention Study—An Attempt to Integrate Social Work Approach in China

As cities grow, the issue of urban poor children comes to the fore. Whereas, professional skills of Social Work are not widespread in China since it is a new subject. Besides, people find that using a single method of Social Work is not always effective in dealing with complex problems. Therefore, this paper attempts to flexibly utilize the social work approach, as well as integrate various professional skills to achieve better results. After selecting a child as a case in the Y community and the assessment, it finds that interpersonal barriers and a weak social support system were his critical problems. Therefore, the intervention aims to strengthen his social support system and improve his interpersonal communication capability. The practice study is based on the social system theory, analyzing the client’s egotism living conditions and social interaction. According to the Pincus-Minahan model, this paper sets service goals and intervention objects, choosing the client’s personal, family, and school system as intervention objects. The intervention process combines interview and scale, and adopts a variety of special practical skills suitable for the client’s situation, such as game therapy and relaxation mode. To progressively achieve goals, the intervention comprises five phases, including “the establishment of professional relations”, “venting emotions stage”, “establishing rational cognition stage”, and “promoting positive interaction with the family system stage”, and “social skills enhancement stage”. The service successfully alleviates interpersonal interaction trouble. In addition, in order to make the study more objective and comprehensive, this practical study combines interviews with scale, integrates qualitative and quantitative evaluation research models, and carries out process evaluation in each service stage. In the selection of research methods, this paper gives full play to the advantages of casework, and makes up for the weakness by integrating various practical skills. This practical study has achieved remarkable results. The client is more willing to communicate with others after the intervention, and his interpersonal relationship has been significantly improved.

SINIF ÖĞRETMENLERININ SINIF İÇI EKOLOJIK AYAK İZI FARKINDALIĞI ARTTIRMA UYGULAMALARI

With this research, it is aimed to determine the practices of classroom teachers to increase awareness of ecological footprint in the classroom. The study group of this research, which is shaped by the basic qualitative research model among the qualitative research methods, consists of 28 classroom teachers who work in Diyarbakır city center in the 2019-2020 academic year and are determined by the purposeful-criterion sampling method. During the data collection process of the research, interviews were made with classroom teachers. In the interviews, questions prepared with semi-structured interview technique were used and content analysis was used in the analysis process of the data obtained with these questions. As a result of the interviews with the classroom teachers; It was stated by teachers that ecological footprint practices should be given from primary school. It has been concluded that the practices of classroom teachers to reduce the ecological footprint include components of the ecological footprint, and these activities provide children with the development of environmental awareness, sense of responsibility and cooperation, love of nature and animals, and a sense of protection and ownership. It was determined that classroom teachers faced difficulties such as limited school facilities, lack of sufficient support from parents and administrators, insufficient curriculum and crowded class sizes during the process of ecological footprint practices and activities to develop sustainable living opportunities.

Meta-Thematic Analysis of the Studies on the Remedial Education Program in Primary Schools

The purpose of this research is to analyze the studies on the Remedial Education Program in Primary Schools using meta-thematic analysis. In this research, qualitative research papers containing the opinions of participants about the Remedial Education Program in Primary Schools (REPPS) were examined by reviewing using Google Scholar and TR Dizin databases. In our research, research papers were determined by making a search using the keywords “Remedial Education Program in Primary Schools” and “REPPS.” As a result of the review, 12 articles published as full text, using the qualitative research model and containing participant views, were included in the research. Five themes were developed as a result of this research.

An Examination of the Activities in the Unit "Solar System And Eclipses" in the 6th Grade Science Textbook in Terms of Critical Thinking Standards

The science curriculum aims to provide students with the identity of a researcher, thinking skills, and scientific process skills. Critical thinking skill emerges as one of the skills that should be emphasized in the teaching process in terms of its structural features and the qualities aimed to be given to individuals. For individuals to gain critical thinking skills, they must first gain critical thinking standards. The main purpose of this research is to examine the activities in the "Solar System and Eclipses" unit in the sixth-grade science textbook in terms of critical thinking standards. The qualitative research model was used in the research. The data source of the research is the sixth-grade science textbook used in the province of Isparta. The data of the research were collected using the document analysis method. In the analysis of the data, the analysis was made by applying the descriptive analysis method, one of the qualitative data analyses. In line with the analysis, in terms of critical thinking standards, the secondary school sixth-grade science textbook has been determined to meet the standards of clarity, accuracy, significance/relevance, sufficiency, breadth/depth, and precision at a high rate. Based on the research results, suggestions have been developed that textbooks from different disciplines should be examined in line with critical thinking standards and that the activities of different grade-level units in the science curriculum should be examined in terms of critical thinking standards.

Integrated Methods for Applying Critical Race Theory to Qualitative COVID-19 Equity Research.

Racism persists, underscoring the need to rapidly document the perspectives and experiences of Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) groups as well as marginalized populations (eg, formerly incarcerated people) during pandemics. This methods paper offers a model for using Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) and related critical methodologies (ie, feminist and decolonizing methods) to inform the conceptualization, methods, and dissemination of qualitative research undertaken in response to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Using purposive snowball sampling, we identified organizations involved with health equity and social justice advocacy among BIPOC and socially marginalized populations. Focus group participants (N=63) included community members, organizers, activists, and health workers. We conducted topic-specific (eg, reproductive justice) and population-specific (eg, Asian and Pacific Islander) focus groups (N=16 focus groups) in rapid succession using Zoom software. A self-reflexive, iterative praxis guided theorization, data collection and analysis. We obtained community input on study design, the semi-structured discussion guide, ethical considerations and dissemination. Applying PHCRP, we assessed our assumptions iteratively. We transcribed each interview verbatim, de-identified the data, then used two distinct qualitative techniques to code and analyze them: thematic analysis to identify unifying concepts that recur across focus groups and narrative analysis to keep each participant's story intact. The praxis facilitated relationship-building with partners and supported the iterative assessment of assumptions. Logistical constraints included difficulty ensuring the confidentiality of virtual discussions. These novel approaches provide an effective model for community-engaged qualitative research during a pandemic.

Functions of tale in education and metaphoric elements in Judith Malika Liberman's tales

Bu çalışmanın amacı, masalların eğitimsel işlevselliği ve masallardaki metaforların incelenmesidir. Masallar, ait oldukları toplumları ve o toplumların gelenek göreneklerini, hayata bakış açılarını, olayları algılama biçimlerini, ait oldukları toprakları ve o toprakların insanlarının özelliklerini vb. anlatır. Bu yönüyle gelenek ve iletişimden beslenen kültürel bellek toplumların kimliği konumundadır (Assmann, 1997: 25-28). Bu nedenle masallar kültürel kimliğin gelecek nesillere ulaşmasında aktif rol oynarlar. Masal dilinin temelinde metafor kavramı vardır. Metafor kavramının ortaya çıkma sürecinde anlaşılırlığı artırmak ve kolaylaştırmak amaçlarının olduğu söylenebilir. Yaşamdaki her bir detayı, deneyim alanını veya hissedilen her ne var ise onu anlamak için metaforlar üretilmektedir. Toplumsal hafıza bu metaforları kullanışlı buldukça metaforlar bilindik hale dönüşmekte ve aynı zamanda yeni metaforlar yaşama dahil olmaktadır. Yaşam devam ettiği sürece, insanoğlu yaşama ilişkin deneyimlerini ifade etme ihtiyacını devam ettirdiği müddetçe ve iletişim olanakları arttıkça metaforlar da üretilmeye devam edecektir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için belirlenen yöntem nitel araştırma modellerinden doküman inceleme çalışmasıdır. Araştırmanın durumunu Judith Malika Liberman’ın masal kitapları oluşturmaktadır. İnceleme çalışmasında kullanılan kitaplar, “Masal Terapi, Masallarla Yola Çık, Önce Hayal ve Taş Çorbası” ‘dır. Masal Terapi kitabında elli dört masal vardır. Masallarla Yola Çık kitabında kırk masal vardır. Önce Hayal ve Taş Çorbası kitapları bağımsız çocuk kitaplarıdır. Araştırma verileri, inceleme için belirlenmiş kitaplardaki masallarda geçen metaforların tespiti, metafor unsurlarının belirlenmesi ve teorilerinin belirlenmesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda masallarda kullanılan metaforların ontolojik ve kavramsal metaforlar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kullanılan metaforların anlaşılırlığı arttırdığı görülmektedir. Bu özelliği ile eğitimde çocukların düzeyine uygun olan masallarda, bu dilin kullanılması, verilmek istenen kavram ve değerlerin anlaşılırlığını ve ilgiyi arttıracağı tespit edilmiştir.

Exploring Funding Models in ‘’No-Fee’’ Schools in Cape Town: Evidence from Selected Public Primary Schools.

Purpose: The explicit goal of education funding policy is to raise educational standards by addressing historical financial disparities. This study, explored the funding models in three no-fees public primary schools within the Western Cape Education Department in Cape Town. The specific objective of this study was to explore and discuss the funding models’ initiatives of schools in resources scarce communities in Cape Town.
 Methodology: A qualitative research model was adopted for the investigation. Semi-structured guided questions were used to obtain the data. Using intentional sampling, which selects individuals based on their backgrounds and expertise, a total of nine people was recruited. Three school principals, three chairs of the governing body, and three administrators of the school's finances made up the group of participants. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, data were recorded using telephone conversations. The researcher used a thematic data analysis approach to analyse the data after recording and meticulously transcribing the talks. Individual interviews, participant data, and document analysis were all merged by the researcher in order to make the research conclusions credible.
 Findings: As a result, it was determined whether the information from the case study and the interviews headed in the same direction. Additionally, the researcher gave each participant a chance to confirm that the facts were what they had provided as data. The study indicated that despite receiving 75% of their income from the government, certain no-fee public primary schools still had a high level of resource reliance. A sizeable part of school funding—25%—comes from voluntary donations. The funding attempts, however, have not succeeded in bringing in the money the schools sorely need. Due to government rules, schools feel they have too little money left over and are unable to make significant improvements. The study also showed that fundraising campaigns have an impact on education since they interfere with class time. Additionally, the study demonstrates that learner’s social competition has increased as a result of selling products on campus to raise extra money since learners whose parents cannot afford it do not want to feel afraid or humiliated.
 Recommendations: Selected schools should raise funds using stronger and more innovative funding initiatives rather than traditional, hands-on approaches. The government should rethink amending schooling policies to legally accord schools to collect fees, since studies show that parents in low-resource communities are removing their children from low-resource schools to well-resource schools. Governments also need to rethink school policy changes to give schools the flexibility to make significant budget changes.