Qualitative Inference Research Articles

Dissecting the causal role of immunophenotypes in primary sclerosing cholangitis risk: A Mendelian randomization study.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic cholestatic liver condition, is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Specific immune cells have been implicated in PSC pathogenesis with the emergence of the "microbiota" and "gut lymphocyte homing" hypotheses, albeit their identities remain controversial. The first genome-wide association analysis leveraged nonoverlapping data from 3757 Europeans to evaluate 731 immunophenotypes. A genome-wide association analysis comprising 2871 cases and 12,019 controls yielded summary statistics for PSC. An inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis was performed to identify immunophenotypes causally related to PSC, and the results were validated using weighted mode, MR-Egger, and weighted median methods. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy of the results. IVW analysis revealed 26 immune traits exhibiting causal associations with PSC. CD3 on HLA-DR+ CD4+ (IVW odds ratio [OR]: 0.904; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.828-0.986, P = .023) and CD3 on secreting Treg (IVW OR: 0.893; 95% CI: 0.823-0.969, P = .007) were negatively associated with PSC susceptibility and demonstrated high consistency across the 3 validation methods. Moreover, 7 other immune traits, including CD39+ resting Treg absolute cell (IVW OR = 1.083, 95% CI: 1.013-1.157, P = .019), CD39+ secreting Treg absolute cell (IVW OR = 1.063, 95% CI: 1.012-1.118, P = .015), CD3 on naive CD8br (IVW OR = 0.907, 95% CI: 0.835-0.986, P = .022), CD3 on CD39+ activated Treg (IVW OR = 0.927, 95% CI: 0.864-0.994, P = .034), CD28 on resting Treg (IVW OR = 0.724, 95% CI: 0.630-0.833, P = 5.95E-06), and CD39 on CD39+ CD4+ (IVW OR = 1.055, 95% CI: 1.001-1.112, P = .044) exhibited consistent results in the Weighted Median and Weighted Mode validation methods. Moreover, no significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was observed across the single nucleotide polymorphisms. The leave-one-out results revealed that sequentially eliminating each single nucleotide polymorphism had no significant influence on model effect estimates or qualitative inference. This study evaluated potential causal links between 731 immune traits and PSC susceptibility. Twenty-six immune traits were identified using the IVW method. Verification across multiple methods revealed 9 immune traits with a plausible causal connection to PSC. These findings may uncover mechanistic pathways and novel therapeutic approaches.

ANALISIS KEWENANGAN GUBERNUR DKI JAKARTA DALAM MENETAPKAN KEPUTUSAN UPAH MINIMUM PROVINSI TAHUN 2022

This study is based on previous work by the Governor of DKI Jakarta, who, in his 2021 Decree No. 1359, first decided on a minimum salary by looking at government regulations pertaining to salaries. Afterwards, Decree Number 1517 superseded it, disregarding the applicable government wage regulations. Examining whether or not Governor DKI Jakarta's Decision Number 1517 of 2021, which sets the minimum salary for 2022, conforms with legal requirements, and whether or not the Governor has the jurisdiction to decide minimum wage choices based on extant legislation are the problems that this study seeks to address. Using secondary data culled from a variety of sources, including main legal resources like statutes and secondary legal materials like books and journals, this study takes a descriptive-analytical method. Qualitative research and inference led to the conclusion that Law 23 of 2014 on Regional Governments grants the Governor of DKI Jakarta the authority to establish the provincial minimum salary for 2022. Unfortunately, this decision was not made in accordance with the processes laid forth in Law No. 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Legal standards.

TUMPANG TINDIH SERTIPIKAT DI KELURAHAN PEGADUNGAN, KOTA ADMINISTRASI JAKARTA BARAT

Overlapping certificates are the issuance of two or more certificates describing the same parcel of land. The formulation of the problem in this research is whether the issuance of Title Certificate Number 9567/Pegadungan in the name of Yahya H. Ahmad above Building Rights Title Certificate Number 15596/Pegadungan in the name of PT Cakradigdaya Lokaraya is valid according to the provisions of National Land Law. Normative juridical research type with analytical descriptive research nature and the type of data used is secondary data obtained from the literature study. Data analysis using qualitative method and deductive inference. Conclusion, based on the Certificate of Pegadungan Village Head, the girik used by Yahya H. Ahmad in the issuance of Title Certificate Number 9567/Pegadungan is not registered in Pegadungan Village, so the issuance of Title Certificate Number 9567/Pegadungan is not in accordance with the provisions of National Land Law, namely the Explanation of Article 24 paragraph (1) of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration.

Creative Learning of Computer Science of Computer Science Professionals: Case University of Matanzas

Research on creativity is a common topic today, with a strong psychological component influencing its definition. This research takes the definition of creative learning from the theory of subjectivity, which is a strand of the cultural-historical approach. However, few studies have defined creativity in the field of computer science and even fewer have addressed learning in this field. This paper aims to diagnose creative learning in computer science in a computer engineering course at the University of Matanzas. In order to achieve this objective, creative learning is first established as an expression of creativity in learning. Then, it is described as a fundamental form of computer activity and, finally, creative learning in computer science is defined. A questionnaire was used to diagnose creative learning in computing. The questionnaire will be administered to 66 final year students enrolled in the academic year 2022. The indicators obtained in the theoretical section will be measured on a scale from 0 to 1. The study will first compare the data obtained through qualitative state inference, followed by the application of inferential statistical methods to further analyse the results. From the results, creative learning in computer science will be assessed and it will be found that it is generally poor. Based on the data, the hypothesis is rejected and the level of development of creative learning in computing is found to be low.

Governing Public–Private Partnerships of Sustainable Construction Projects in An Opportunistic Setting

Government-sponsored public–private partnership (PPP) projects in the United Kingdom face particular complexity and uncertainty challenges because of the country’s specific socioeconomic context. This research investigates the role of governance and stakeholder management in PPP-based sustainable projects by conducting a mixed methods approach, which includes a quantitative survey and a qualitative case study inference. The results show that project governance and stakeholder management have a significant positive impact toward sustainable development and PPP project success. Whereas the negative impact of opportunism over contractual governance and stakeholder management is insignificant. Similarly, the negative effect of project uncertainty over contractual governance is insignificant toward sustainable development.

Physical activity has a stronger correlation with arterial stiffness than strength, balance, or BMI in an older population.

Background: Arterial stiffness is associated with an array of debilitating health conditions. While exercise typically has beneficial effects on both arterial stiffness and overall health, more research is needed to understand the associations of different types of fitness indices with arterial stiffness. Aim: To investigate the relationship between balance, strength, cardiovascular fitness and physical activity with arterial stiffness (as measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV)) in older adults. Method: Eighty retirement-village residents (24 males, 56 females, age: 78.2 ± 6.4years, weight: 69.4 ± 12.5kg, height: 162.9 ± 8.5cm) completed the Yale Physical Activity Survey, PWV measurement, 30-s sit-to-stand leg strength test, hand grip strength assessment, 4-stage balance test, and a 6-min walk fitness test. The number of exiting risk factors (smoking, previous heart incidents, previous stroke(s), having hypertension, or taking anti-hypertension medication) were tallied. Pearson's correlations were used to assess the relationship between PWV and health and fitness parameters. Results were interpreted using qualitative inference. Results: The number of risk factors (r = 0.57, p < 0.001), age (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.50, p = 0.001) had strong, harmful associations with PWV. Total physical activity minutes/week (r = -0.31 p = 0.01), total energy expenditure Kcal/week (r = -0.30, p = 0.01), and the 6-min walk test (r = -0.29, p = 0.01) had a moderate, beneficial association with PWV, while sit-to-stand (r = -0.27, p = 0.02) and balance (r = -0.27, p = 0.01) had a weak, beneficial association with PWV. Hand grip strength (r = 0.02, p = 0.94) and body mass index (r = -0.04, p = 0.75) had no significant associations with PWV. Discussion: All measured fitness indices had beneficial associations with PWV. However, having more risk factors, increased age, and higher systolic blood pressure had significant (harmful) associations with PWV in our older population. Conclusion: Controlling cardiovascular risk factors, especially high systolic blood pressure, is likely to have the largest beneficial effect on PWV. Improving general physical activity, including walking capacity, may prove beneficial in improving PWV in an older population.

On the Definition and Research Methods of Intellectual History: Taking the Origin of Liberation Theology for example

As a kind of historical research consisting of “ideas”and“history”, the study of the intellectual history mainly deals with two kinds of problems: one is to see what a thinker said in the dimension of ideas, and the other is to judge why he said so from the dimension of history. Therefore, the research approach of intellectual history can be divided into“external research method” and “internal research method”. The external research method pays special attention to the interactive relationship between thought and historical context, and places people in the historical context to be observed and analyzed, while the internal research method pays special attention to analyzing the circumference of the system of thought in the theoretical development. This paper analyzes the origin of liberation theology as an example with external research method and internal research method, such as qualitative analysis software, inference and deduction, transcendental dialectic, and also applies the writing patterns of“continuity” and “discontinuity”. The paper proposes that that the origins of liberation theology can be considered in terms of a number of factors, including Christian ecclesiastical base, German theological thought, Roman Catholic Reformation, and the personal situations of liberation theologians，etc.

Soybean root image dataset and its deep learning application for nodule segmentation

The root is very important for anchoring the plant and acquiring water and nutrients from the soil for growth. Plant root trait phenotyping using imaging (2D and 3D) techniques is gaining importance in agriculture to enhance the breeding of superior cultivars. However, most root image data have been collected under controlled growth conditions, such as in greenhouses and growth chambers. In this study, we propose collecting soybean root image datasets from open field conditions for root phenotyping. There are numerous methods for segmenting images, but many of them are not suitable for the tiny and nodulated architecture of root. Advancements such as deep learning (DL) methods and semantic segmentation algorithms have been actively applied in many research studies. In the current study, we used convolutional neural network (CNN) based U-Net with six convolution methods and Deeplabv3+ and compared their performance in nodule identification based on the Dice coefficient, GPU memory usage, qualitative image segmentation, training time, and inference time. Also, we employed two image processing, resizing and patching, for efficient training of images with very high resolution. The results indicated accurate segmentation of root nodules; in addition, the results for the segmentation of root nodules using DL high-resolution (HR) images were more precise and efficient than those with low-resolution (LR) images since the Dice coefficient value and rate of nodule size were high in HR images although the former required more training time and higher GPU memory. Furthermore, in comparison to the resizing approach, patch-based approach outperformed in all aspects of performance. Among the DL models that we employed for our study, the grouped convolution-based U-net showed the best results having high Dice coefficient values 0.647 and 0.618 for 600x400 and 300x200 images respectively in resizing approach and dynamic convolution-based U-net showed the best results having Dice coefficient values 0.792 and 0.777 for 600x400 and 300x200 patch images respectively in patch-based approach. Thus, the optimized DL model presented in this study has the potential to be a valuable tool for the automated analysis of soybean root systems, assisting in the measurement of various root quality parameters and contributing to the development of superior cultivars.

DNA metabarcoding assessment of Neotropical ichthyoplankton communities is marker-dependent.

The study of ichthyoplankton is paramount to understanding fish assemblages' reproductive dynamics. DNA metabarcoding has been applied as a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate taxonomy tool, allowing the identification of multiple individuals simultaneously. However, there remain significant challenges when using DNA metabarcoding, such as molecular marker choice according to the taxonomic resolution and length of the fragment to be sequenced, primer bias, incomplete reference databases, and qualitative inference incongruences. Here, 30 ichthyoplankton pools collected from a Neotropical river were identified at a molecular level using DNA metabarcoding to compare the resolution, sensibility, specificity, and relative read abundance (RRA) recovery of three molecular markers: the standard COI fragment (650 pb, with each end analyzed individually) and two short 12S rRNA genes markers (≅200 bp - NeoFish and MiFish markers). The combined use of the three markers increased the genera detection rates by 25%-87.5%, allowing an increased taxonomic coverage and robust taxonomic identification of complex Neotropical ichthyoplankton communities. RRA is marker-dependent, indicating caution is still needed while inferring species abundance based on DNA metabarcoding data when using PCR-dependent protocols.

Socioeconomic Feature on Child Feeding, As A Determinant Factor of Nutritional Status of Children: The Case of Rural Community at Dilla-Zuria District of Gede’o Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Good nutrition is necessary for a healthy and active life, and it has a direct impact on intellectual capacity, which has a positive impact on social and economic development. As it has a significant impact on physical, mental, social, and cognitive development. A variety of factors influence children's nutritional needs, including access to nutritious foods and feeding practices. To better understand the factors contributing to malnutrition in children under the age of five, a study was conducted in the Dilla-Zuria district of Gede'o Zone, Southern Ethiopia. This study used a cross-sectional design with a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches. SPSS version 20.0 software was employed for analysis. Descriptive statistics, leaner regression, bivariate correlations, and qualitative inference were employed for analysis. Household socioeconomic features, child feeding practices, access to subsistence and food, and the mother’s autonomy to use the household’s wealth were used as independent variables, with anthropometric data from children under the age of five used as a dependent variable for determination of nutritional status. The findings of this study revealed that the caregivers' child feeding practices are heavily influenced by the socioeconomic features of the family when determining the nutritional condition of children under the age of five. To address the nutritional problem of children under the age of five, an integrated holistic approach involving several sectors and subsectors with clearly defined mainstreaming duties has been commended.

Pre-Trained CNN Architecture Analysis for Transformer-Based Indonesian Image Caption Generation Model

Classification and object recognition in image processing has significantly improved computer vision tasks. The method is often used for visual problems, especially in picture classification utilizing the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In the popular state-of-the-art (SOTA) task of generating a caption on an image, the implementation is often used for feature extraction of an image as an encoder. Instead of performing direct classification, these extracted features are sent from the encoder to the decoder section to generate the sequence. So, some CNN layers related to the classification task are not required. This study aims to determine which CNN pre-trained architecture or model performs best in extracting image features using a state-of-the-art Transformer model as its decoder. Unlike the original Transformer’s architecture, we implemented a vector-to-sequence way instead of sequence-to-sequence for the model. Indonesian Flickr8k and Flick30k datasets were used in this research. Evaluations were carried out using several pre-trained architectures, including ResNet18, ResNet34, ResNet50, ResNet101, VGG16, Efficientnet_b0, Efficientnet_b1, and Googlenet. The qualitative model inference results and quantitative evaluation scores were analyzed in this study. The test results show that the ResNet50 architecture can produce stable sequence generation with the highest accuracy value. With some experimentation, finetuning the encoder can significantly increase the model evaluation score. As for future work, further exploration with larger datasets like Flickr30k, MS COCO 14, MS COCO 17, and other image captioning datasets in Indonesian also implementing a new Transformers-based method can be used to get a better Indonesian automatic image captioning model.Â

Multi-stage classification of Alzheimer's disease from 18F-FDG-PET images using deep learning techniques.

The study aims to implement a convolutional neural networkframework that uses the 18F-FDG PET modality of brain imaging to detect multiple stages of dementia, including Early Mild Cognitive Impairment (EMCI) and Late Mild Cognitive Impairment (LMCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) from Cognitively Normal (CN), and assess the results. 18F-FDG PET imaging modality for brain were procured from Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative's (ADNI) repository. The ResNet50V2 model layers were utilised for feature extraction, with the final convolutional layers fine-tuned for this dataset's multi-classification objectives. Multiple metrics and feature maps were utilized to scrutinize and evaluate the model's statistical and qualitative inference. The multi-classification model achieved an overarching accuracy of 98.44% and Area underthe receiver operating characteristiccurve of 95% on the testing set. Feature maps aided in deducing finer aspects of the model's overall operation. This framework helped classifying from the 18F-FDG PET brain images, the subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) which include EMCI, LMCI, from AD, CN groups and achieved an all-inclusive sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 95% respectively.

Kualitas Sumberdaya Manusia dalam Pelayanan Administrasi Kependudukan di Kabupaten Buton Selatan

This article intends to describe the quality of the human resources of the apparatus in population administration services in South Buton Regency. Research data obtained by interview, observation and study of documentation and analyzed by means of qualitative inductive inference process and analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between the observed phenomena. This research concludes, the quality of human resources of the apparatus in population administration services in Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency is quite good, the development is carried out by involving employees through employee education and training that has been carried out, although the employees involved are still limited to pre-service training and are only followed by ASN. Employees are motivated in providing public services, but the provision of rewards and incentives and disincentives to employees is still very limited, the discipline of some employees needs to be improved. Career development is open to every employee, but promotion and placement are the authority of the Regional Personnel Agency of South Buton Regency

Effects of Plyometric Training Combined with Repeated Sprints on Physical Performance in Female Handball Athletes

Handball is characterized by high-intensity efforts and sprints and jumps are crucial for the performance during the game; however, little is known about the effectiveness of plyometric training combined with repeated sprints in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance in female handball athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify whether plyometric training combined with repeated sprints would improve aerobic and anaerobic performance in female handball athletes after preseason. Twelve athletes of the U-20 category (mean age of 18.4 years) were selected, and the variables evaluated covered anthropometric characteristics, body composition, jump tests (vertical and horizontal), aerobic fitness (Yo-Yo test, level 1) and anaerobic fitness (Agility T-test and Running Based Anaerobic Sprint Test) before and after intervention (8 weeks) during the preseason. The training was held three times a week by plyometric exercises (two times a week) combined with repeated sprints (one time a week).Results showed significant differences (p≤0.05) and positive qualitative inference for all variables analyzed between the moments (jump height and distance, agility, aerobic and anaerobic resistance), except for countermovement jump (CMJ) and Fatigue Index. The results of this study revealed that plyometric training combined with repeated sprints could significantly improve aerobic and anaerobic performance in female handball athletes.

Separate substantive from statistical hypotheses and treat them differently.

I suggest addressing the problems Yarkoni identifies by separating substantive from statistical hypotheses, and treating them differently. A statistical test of experimental data only bears directly on statistical hypotheses. Evaluation of related substantive hypotheses requires an additional, qualitative inference to the best explanation. Statistical inference cannot do all of the work of theory choice.

The role of orientation in the MEL response of OLEDs.

Magneto electroluminescence (MEL) is emerging as a powerful tool to study spin dynamics in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The shape of the MEL response is typically used to draw qualitative inference on the dominant process (singlet fission or triplet fusion) in the device. In this study, we develop a quantitative model for MEL and apply it to devices based on Rubrene, and three solution processable anthradithiophene emitters. The four emitters allow us to systematically vary the film structure between highly textured, poly-crystalline to amorphous. We find significant diversity in the MEL, with the textured films giving highly structured responses. We find that the additional structure does not coincide with energy anti-crossings, but intersections in the singlet character between adjacent states. In all cases the MEL can be adequately described by an extended Merrifield model. Via the inclusion of charge injection, we are able to draw additional information on underlying physics in OLED devices.

Volcano curves for homologous series reactions: Oxidation of small alkanes

Volcano curves are typically developed and used for predicting new catalysts for a single reaction and one substrate. The concept of using the volcano curve to predict catalysts for an entire homologous series of reactions has been unexplored. Herein the catalytic activity of seven monometallic catalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ag, Ni, Cu, and Co/Al2O3) and three Ag-Pd/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts is evaluated in the total oxidation of small alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane) in the 280–400 °C temperature range under fuel lean and rich conditions. We show that hysteresis in activity, with three distinct kinetic regimes, is a common phenomenon of alkane oxidation over all catalysts studied when varying the oxygen concentration, and the size of the hysteresis loop depends on the oxophilicity of the catalyst and the reducing ability of the hydrocarbon. Expectedly, the concept of the universality of the volcano curve for a homologous series is valid but only when a suitable surrogate substrate is chosen. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms can serve as surrogates of the alkane homologous series, whereas methane is not. Interestingly and consistent with the hysteresis, the feed composition controls the catalyst oxidation state and potentially impacts the optimal catalyst descriptors used to determine new catalysts. The predicted 1:3 Ag-Pd catalyst is indeed superior to single metals for the homologous series under fuel lean conditions for ethane and larger alkanes. It is inferior to Pt under fuel rich conditions and better than Pd and Pt for methane rich conditions. A method for qualitative inference of the catalyst structure, based on the volcano curve and the oxidation state of the catalyst, is proposed.

Effect of Heavy Resisted Sled Sprint Training During the Competitive Season on Sprint and Change-of-Direction Performance in Professional Soccer Players.

Resisted sled sprinting (RSS) is an effective tool for improving sprint performance over short distances, but the effect on change-of-direction (COD) performance is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effect of heavy RSS training during the competitive season on sprint and COD performance in professional soccer players. Over 6wk in-season, an RSS training group (n = 6) performed RSS at a sled load of 30% body mass for a total program running distance of 800m, whereas an unresisted sprint (URS) training group (n = 7) performed the same distance of unresisted sprinting. A 20-m maximal sprint with split times measured at 5, 10, and 20m and the sprint 9-3-6-3-9m with 180° turns COD test were performed before and after the intervention. Sprint performance (mean, 95% confidence limits, qualitative inference) was improved in both groups over 5m (URS, 5.1%, -2.4 to 12.7, likely moderate; RSS, 5.4%, 0.5-10.4, likely moderate), 10m (URS, 3.9%, -0.3 to 8.1, very likely moderate; RSS, 5.0%, 1.8-8.0, very likely large), and 20m (URS, 2.0%, -0.6 to 4.5, likely moderate; RSS, 3.0%, 1.7-4.4, very likely moderate). COD was improved in both groups (URS, 3.7%, 2.2-5.2, most likely large; RSS, 3.3%, 1.6-5.0, most likely moderate). Between-groups differences were unclear. Heavy RSS and URS training matched for running distance were similarly effective at improving sprint and COD performance in professional soccer players when performed in the competitive phase of the season.

Reasoning Temporally Attributed Spatial Entity Knowledge Towards Qualitative Inference of Geographic Process

Knowledge discovery with geo-spatial information processing is of prime importance in geomorphology. The temporal characteristics of evolving geographic features result in geo-spatial events that occur at a specific geographic location. Those events when consecutively occur result in a geo-spatial process that causes a phenomenal change over the period of time. Event and process are essential constituents in geo-spatial dynamism. The geo-spatial data acquired by remote sensing technology is the source of input for knowledge discovery of geographic features. This article performs qualitative inference of geographic process by identifying events causing geo-spatial deformation over time. The evolving geographic features and their types have association with spatial and temporal factors. Event calculus-based spatial knowledge formalism allows reasoning over intervals of time. Hence, representation of Event Attributed Spatial Entity (EASE) Knowledge is proposed. Logical event-based queries are evaluated on the formal representation of EASE Knowledge Base. Event-based queries are executed on the proposed knowledge base and when experimented on, real data sets yielded comprehensive results. Further, the significance of EASE-based spatio-temporal reasoning is proved by evaluating with respect to query processing time and accuracy. The enhancement of EASE with a direction for further development to explore its significance towards prediction is discussed towards the end.

Mixed-methods pre-match cooling improves simulated soccer performance in the heat

ABSTRACTThis investigation examined the effects of three pre-match and half-time cooling manoeuvres on physical performance and associated physiological and perceptual responses in eight University soccer players during a non-motorised treadmill based individualised soccer-specific simulation [intermittent soccer performance test (iSPT)] at 30°C. Four randomised experimental trials were completed; following 30-min (pre-match) and 15-min (half-time) cooling manoeuvres via (1) ice slurry ingestion (SLURRY); (2) ice-packs placed on the quadriceps and hamstrings (PACKS); (3) mixed-methods (MM; PACKS and SLURRY concurrently); or no-cooling (CON). In iSPT first half, a moderate increase in total (Mean ± Standard Deviation: 108 ± 57 m, qualitative inference: most likely, Cohen’s d: 0.87, 90%CL: ±0.31), high-speed (56 ± 46 m, very likely, 0.68 ± 0.38) and variable run (15 ± 5 m, very likely, 0.81 ± 0.47) distance covered was reported in MM compared with CON. Additionally, pre-match reductions in thermal sensation (–1.0 ± 0.5, most likely, –0.91 ± 0.36), rectal (–0.6 ± 0.1°C, very likely, –0.86 ± 0.35) and skin temperature (–1.1 ± 0.3°C, very likely, –0.88 ± 0.42) continued throughout iSPT first half. Physical performance during iSPT first half was unaltered in SLURRY and PACKS compared to CON. Rectal temperature was moderately increased in SLURRY at 45-min (0.2 ± 0.1°C, very likely, 0.67 ± 0.36). Condition did not influence any measure in iSPT second half compared to CON. Only MM pre-match cooling augmented physical performance during iSPT first half, likely due to peripheral and central thermoregulatory factors favourably influencing first half iSPT performance. Further practical half-time cooling manoeuvres which enhance second half performance are still required.