Qualitative Indices Research Articles

Fatty Acid Indices and the Nutritional Properties of Karakul Sheep Meat.

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of sheep meat (from 52 Karakul sheep from NE Romania). The effect of age at slaughter and the influence of muscle region were studied for nutritional parameters, especially the fatty acids from lipid fractions. Based on the fatty acid profiles and lipid contents, the sanogenic indices were determined for two sheep muscle groups. Thus, two different muscle regions from lamb and adult sheep were analysed from both genders, the Longissimus dorsi and Triceps brachii, to argue the advantages of each category and the rationalization, in terms of meat consumption, regarding their impact on human health. Sheep meat has many components with beneficial effects on human health. Apart from the fact that it is an important source of nutrients due to its high content of proteins, lipids, and minerals, it is also a product that can provide fundamental bioactive compounds for maintaining metabolic functions. The qualitative indices assessment revealed that lambs have meat with high PUFA content on Longissimus dorsi muscles (approx. 25% of total fatty acids), 0.68 for PUFA/SFA, with highest values for n-3 (approx. 8%) and n-6 (approx. 14%). Appropriate values can also be observed in Triceps brachii muscles from adult sheep. The sanogenic indices also presented good values for Longissimus dorsi from lambs and Triceps brachii from adult sheep (polyunsaturation index = 7.2-10.2; atherogenic index = 0.56-0.67; thrombogenic index = 0.78-0.96; hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index = 2.4-2.7 (for Longissimus dorsi)).

Super-resolution reconstruction based on Gaussian transform and attention mechanism.

Image super-resolution reconstruction can reconstruct low resolution blurred images in the same scene into high-resolution images. Combined with multi-scale Gaussian difference transform, attention mechanism and feedback mechanism are introduced to construct a new super-resolution reconstruction network. Three improvements are made. Firstly, its multi-scale Gaussian difference transform can strengthen the details of low resolution blurred images. Secondly, it introduces the attention mechanism and increases the network depth to better express the high-frequency features. Finally, pixel loss function and texture loss function are used together, focusing on the learning of structure and texture respectively. The experimental results show that this method is superior to the existing methods in quantitative and qualitative indexes, and promotes the recovery of high-frequency detail information.

A combined qualitative–quantitative fuzzy method for urban flood resilience assessment in Karaj City, Iran

This study aims to analyze flood resilience (FR) in Karaj City, Iran, using a new fuzzy method which combines several qualitative and quantitative indices. The qualitative part was estimated by a questionnaire consisting of 42 questions distributed into five indices (social-cultural, economic, infrastructural-physical, organizational-institutional, and hydraulic). A fuzzy method was used for analyzing the results. To quantify the hydraulic index, a 25-year flood was simulated in the Storm Water Management Model and the flooding volume at every grid was estimated. The idea was that the flooding amount could be representative of structural FR of drainage network that cannot be evaluated through a questionnaire well. To calculate the FR of different districts, the obtained FR indices were fuzzified then aggregated. Considering that clustering can assist managers and decision makers for more effective flood risk management, a fuzzy equivalence matrix concept was used for clustering FR in the city. Friedman test showed the significance of differences between FR of every two districts. Based on the results, northwestern and southeastern districts had the highest and the lowest resilience, respectively. Although the impact of infrastructure-physical index on the FR was similar in most of the districts, the contribution of social-cultural, organizational-institutional, and hydraulic indices was significantly different. Also, districts with low scores in the infrastructure-physical, organizational-institutional, and hydraulic indices need more attention for flood risk management.

Patentometric review on automated plant phenotyping

Plant phenotyping involves the measurement of observable traits of plants. Plant traits like leaf area, leaf count, leaf surface temperature, chlorophyll content, plant growth rate, emergence time of leaves, and reproductive organs depend on the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Plant phenotyping serves to analyze biotic and abiotic stresses on plants, select crop varieties resilient to the surrounding environment, and improve crop yield. Recent advancements in imaging technologies help expedite the growth of automatic, non-invasive, and efficient plant phenotyping systems. These plant phenotyping systems involve using different imaging techniques like visible imaging, hyperspectral imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (CFIM), thermal imaging to record, monitor, and analyze plant phenotypes using images. In the last few years, researchers have been working on developing image processing, computer vision, machine learning, and deep learning approaches for the accurate and precise analysis of plant images. Therefore, this paper reviews and presents insights about the research reported through patents in the area of automatic plant phenotyping. This review report uses patent databases like Espacenet, Lens, and Google Patents to search, review and analyze patent documents. The paper presents a patentometric analysis of all 67 patent documents available till date focusing on automatic image-based plant phenotyping. The review provides a summary and analysis of outstanding patents in terms of qualitative and quantitative patent indices. This article provides a comprehensive global patent study to aid researchers and scientists develop more efficient plant phenotyping algorithms, devices, and systems.

Evaluation of radio-morphometric indices of mandible using digital panoramic radiography: a radiographic study

Background:Bone mineral density (BMD) varies with race, ethnicity, age, and gender. Thus arises the need for population-specific value ranges. Qualitative and quantitative indices of the mandible have also been used for panoramic radiographs to assess bone quality and to observe signs of resorption and osteoporosis.Aim:To measure the radio-morphometric indices in a digital panoramic radiograph and to find the inter-relationship of the indices with the age and sex of the patients. Materials and Methods:The study included 100 digital panoramic radiographic images of patients, and the samples were divided into four age groups. A panoramic radiograph of each patient was taken, and radio-morphometric indices were determined. Four indices, namely, cortical width at the gonion (GI) and below the mental foramen (MI), Mandibular cortical index (MCI) and Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI), were measured bilaterally in all panoramic radiographs. All images were analyzed, and index values were calculated by applying linear measurements on the panoramic radiographs.Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among the study population.Conclusion:Radio-morphometric indices in a panoramic radiograph may possibly be used as a potential screening tool in identifying individuals with osteoporosis

Эффективность использования сосковой резины в доильных аппаратах с включением в ее состав наночастиц серебра и цинка

Many factors influence milking performance. The milking machine is one of the most important components of a milking unit. Irrespective of its design features it is intended for extracting milk from the udder under vacuum. A promising area for the prevention of mastitis in cows is the use of silver and zinc nanoparticles. In the preliminary phase, no significant differences were found in all indicators. It was found that the number of cows suffering from mastitis during the milking period with the experimental liners decreased, while the qualitative indices of the milk remained unchanged.

Qualitative Indexes of a Plane Cutter for Shallow Tillage with Optimized Parameters

The levelling of the field surface after shallow tillage with a planar cutter, characterized by such a qualitative indicator as combiness, is within the limits allowed by agrotechnical requirements. We have developed an original design of a plane cutter for shallow tillage. The planar cutter for shallow tillage has various options for the sharpening angle of the rack and mortar, which have been optimized. Optimal according to the criterion of minimum energy consumption while observing the quality of minimal tillage, the following parameters of the plane cutter were selected: the angle of sharpening the rack 50 degrees, the angle of the solution 104 degrees. Thus, the removal of wet layers to the soil surface was not observed during shallow tillage with a planar cutter. The amount of erosive-hazardous particles after tillage with a planar cutter does not increase, even slightly decreases (within 0.4%), which corresponds to agrotechnical requirements. The obtained qualitative indicators, shown in Table 1, were determined on a stubble background pretreated by disk working bodies. Thus, the technological process of a combined unit with sequentially arranged disks and a plane cutter was simulated.

A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESS IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

An analysis of methods for assessing the level of social responsibility of business was carried out. The methodical approach to assessing the level of social responsibility of business in the public administration system has been improved, which, unlike the current one, involves the use as a methodological basis of the distribution of the concepts of economic (fulfillment of tax, labor, environmental legislation, quality standards) and social (additional obligations of business, which taken voluntarily or under the influence of informal pressure from the authorities or society) of business responsibility and contains the calculation of quantitative indices of the volume of social investments (socially directed expenditures by mandatory and voluntary payments) and qualitative indices of social significance (designed to assess the degree of complexity and completeness of social investments) . Key words: business, mandatory expenses, state, voluntary payments, indexes of social investment volumes, assessment methods, assessment of the level of social responsibility, public administration.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON HARVESTING SPECIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWN ON SMALL AREAS

The operation of harvesting medicinal plants is one of the important factors, which influences the quality of plant material and thus its value. In order to optimize the cultivation technologies and to adapt them to the local conditions, INMA Bucharest has developed and tested a multifunctional equipment for the mechanized harvesting of medicinal plants (annual and perennial), cultivated on small and medium areas. This equipment, of small capacity, equipped with interchangeable working parts, performs the harvesting operation by cutting, at a certain height from the ground. The paper presents the results obtained when testing the experimental model of Multifunctional equipment for harvesting medicinal and aromatic plants in the crops of three species of medicinal plants, grown on small areas. Determining for each crop some qualitative working indices (average working height, cutting degree, collecting degree, losses, etc.) as well as some energy indices (working speed, hourly fuel consumption, working capacity, etc.) allows the evaluation of the technical and working performances of the Multifunctional equipment for harvesting medicinal and aromatic plants.

An optimization for adaptive multi-filter estimation in medical images and EEG based signal denoising

Classical denoising techniques are efficient to extinguish the Gaussian noise but are unable to handle the impulse and additive noise. The blurring of edges in denoised data is critical in both images and signals. It has been found that edge blurring occurs due to limited spatial information. Adaptive multi-filtering methods can accommodate large spatial information. But the estimation of filter window sizes and their subsequent information fusion is a challenging task. To overcome this issue, an adaptive multi-filter estimation technique that fuses large information has been explored. The fusion function is formulated for multiple sizes of the filter as an objective function. The objective function takes the spatial information from the neighborhood of noisy data using multiple filters and fuses them while minimizing the objective function. The objective function is optimized for various sizes of filter windows with a stochastic flower pollination Algorithm (FPA). Impulse noise is efficiently removed using optimized filters. An empirical study is conducted with recent state-of-the-art using evaluation indices such as MSE, PSNR, MAXERR, L2RAT, SSIM, computational time, and complexity. For the proposed setup, the MSE, PSNR, MAXERR, L2RAT, and SSIM are evaluated as 1.33, 26.90, 201, 0.9964, 0.8922, and 0.9312 respectively that are outperforming the results obtained in the previous state-of-the-art denoising algorithms such as wavelet, compression, box averaging, tabu search and simulated annealing. Further, it is interesting to observe the improvement in complexity. The experimental study demonstrated the performance of the framework with previous qualitative indices in both Alzheimer’s images and EEG-based neural signal data.

ANALYSIS OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF CHILLED AND FROZEN BEEF

ANALYSIS OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF CHILLED AND FROZEN BEEF

Complex inflammation indexes in patients with post-COVID syndromeНа сегодняшний день в мире активно занимаются выделением новых маркеров, характеризующих тяжесть состояния после перенесенного COVID-19. Для более детального понимания того, какие изменения вызывает вирус SARS-CoV-2 в организме человека и с чем взаимосвязано длительное сохранение симптомов после перенесенной новой коронавирусной инфекции, необходимо оценить связь между степенью тяжести после заболевания и показателями клинического анализа

Today, the world is actively engaged in the selection of new markers that correlate with severity of the condition after recovery from COVID-19. For a more detailed understanding of the changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus in the human body, and assessment of the factors correlating with long-term persistence of symptoms after a new coronavirus infection, one should evaluate the relationships between the severity of the disease and the indices of clinical and biochemical blood tests. The purpose of the work was to reveal prognostic markers based on clinical blood testing which correlate with severity of the patients condition after a new coronavirus infection.
 The study included 372 patients in the post-COVID period. Initial course of the disease was assessed using the WHO Clinical Progression Scale. The patients were divided into groups according to the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS). When performing clinical blood analysis of subjects, critical points of laboratory parameters were identified and analyzed for presence of relationships with severity of the syndrome. Qualitative analysis of distinct types of immune reactions was carried out using the Protist software.
 The more pronounced statistically significant changes were found for the group 1. The NLR, LMR, SII coefficients were lower when compared with group 1, 2, 3. The PLR index was lower when compared with group 0. There were no other statistical differences between the groups. Therefore, the study of qualitative indexes is of interest. Suppressed immune respose (71-92%) was revealed, mainly, in groups 0, 1, 2. Activation of innate immunity, increased adaptive immunity and immunodeficiency (immune suppression) in groups 3 and 4 are observed in a half of the cases. The patients from group 2 took an intermediate position.
 Over the post-COVID period, general hematological disorders are not pronounced and sufficient for making a diagnosis. Therefore, one should bring more attention to complex qualitative indicators. It makes sense to use the Methods for determining the type of immune response by a comprehensive blood test as one of the main qualitative parameters in patients in the post-COVID period. At the same time, assessing the type of immune response allows not only to identify patients with post-COVID syndrome, but also to select patients who require anti-inflammatory and detoxication therapy.

New Performance Indices for Power System Stabilizers

The subject of the article is issues related to innovative indices for power system stabilizers (PSSs). These new indices will be able to quickly show which PSS (among many other PSSs) is not working properly and that advanced optimization and simulation methods should be used to improve the PSS settings. The authors note the fact that the acceptance requirements for PSSs are different in various power systems. Moreover, the authors pay attention to the fact that transmission system operators (TSOs) often have different PSS requirements (tests) even though they work in the same large power system. The article reviews the requirements for the PSSs used by TSOs of various power systems. The need to supplement the required tests with new qualitative indices is demonstrated. In the paper, new performance indices are proposed to improve the evaluation of the PSS and to check the desired performance of the stabilizer. These indices are derived from the active power frequency response characteristic with PSS and without PSS (PSS ON and PSS OFF). Additionally, the new PSS indices allow the graphical visualization of the properties of all synchronous generators equipped with the PSS in a predefined area on a single 3D graph. Such visualization can be used to quickly detect weak points of the power system.

Assessment of sulfamethoxazole toxicity to marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Combine p38-MAPK signaling pathway modulation with histopathological alterations

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), is a ubiquitous antibiotic in the aquatic environment and received concerns on its health hazards, especially its sub-lethal effects on non-target organisms which were remained largely unknown. In the present study, in order to investigate SMX induced tissue damages and reveal underlying mechanisms, marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis were challenged to SMX series (0.5, 50 and 500 μg/L) for six-days followed by six-day-recovery. Comprehensive histopathological alteration (including qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative indices), together with transcriptional and (post-) translational responses of key factors (p38, NFκB and p53) in the p38-MAPK signaling pathway were analyzed in gills and digestive glands. Tissue-specific responses were clearly investigated with gills showing more prompt responses and digestive glands showing higher tolerance to SMX. The histopathology showed that SMX triggered inflammatory damages in both tissues and quantitative analysis revealed more significant responses, suggesting its potential as a valuable health indicator. SMX activated expressions of p38, NFκB and p53 at transcriptional and (post-) translational levels, especially after exposed to low level SMX, evidenced by p38 coupled with NFκB/p53 regulation on immunity defense in mussels. Less induction of targeted molecules under severe SMX exposure indicated such signaling transduction may not be efficient enough and can result in inflammatory damages. Taken together, this study expanded the understanding of aquatic SMX induced health risk in marine mussels and the underlying regulation mechanism through p38 signaling transduction.

Qualitative Verbal Fluency Components as Prognostic Factors for Developing Alzheimer's Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results from the Population-Based HELIAD Cohort.

Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of the qualitative components of verbal fluency (clustering, switching, intrusions, and perseverations) on the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Materials and Methods: Participants were drawn from the multidisciplinary, population-based, prospective HELIAD (Hellenic Longitudinal Investigation of Aging and Diet) cohort. Two participant sets were separately analysed: those with normal cognition and MCI at baseline. Verbal fluency was assessed via one category and one letter fluency task. Separate Cox proportional hazards regressions adjusted for important sociodemographic parameters were performed for each qualitative semantic and phonemic verbal fluency component. Results: There were 955 cognitively normal (CN), older (72.9 years ±4.9), predominantly female (~60%) individuals with available follow-up assessments after a mean of 3.09 years (±0.83). Among them, 34 developed dementia at follow-up (29 of whom progressed to Alzheimer's dementia (AD)), 160 developed MCI, and 761 remained CN. Each additional perseveration on the semantic condition increased the risk of developing all-cause dementia and AD by 52% and 55%, respectively. Of note, participants with two or more perseverations on the semantic task presented a much more prominent risk for incident dementia compared to those with one or no perseverations. Among the remaining qualitative indices, none were associated with the hazard of developing all-cause dementia, AD, and MCI at follow-up. Conclusions: Perseverations on the semantic fluency condition were related to an increased risk of incident all-cause dementia or AD in older, CN individuals.

Assessment of Water Quality of Tigris River and branch in Alkut City by using Water Quality Index (WQIA)

Our water quality continues to be negatively impacted by human activities, this is a global problem of critical importance (particularly concerning fresh water and human consumption). Since the 1960s, the critical water quality index (WQI) technique has been used to assess the worldwide water quality state of surface water and groundwater systems. Plans for water resource management must consider extensive data and knowledge about the quality of available water. Water quality indicators are a straightforward technical method for evaluating the state of a river's water quality. In this approach, many water quality characteristics are examined and interpreted in research on river water quality. It can be considered the most important parts of monitoring plans for river quality. In this study, a monitoring plan is achieved for three different stations located on Tigris and branch rivers Al-Dujaili and Al-Gharraf in Wasit/ Kut during the study period for eight weeks from 1/3/2022 to 1/5/2022. Water quality assessment has been conducted using arithmetic quality indices of general water used for drinking and agricultural consumption. It is where the qualitative indices are turned into a single number with no units. Classifying water quality is done by comparing the values ​​of the indices to a scale of ratings that have already been set up. In this study, It has been utilized the Water Quality Index. The following physical and chemical factors are used to determine the water quality index: pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), nitrate (NO3), sulphate (SO4), chloride (Cl), and phosphate (PO4). The results showed that each station had a low rating for the water quality index The average readings for the Tigris River were 187.44, Al-Dujaili 211.49 and Al-Gharaf 255.85, showing that Tigris River and its branches' water is seriously polluted for aquatic life due to the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater from Kut's residential neighbourhoods.

An objective assignment method for siting new energy plants

This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making method for new energy power station site selection based on a fuzzy comprehensive analysis method. It is applied to make multi-criteria analysis decisions on the target location when selecting the address for building a new energy power station, to ensure the reasonableness of the corresponding weights of each index, and to give reasonable and scientific suggestions for decision-makers to obtain the expected results. We analyze the mechanism of the sequential relationship analysis method and fuzzy inverse entropy weighting method from the perspective of the index assignment method, and combine the two assignment methods by linear weighting, so as to lay the foundation for further construction of a multi-attribute hybrid index system with the coexistence of qualitative and quantitative indexes.

Amylolytic activity of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> isolates obtained from wildlife microbiota

At present, the study of the enzymatic potential of Bacillus subtilis bacteria is in demand due to the fact that probiotic and enzymatic preparations are created on their basis for their use in animal husbandry. The results of the study of amylolytic activity of 10 isolates of B. subtilis bacteria isolated from wildlife microbiota for amylopectin are presented. Determination of bacterial enzyme activity was performed by the Schomodi-Nelson method. The supernatants of the culture liquid of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th day cultures were taken as enzyme preparation. Isolates with high qualitative indices were examined quantitatively using a spectrophotometer. The two isolates with the best performance were selected. Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford method. In addition to studying supernatants of isolates that showed extracellular enzymatic activity, studies were performed on intracellular enzymes. Cell destruction was performed using an ultrasonic disintegrator, in which the dissolved sediment was contained in a glass vial in a flask with ice. The best qualitative indicators were found in B. subtilis 2SP and B. subtilis 5SP isolates, which had high amylopectin activity from day one, so further quantitative studies were continued with them. Protein concentrations in the above isolates progressed by the days of seeding. The specific activity also increased accordingly and on day 7, the B. subtilis 2SP isolate was 2.75 units/mg, B. subtilis 5SP 2.67 units/mg. The study of the activity of intracellular enzymes in these isolates confirmed similar qualitative indicators. Two B. subtilis isolates were selected as promising for the development of enzyme preparations isolated from the microbiota of wild animals of the Far North.

Semi-quantitative evaluation of levees risk within the context of hydrology uncertainty

Risk assessment is necessary to understand whether a levee is safe and able to prevent flood invasion. Most previous assessment methods attempted to quantitatively assess the risks posed by hydraulic structures using probabilistic analysis from a research perspective. The kind of method depends on the probability density function of factors but sometimes difficult to determine either a priori or posteriori in practice. On the other hand, current semi-quantitative methods despite the convenience are somewhat subjective in their implementation. This study sought to rectify the shortcomings of previous quantitative and semi-quantitative approaches to assessing the risk of levee failure wherein the uncertainty of risk factors is presented within a semi-quantitative framework, in accordance with ISO assessment procedures. The risk of levee failure discussed in this work is mainly related to overtopping and erosion of its foundation. This study proposed a semi-quantitative approach to maintain the exactness and objectivity of the risk assessment of levees and use Puzih river in Taiwan as a case study. In this study, we tried to add uncertainty facts and developed a risk assessment framework for levee management using a risk map according to our semi-quantitative methods. This study firstly defines the risk and associated factors within the context of government regulations, then implement a series of risk assessment tasks using the widely used hydraulic and sedimentation transport model, HEC-RAS, to simulate the risk of inundation, where hydrological events are used as a proxy for uncertainty. This study considers that consequence of levee failure and compute representative qualitative indices by which to evaluate hazards using a risk map and risk matrix in order to illustrate potential economic losses under given flood scenarios. After gaining the levee assessment results, the risk map is also built which can be applied on the practical engineering works. Our results reveal that the most secure levees along Puzih river should be able to withstand flood events with a 100-year return period; however, the levees in a several areas fail to provide suitable protection. Accordingly, this work developed a risk map and corresponding flood prevention strategies to decrease the risk in specific regions for the consideration of rive management administration.

The beneficial effect of leaf removal during fruit set on physiological, biochemical, and qualitative indices and volatile organic compound profile of the Cypriot reference cultivar 'Xynisteri'.

'Xynisteri' is the reference Cypriot white cultivar that, despite its significant societal and economic impact, is poorly characterized regarding its qualitative properties, while scarce information exists regarding its aroma profile. In the current study, the effect of leaf removal during fruit set (BBCH 71) on 6-year cordon-trained, spur-pruned grapevines was assessed and an array of physiological, biochemical, and qualitative indices were monitored during successive developmental stages (BBCH 75, BBCH 85, BBCH 87, and BBCH 89). Grapes were additionally monitored for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile during the advanced on-vine developmental stages (BBCH 85-BBCH 89) with the employment of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier-transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectra and electronic nose (E-nose) techniques. Grape berries from the vines subjected to leaf removal were characterized by higher solid soluble sugars (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), tartaric acid, and ammonium nitrogen contents, while this was not the case for assimilable amino nitrogen (primary amino nitrogen). A total of 75 compounds were identified and quantified, including aliphatic alcohols, benzenic compounds, phenols, vanillins, monoterpenes, and C13 -norisoprenoids. Leaf removal led to enhanced amounts of glycosylated aroma compounds, mainly monoterpenes, and C13 -norisoprenoids. Chemometric analysis, used through FT-NIR and E-nose, showed that the aromatic patterns detected were well associated to the grape ripening trend and differences between leaf removal-treated and control grapes were detectable during fully ripe stage. Leaf removal at fruit set resulted in an overall induction of secondary metabolism, with special reference to glycosylated aroma compounds, namely monoterpenes and C13 -norisoprenoids. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.