Descriptive Qualitative Case Study Research Articles

The sustainability of developmental programs by the U.S. and China in Sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison of effectiveness

This descriptive comparative qualitative case study examines the sustainability of development programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated economic, social, environmental, and institutional development programs from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the U.S. to Sub-Saharan Africa for sustainable development to fill the research gap on these technique’s success and effects on Sub-Saharan Africa. Using purposive sampling, we chose eight Sub-Saharan African countries representing distinct geographies and economies. The College of William & Mary’s AID Data-GeoCoded Chinese Official Finance Dataset, China Africa Research Initiative, and USAID’s Foreign Aid Explorer provided data. Results revealed a complex view of Sub-Saharan Africa’s development policy success. Proposition 1, which claims China’s economic tactics exceed those of the U.S., is supported by significant infrastructure investments but presents sustainability problems. Proposition 2, praising the social development initiatives of the U.S., is supported by gains in healthcare and education in other countries. However, context-specific issues persist. Proposition 3 shows that U.S. conservation collaborations have improved environmental preservation. Proposition 4 claims that both countries’ institutional development plans fail. The results highlight local government buy-in issues and the need for adaptation. Some of the ideas find support in recent research; however, country and context differences require unique tactics. Development efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa should focus on long-term sustainability, local objectives, and environmental implications. Effective institutional growth requires adaptation and a strong awareness of local governing dynamics, and policymakers, development practitioners, and scholars may gain insight into sustainability and development projects in Sub-Saharan Africa from this research. A holistic approach that balances economic, social, environmental, and institutional factors is needed to attain sustainable development goals.

Public-Private engagement and health systems resilience in times of health worker strikes: a Ghanaian case study.

In low and middle-income countries like Ghana, private providers, particularly the grouping of faith-based non-profit health providers networked by the Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG), play a crucial role in maintaining service continuity during health worker strikes. Poor engagement with the private sector during such strikes could compromise care quality and impose financial hardships on populations, especially the impoverished. This study delves into the engagement between CHAG and the Government of Ghana (GoG) during health worker strikes from 2010 to 2016, employing a qualitative descriptive and exploratory case study approach. By analysing evidence from peer-reviewed literature, media archives, grey literature and interview transcripts from a related study using a qualitative thematic analysis approach, this study identifies health worker strikes as a persistent chronic stressor in Ghana. Findings highlight some system-level interactions between CHAG and GoG, fostering adaptive and absorptive resilience strategies, influenced by CHAG's non-striking ethos, unique secondment policy between the two actors and the presence of a National Health Insurance System. However, limited support from the government to CHAG member facilities during strikes and systemic challenges with the National Health Insurance System pose threats to CHAG's ability to provide quality, affordable care. This study underscores private providers' pivotal role in enhancing health system resilience during strikes in Ghana, advocating for proactive governmental partnerships with private providers and joint efforts to address human-resource-related challenges ahead of strikes. It also recommends further research to devise and evaluate effective strategies for nations to respond to strikes, ensuring preparedness and sustained quality healthcare delivery during such crises.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN UNIT COST SEWA KAMAR KELAS II AR RAHMAN DENGAN METODE ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING (STUDI KASUS DI RSU PKU MUHAMMADIYAH BANTUL)

Background: Determination of unit costs of inpatient room rental in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital of Bantul is currently using traditional methods of real cost. When viewed in terms of space, design space and facilities for wards between class II class II Ar Rahman with other wards there is a difference. But the room rental unit cost of hospitalization between class II and class II Ar Rahman other similar effect. Methods: The study was conducted in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital of Bantul. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive case study design. The sample in the study were nurses and managers supporting units taken purposively sampling. Cost analysis method used is the Activity-Based Costing (ABC). Results and Discussion: The unit cost of room rental class II Ar Rahman is calculated by the method of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) amounting to Rp. 77.540, -, while those issued by the hospital of Rp. 42 308, -. This indicates that the unit cost is calculated by Activity-Based Costing is greater than the unit cost hospitals. In Activity-Based Costing (ABC), indirect costs (overheads) charged to a cost driver while in the traditional system is only charged on a cost driver. Conclusions and Suggestions: Method of Activity-based Costing (ABC) can provide information regarding the calculation of more accurate cost, so it can be used by management to take accurate decisions in the budgeting and planning costs. The hospital should conduct an evaluation unit cost for rooms that are used so as not to harm the hospital or the patient.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN BIAYA SATUAN TINDAKAN ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation) FRAKTUR FEMUR MENGGUNAKAN METODE ABC (Activity Based Costing) (STUDI KASUS DI RS PKU MUHAMMADIYAH BANTUL)

Background: The determination of operating room rates at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Bantul is currently using fee for service method where the operating rate is determined by the calculation of the cost components that occur as the cost of medical services, consumables, medicines, and the rent of operating room, but it has not included all the components of the activity-based costs associated with clinical pathways. However, this surgical procedure may result significant costs to the hospital.
 Methods: The study was conducted at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Bantul. This research is descriptive qualitative case study design. The sample were the patients who underwent an operation of ORIF for Femoral Fractures without complications that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cost analysis method used was the Activity-Based Costing (ABC).
 Results and Discussion: The unit cost of ORIF for Femoral Fractures which was calculated by the method of Activity Based Costing (ABC) was 8,157,726 rupiahs, while the real cost spent by the hospital was 9,035,885 rupiahs. The amount of real cost on ORIF for Femoral Fracture specified by RS PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul was higher than the unit cost calculated based on Activity-Based Costing method. The obtained difference was a positive difference, which was 878.159 rupiahs (10,76%). In the Activity-Based Costing (ABC), indirect and direct cost (overhead) are charged at some cost drivers, while the traditional system is only charged on a cost driver.
 Conclusions and Recommendations: Based on the calculation of unit costs obtained, it can be concluded that the unit cost of ORIF for Femoral Fracture in Central Surgery Installation PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Bantul with Activity- Based Costing method is lower and more proportionate with the activity. However, the hospital should also apply the calculation of the unit cost to all the types of service especially for surgery in order to identify and examine the cost components which are subject to change at any time and cause some disadvantages to the hospital accounting.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN UNIT COST PADA TINDAKAN TONSILEKTOMI DENGAN METODE ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (STUDI KASUS DI RUMAH SAKIT PKU MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA)

Background: Private hospitals should strive to have the technical capability to manage and calculate costs based on the condition that both hospitals and facilities that can use the Indonesian Case Based Group (INA CBG) appropriately. RS PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta as one of the private hospitals that participate and support the government's program of the Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional.Calculating the unit cost of a tonsillectomy was done as a study of the correspondence between the cost of services and a health claim
 Methods:The study was a descriptive qualitative case study design. Tonsillectomy unit cost calculation using activity based costing (ABC) with the goal difference obtained unit costs plus a margin to claim CBG INA in 2012.
 Result: Based on the calculation, the unit cost of services tonsillectomy with activity-based costing method is Rp. 2.265.732. ABC unit cost calculations result in a greater cost than the claims of INA CBG so get the difference in cost of Rp. 785.034.
 Conclusions: There is a negative difference between the calculation of service bi tonsillectomy ABC method with INA CBG claim. So that needs to be done by the hospital cost efficiency.

Being a sibling of a youth with a neurodisability: A qualitative study about the roles and responsibilities during the transition to adulthood.

During the transition to adulthood, a common challenge that youth with a neurodisability may experience is learning how to navigate services in the adult care system. During this transition youth may rely on their families, including siblings, for support. However, delineation of sibling roles and responsibilities during this transition period are unclear. This study aims to identify the roles and responsibilities that siblings perceive to have with their sibling with a neurodisability during the transition to adulthood, and describe the decision-making process of how siblings chose these roles. In this descriptive qualitative case study, siblings were eligible to participate if they were between 14 to 40 years old, had a sibling between 14 to 21 years with a childhood-onset neurodisability and spoke English. Semi-structured interviews augmented by techniques of photo elicitation and relational maps were conducted. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to identify sibling roles, as well as the emotional and decision-making process associated with these roles. Our team partnered with siblings with lived experience in all study phases. Nineteen participants (median age = 19 years, range = 14 to 33 years) from 16 unique families were interviewed. Six unique roles were described: friend, role model/mentor, protector, advocate, supporter, or caregiver. The emotions that siblings experienced with each role, also known as emotional responsibility, were categorized into levels of low, medium or high. Siblings also described a four-phase decision-making process for their roles: (1) acquiring knowledge; (2) preparing plans; (3) making adjustments; and (4) seeking support. Intrapersonal characteristics, including personal identity, values and experiences, influenced roles assumed by siblings. Siblings identified needing support as they process their decisions and emotional responsibility in their roles when their sibling with a neurodisability is transitioning to adulthood. Resources should be developed or further enhanced to support siblings.

The Need for Editorial Reorganization of Problem Statements on the Logarithmic Function Proposed in School Textbooks to Improve Their Comprehension

We present elements of reflection that allow us to approach the role of the editorial organization in understanding certain problem statements modeled by a logarithmic function proposed in school texts. The main objective is to analyze the role that editorial reorganization plays in problem statements related to the logarithmic function, semiotic elements that promote the articulation of the semiotic representation registers that students can use to provide solutions to the proposed questions, since the understanding of problem statements lies in the coordination of at least two representation registers, but part of this is within the Natural Language register. The methodological design was a descriptive qualitative case study in which the editorial reorganization of four problem statements about the logarithmic function, selected from three school texts, was carried out. These statements were applied to seven university students in order to analyze their productions, mathematical treatments, and the way in which they articulated the different semiotic registers to provide a solution to the presented problem statement. In relation to the development of the sequence of statements, the need to reformulate problem statements that lead to the discrimination of all visual values in the graphic register in correspondence with variations in the significant units of the algebraic register was confirmed.

South Korean Adapted Physical Education Majors’ Self-Efficacy

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to describe and analyze the self-efficacy of South Korean adapted physical education (APE) majors in teaching persons with disabilities. The research design was a qualitative descriptive case study. The participants were five APE majors (four men and one woman, age ranged from 20 to 25) attending a university in South Korea. The data sources were interviews, program curriculum reviews, and a researcher’s journal entries; and analyzed using thematic analysis. Four themes emerged, which were: (a) determinants of self-efficacy, (b) relationships with APE faculty, (c) increased awareness, and (d) I am not confident. Findings exposed APE majors as more likely to gain confidence after volunteering to work with persons with disabilities and developing relationships with them. The results showed the importance of integrating hands-on practicum teaching experiences in APE courses for the majors to develop their positive self-efficacy in teaching persons with disabilities.

Case study regarding adult students’ learning of world languages and cultures in a unique voluntary and learner-centred nonformal setting

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine a group of adult students’ learning of world languages and cultural practices by incorporating common literacy practices (listening, reading, speaking, writing) in a unique, voluntary, learner-centred, nonformal setting (e.g. World Language and Culture Program [WLCP]) at a large western land-grant university in the United States during the 2019 spring semester. The primary objectives of this study are to provide insight into what and how adults learned in this unique environment. Drawing from Simons, the study was framed as a qualitative descriptive case study. Data sources included interviews, observations, field notes, and artefacts. Data analysis drew on the Deep Approach conceptual lens and the Interpret Analyse Present Interact (IAPI) curriculum model to understand adult students’ learning in this WLCP. Findings showed that adults learned real-life conversation skills and cultural practices (geography, traditions, religious practices) by incorporating common literacy practices (listening, reading, speaking, writing) from volunteer facilitators who were natives of the particular world language and culture. The participants learned these world language conversation skills and cultural practices in a variety of learner-centred ways: (a) practice with heritage speakers of the language, (b) meaningful interactions with peers, (c) contextualised simulations, (d) spontaneous exposure, and (e) instructional scaffolding.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha pada Minichick untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Kinerja

The purpose of this writing is to analyze the business proposal submitted by the MBKM Entrepreneurship team, namely the Minichicken business. This research uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative case study methods. The results of this research include that the Minichicken business is feasible to run, this is supported by structured and clear marketing aspects and supported by positioning that is different from its competitors with a strategic location and competitive prices. On the other hand, in terms of production, it has been well prepared, starting from the production process, production targets to production capacity. Apart from that, it is supported by financial aspects that support the return of capital in just 2 months and a BEP of 87 units. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Minichicken business is worth running.

THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPAL IN STRENGTHENING THE RELIGIOUS CHARACTER VALUES OF STUDENTS AT SD AL ISLAM PENGKOL JEPARA

One of the characteristics that must be instilled in students at the elementary school level is religious character. Religious character is the foundation for cultivating student character, where an excellent religious character can create moral human resources. Cultivating religious character cannot be separated from the role of the school principal. This research aims to analyze the role of SD Al Islam Pengkol Jepara's principal in strengthening students' religious character through the pillars of the Pancasila student profile of faith and devotion to God Almighty. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative case study type with data analysis techniques used, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. The research results show that school principals are essential in cultivating student character. In general, the program launched by the principal of SD Al Islam Pengkol Jepara is divided into three programs: class, habituation, and exemplary. The class program is filled with written Pegon, Diniyyah classes, and Islamic boarding school classes. The habituation program is filled with praying Dluha and Dzuhur in the congregation, praying and reading the Asmaul Husna before learning and getting used to shaking hands and kissing the teacher's hand. The exemplary programs carried out by school principals include exemplary religious character, exemplary disciplinary character, exemplary democratic character, and exemplary social care character.

Examining the Intersection of Strategic Thinking and Continuous Process Improvement Through the Lens of Military Medical Education to Build a Novel Model.

In 2020, the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine hired its first civilian dean since its founding in 1918, tasked with building the school's first strategic plan to modernize and improve the institution. Using a combination of military continuous process improvement and academic strategic thinking, the dean produced a highly successful strategic plan. However, its resource-heavy and time-consuming methodology made it difficult to replicate. This study aimed to create a novel and streamlined strategic planning model that combined best practices from continuous process improvement and strategic thinking without redundancy. A qualitative descriptive case study was used to analyze the detailed efforts through content analysis of 150 pages of documentation. A hybrid approach to coding uncovered 44 deductive codes and 5 inductive codes from 10 strategic tools. Results indicated a converging relationship between all strategic processes tested-strategic planning, strategic thinking, and continuous process improvement and their associated tools. A five-step model called the Triple "O" OODA Loop was created, combining best practice tools from strategic planning (purpose trident and SWOT analysis or strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), strategic thinking (Hot Spots scale and GOST framework or goals, objectives, strategies, and tactics) and continuous process improvement (phases 6-8).

Stakeholder perspectives on mosque management and accountability: A stakeholder theory approach

This study focuses on stakeholder assessments of mosque management. The researchers identified and investigated stakeholders' perceptions of mosque management using a descriptive qualitative case study of a historical mosque in the Sleman Regency. The concepts of stakeholder theory and accountability were used as part of the analytical framework. The results show that stakeholders view the religious programs and activities of the mosque positively, feeling that they benefit both the mosque and the surrounding community. Stakeholders also feel that the programs reflect the mosque’s commitment to building trust and stakeholder confidence. In terms of accountability, the mosque emphasizes moral, ethical, and spiritual accountability towards God and relationships with God and humans. Financial reporting is transparent, with reports posted publicly each month. Stakeholders believe that the chief administrator carries out his/her responsibilities honestly, openly, and responsibly. Overall, the research demonstrates the importance of considering stakeholder interests and aspirations to improve mosque management performance related to quality of services, transparency, accountability, and contributing to community development.

Model Pengembangan Kurikulum di MI Masalikil Huda 01 Tahunan Jepara

The importance of maintaining the relevance of education to the dynamics of current developments requires real efforts in curriculum development. Apart from that, the application of curriculum development models is key in the process of developing the curriculum. The use of a curriculum development model is necessary to systematically and purposefully design an educational plan. This research aims to determine the curriculum development model implemented at MI Masalikil Huda 01 Annually Jepara. The research method used is descriptive qualitative-case study. The subject of this research is MI Masalikil Huda 01 Tahunan Jepara with the source informant being Mrs. Rujiah, SE as the principal of MI Masalikil Huda 01 Tahunan Jepara. The selection of research subjects was carried out through purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. The data analysis technique in this research involves several steps, namely data collection accompanied by analysis during the collection process, data reduction, data segmentation to group the reduction results into smaller units, forming categorization, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that MI Masalikil Huda 01 Tahunan Jepara uses a combination curriculum development model between the administrative curriculum development model and the Grass Roots curriculum development model.

Strategi Media Sosial BEM Universitas Padjadjaran Dalam Memberikan Informasi Dan Advokasi Kepada Mahasiswa

This study investigates Padjadjaran Care's Social Media Strategy within the Padjadjaran University Student Executive Board (BEM Kema Unpad). This research uses a qualitative descriptive case study approach and drawing from media ecology and media dependency theories. The research also examines social media selection, content planning, interaction strategies, and management evaluation. Data collection involved structured and semi-structured in-depth interviews with Padjadjaran Care social media managers from 2019 to 2023 and long-term followers. Findings reveal key aspects warranting further exploration: the selection of social media platforms (Line and Instagram) influenced by the evolving audience characteristics; content planning focused on addressing student needs via Instagram's question boxes; a commitment to 24-hour responsiveness in interactions, offering informative content; and an evaluation process through a mid-year review uploaded on BEM Kema Unpad's Instagram, capturing aspirations conveyed via Instagram direct messages and Line Official Account chat.

Instagram Marketing Boosts Sales for Small Businesses

This study explores the utilization of Instagram as a promotional tool for Dhe Gedangku, a small-scale microbusiness in Gempol District. Through qualitative descriptive analysis and case study method, data were gathered from in-depth interviews with the owner and followers of @dhegedangkuofficial. Findings reveal that Instagram significantly increases product awareness and sales, with a 45% sales increase noted. However, there is a gap in maximizing product promotion, particularly in terms of innovation and packaging. Dhe Gedangku offers products at affordable prices, targeting students and young adults, and utilizes strategic location selection and Instagram's geo-tagging feature to attract customers. The study underscores the importance of businesses focusing on innovation, packaging, pricing strategies, and strategic location selection to maximize Instagram's potential in marketing small businesses, offering insights for businesses seeking to enhance their social media marketing strategies. Hightligh: Instagram Promotion: Boosts sales and product visibility for small businesses. Affordable Pricing: Targets students and young adults with budget-friendly prices. Strategic Location: Uses geo-tagging to attract customers to small business locations. Keywords: Instagram, Small Business, Promotional Tool, Social Media Marketing, Microbusiness

Teacher Follow-up on Learners’ Initial Response to Teacher Questions

Participating in classroom mathematics conversations, particularly engaging with the opinions of others, can improve learners’ mathematical comprehension. Teachers can use a variety of invitation and follow-up moves to encourage student engagement. The study aimed to explore teacher follow-up on learners’ initial responses to teacher questions and building on learner ideas in Grade 9 mathematics classrooms. A qualitative approach and descriptive case study design were utilised. Data were collected from three schools in the same circuit in South Africa through classroom lesson observations, face-to-face teacher interviews and researchers’ field notes. Three Grade 9 mathematics teachers, one from each school, were purposively selected, and the selected teachers’ already established Grade 9 classes, with a maximum of 30 learners each (owing to the COVID-19 health protocol), were automatically involved. Cognitively guided instruction, a learner-centred approach that uses social constructivism as a research paradigm, guided this study. The exploration was supplemented by Brodie’s conceptual framework on teacher follow-up moves. The findings revealed that the three teachers followed up on learner contributions and used different follow-up moves, namely insert, elicit, press, maintain and confirm. The study showed hybrid teacher moves. Although more teacher moves were skewed towards elicit and insert, which are closer to traditional practices, there is an indication of moving towards the press, maintain and confirm, which are reform-oriented moves. In addition to these moves identified by Brodie, acknowledging or praising the learner for responding was another move that emerged in this study.

Interprofessional approach to fall prevention in hospital care.

To understand the perception and experience of health professionals regarding fall prevention practices in hospital inpatient units. This is a qualitative exploratory and descriptive case study based on the Canadian framework of interprofessional competences. Data was collected from two focus groups, with different health professionals in each group, and thematic content analysis was used. Five categories were drawn up which showed intense convergence between the participants of the two focus groups, within the context of fall prevention practices: communication between professionals and patients/carers for fall prevention, interprofessional communication for fall prevention, clarification of roles for fall prevention, health education about risk and fall prevention and continuing education for fall prevention. Teamwork and collaborative practice are important for achieving good results in the prevention of falls in hospital care, but for this to happen, health professionals need to acquire the necessary competences for collaborative action.

“Garima Means to Live with Pride:” A Case Study on Provider Perspectives and Local Government Response to Health of Internal Migrant Laborers in Kerala

Background: Addressing the health needs of interstate migrants in India is a complex challenge. We undertook a case study of Garima, a migrant health intervention in Kozhikode district, Kerala, and explored the perspectives of the health system and the role of local governments with regard to the programs targeting the health of migrant laborers in Kerala. Methods: We used a qualitative descriptive case study approach as described by Baxter and Jack and used Braun and Clarke’s intermediate Q thematic analysis approach. We conducted one key informant interview (KII) and one in-depth interview (IDI) and review of 23 documents obtained from the corporation health department and online sources, including media and social media review. We also did two KIIs with experts and nine IDIs with field workers of the health department of the state. Results: Intervention execution was mainly through inspectorial health teams comprising representatives from multiple sectors, including local governments, law enforcement, and health. Actions included registration, screening, disease surveillance, and care provisioning through regular medical camps. Referral and follow-up through regional health-care centers were consistently made available in Garima. Migrant health programs increasingly focus on living conditions, including hygiene and sanitation, and employers, contractors, or building owners are to take responsibility for these. Conclusions: The Garima project for the health of interstate migrant laborers reflected a shift in the Kerala health system toward welfare rather than disease control and intersectoral coordination. Local governments hold the promise of advancing such interventions and scaling them up across the state.

Zooming Into Perspectives: High School Educators as They Adopt to In-person Education

As there are few studies regarding teachers’ insights on online teaching, this study analyzed the adjustments of pandemic teachers shifting from online to in-person teaching methods to gain a deeper comprehension of the situations they experienced. This research conducted a descriptive qualitative case study following a researcher-designed, semi-structured interview with open and close-ended guide questions. Two participants were deduced to be the study participants, who were chosen through purposive sampling. Results revealed that the pandemic caused teachers’ depression and anxiety. Online learning has many drawbacks, as adopting online learning adds more pressure on struggling teachers to balance commitments. Their personal and professional lives collided, hindering their teachers’ effectiveness. Therefore, they learned to develop coping mechanisms to mitigate the stress. They also recognized the benefits of online learning and sought help to improve efficiency, as it helped them to see it from an alternate perspective. Despite the risks associated with COVID-19, they have shown resilience and dedication by positioning innovative teaching methods. As a preliminary exploration into the effects of the pandemic on the academic community, this study underscores continued research and support for educators and students. The commitment and passion demonstrated by these educators deserve recognition and celebration.