Qualitative Composition Research Articles

Analyse von Einflussfaktoren auf ambulante pädiatrische Antibiotikaverordnungen in Bielefeld 2015–2018

ZusammenfassungHintergrundBeim Antibiotika-Verordnungsverhalten bestehen deutliche regionale Unterschiede. Die Ursachen dafür sind noch weitgehend unklar. Neben demografischen und morbiditätsbezogenen spielen auch arztindividuelle bzw. „kulturelle“ Faktoren eine Rolle. Um diese besser einordnen zu können, ist eine differenzierte Analyse unter Einbezug von Diagnosedaten erforderlich.MethodenEs erfolgte eine Sekundärdatenanalyse der über die Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Westfalen-Lippe (KVWL) verfügbaren Infektionsdiagnosen bzw. Antibiotikaverordnungen von ambulant tätigen Kinderärztinnen und -ärzten im KV-Bezirk Bielefeld der Jahre 2015–2018. Zusätzlich erfolgten algorithmisierte 1:1-Verknüpfungen von Diagnosen und Verordnungen.ErgebnisseAusgewertet wurden 28.248 Verordnungen bei 262.969 Arzneimittelpatienten (AMP) sowie 90.044 Diagnosen, mit 11.131 1:1-Verknüpfungen. Circa 40 % der Verordnungen konnten somit einer Diagnose zugeordnet werden. Mit Blick auf das Verordnungsverhalten einzelner Praxen fanden sich, adjustiert auf die Nennergröße AMP, trotz vergleichbarer Alters- und Geschlechtsstruktur, z. T. deutliche Unterschiede. Dies betraf sowohl die Verordnungshäufigkeit als auch die Zusammensetzung der verordneten Substanzgruppen.DiskussionDie gefundenen Varianzen im Verordnungsverhalten auf Praxisebene sind weder durch die demografische Zusammensetzung noch durch unterschiedliche Morbiditäten der jeweiligen Klientel hinreichend erklärbar. Individuelle Einstellungen bzw. lokale Verordnungskulturen dürften eine relevante Rolle spielen. Hierin liegt ein wichtiger Ansatz für Antibiotic Stewardship (ABS). Die dargelegte Methodik bietet sich über das vorgestellte Gebiet der ambulanten Pädiatrie hinaus als Modell für die detailliertere Analyse auch in anderen ambulanten Fachgruppen an.

Synthesis and electrochemical hydrogenation of RxTb2-xNi17 and Tb2Ni17-yMy phases (R = Y, Zr, La; M = Li, Mg)

Alloys from the regions of existence of the solid solutions RxTb2-xNi17 and Tb2Ni17-yMy were synthesized by arc-melting with further annealing at 400 ºС. Quantitative and qualitative composition of alloys and powders of electrode materials was determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Tb/R/Ni and Tb/Ni/Mg ratio in the samples was confirmed also by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The cell parameters of RxTb2-xNi17 (x = 0.5) ternary phases are: a = 8.2987(9) Å, c = 8.0206(8) Å, V = 478.37(9) Å3 for R = Zr, a = 8.3161(6) Å, c = 8.0482(8) Å, V = 482.03(6) Å3 for R = Y and a = 8.3690(6) Å, c = 8.0560(7) Å, V = 488.66(6) Å3 for R = La. Tb atoms were partially substituted by Y, Zr and La atoms because of closeness of atomic radii size. Under experimental condition capacity parameters were 1.81 H/f.u. for the Zr-containing electrode, 2.29 H/f.u. for the Y-containing electrode and 2.31 H/f.u. for the La-containing electrode. In the case of Li,Mg co-doped electrodes we observed more than 2.5 H/f.u. Cell parameters of the Zr- and La-containing phases after hydrogenation increased isotropically. Synthesized hydrides can be interpreted as superstructures with the Tb2Mn17C2.5-type (filled-up of Th2Ni17). The Y0.5Tb1.5Ni17-based electrode demonstrates the potential corrosion at -0.540 V, electrodes with the compositions Zr0.5Tb1.5Ni17 and La0.5Tb1.5Ni17 show -0.413 V and -0.405 V, respectively. Li and Mg-codoped electrodes shoved the corrosion potential -0.410 V (Tb2Ni16.4Li0.2Mg0.4) and -0.550 V for Tb2Ni15.6Li0.6Mg0.8, respectively.

SESELI LIBANOTIS (L.) W.D.J. KOCH (APIACEAE): CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS, THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES

Introduction. Infectious diseases and cancer remain among the leading causes of death worldwide. In this regard, the search for biologically active molecules from among synthetic and natural compounds for the purpose of creating medicines remains an urgent task of modern science. Plants that have impressive natural and biotechnological resource potential, taking into account modern advances in the field of ex situ, in situ and in vitro cultiva-tion, remain a promising source of native substances. One of the promising sources of biologically active substances is a perennial plant, the Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J. Koch, Apiaceae, growing in central, eastern Europe and Asia in dry pastures and forest edges. The main components of the genus Seseli L. are furo- and pyranocoumarins, essential oils and polyacetylene compounds, which exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, diuretic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. The aim – study of the chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of S. libanotis roots essential oil. Material and methods. The roots were collected in places of natural growth in September 2022, during the fruiting period (Irkutsk region, Maloye Goloustnoye village). The voucher specimen is stored in the herbarium of the Institute of Ecological Ecology SB RAS (UUH 020438). Obtaining essential oils. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of essential oil compo-nents were studied by GC/MS. The study of the antibacterial activity of essential oils was carried out in vitro on test cultures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomona saeruginosa, Salmonella enterica) using the disc diffusion method. Cell viability assay was performed on HeLa cell lines using trypan blue. Results. The composition and quantitative content of the components of essential oils of the roots of S. libanotis of the Baikal flora were studied for the first time. 28 components of predominantly monoterpene nature have been identified, the main ones being limonene (57,60%), α-pinene (6,88%), cis-β-ocimene (6,75%). Also found were fatty acids, polyacetylene-falcorinol and 7-isopen-tinyloxycoumarin. Essential oils of S libanotis have antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Cultivation of Hela with S. libanotis essential oils resulted in decreased viability in the concentration range of 0.04–2.56 μL/mL for 72 hours. Conclusions. Essential oils of roots of S. libanotis, with high yield, containing falcarinol and coumarin, have antibacterial and cytotoxic activity.

Impact of Time on Parameters for Assessing the Microstructure Equivalence of Topical Products: Diclofenac 1% Emulsion as a Case Study.

The demonstration of bioequivalence proposed in the European Medicines Agency's (EMA's) draft guideline for topical products with the same qualitative and quantitative composition requires the confirmation of the internal structure equivalence. The impact of the shelf-life on the parameters proposed for internal structure comparison has not been studied. The objectives of this work were: (1) to quantify the effect of the time since manufacturing on the mean value and variability of the parameters proposed by the EMA to characterize the internal structure and performance of topical formulations of a complex topical formulation, and (2) to evaluate the impact of these changes on the assessment of the microstructure equivalence. A total of 5 batches of a topical emulgel containing 1% diclofenac diethylamine were evaluated 5, 14, and 23 months after manufacture. The zero-shear viscosity (η0), viscosity at 100 s-1 (η100), yield stress (σ0), elastic (G') and viscous (G″) moduli, internal phase droplet size and in vitro release of the active ingredient were characterized. While no change in variability over time was detected, the mean value of all the parameters changed, especially the droplet size and in vitro release. Thus, combining data from batches of different manufacturing dates may compromise the determination of bioequivalence. The results confirm that to assess the microstructural similarity of complex formulations (such as emulgel), the 90% confidence interval limit for the mean difference in rheological and in vitro release parameters should be 20% and 25%, respectively.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF ARTEMISIA SANTOLINIFOLIA TURCZ EX BESS. ESSENTIAL OIL

Purpose. To conduct a comparative analysis of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of components of essential oils isolated from different organs of Artemisia santolinofolia, and also to study the influence of weather conditions on the accumulation and composition of essential oils. Material and methods. The object of the study is the aerial part of A. santolinifolia, collected in the Okinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia during the flowering phase, in August 2016, 2017, 2019. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation. The component composition was determined by chromatography-mass spectrometry with an Agilent Packard HP 6890 gas chromatograph with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (HP MSD 5973N). Results. The highest content of essential oils is in inflorescences (0.7%) and leaves (0.7%), less in the aerial parts (0.5%) and stems (0.4%). Monoterpenoids mainly accumulate in inflorescences, sesquiterpenoids are mostly found in leaves and stems. Dominant components characteristic of all parts of the plant: 1,8-cineole (1.5–9.1%), terpineol-4 (0.7–2.8%), bornyl-2-methylbutonoate (1.5–1.8), camphor (0.4–39.5%), borneol (0.7–6.4%), bornyl acetate (3.1–5.0%), davana ether (isomer 1) (1.9–5.3%), davana ester (isomer 2) (1.1–3.2%), davanone (0.6–12.4%), caryophiollene (0.5–2.0%), bicyclogermacrene ( 0.7–6.2%), spatulenol (0.8–19.9%). The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) was calculated and a positive correlation between HTC and the content of essential oil in the raw material was shown. Conclusions. For the first time, the component composition of essential oils isolated from the inflorescences, leaves, and stems of Artemisia santolinofolia was studied; 60 compounds related to mono- and sesquiterpene compounds were identified. The dominant components of essential oils were identified. A study of the dynamics of accumulation showed that oils are contained in all organs of the plant, therefore the entire above-ground part of the plant is collected; the optimal period for collecting raw materials is the flowering phase. The content of essential oils depends more on the amount of precipitation than on the average monthly temperature.

Study of the modern reclamation and ecological state of soils in Azerbaijan

For many years in the Republic of Azerbaijan, numerous reclamation and ecological measures aimed at attracting agricultural lands of natural cenoses to use in agrocenoses were carried out. The soils of the studied territory are quite unique in terms of their soil-forming structure and ecological conditions, and they differ from other regions of the country in terms of irrigation water content. The article reflects some important results of soil and water studies conducted over the last years. Determining the qualitative composition of groundwater and irrigation water in different seasons of the year using modern methods is relevant from an environmental and reclamation point of view. Based on remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies, our research is based on the analysis of natural and anthropogenic landscape changes and changes in natural conditions as a result of agricultural development in the 20 km buffer zone along the banks of Kura and Araz rivers. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the rapid growth of the population has caused the reduction of the area of agro-landscapes, the salinization of the soil, the drying of the water in the water basins, the expansion of the construction areas. This has disrupted the natural balance.

Cellular immunity in women aged 20–40 living in different climatic and geographic regions

The aim. To identify phenotypic features of adaptive cellular immune responses in young women living in different climatic and geographic regions.Materials and methods. We examined 63 apparently healthy women, including 25 residents of Sovpolye settlement, Arkhangelsk region (Arctic region) and 38 residents of Tskhinvali (Republic of South Ossetia) aged 20–40. The content of lymphocytes, their phenotypes CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, CD5+, CD16+, CD10+, CD71+, CD25+, HLA-DR+ and CD95+, CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) glycoprotein, and interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-10 cytokines was studied. Lymphocytes phenotyping was performed by indirect immunoperoxidase reaction using monoclonal antibodies (MedBioSpektr, Moscow) on “dried drop” lymphocyte sample with peroxidase conjugate and chromogen solution staining for immersion microscopy analysis (Nicon 50i, Japan). The content of CEA glycoprotein and cytokines was determined using ELISA.Results. In women living in Arctic region, a deficiency of CD5+, CD3+, CD10+, CD95+, CD71+, CD25+, HLA-DR+ cells, CEA and IL-6 concentrations is associated with high concentrations of CD8+ and IL-10. In women living in Southern region, a slight deficiency of CD5+, CD8+ and CD95+ cells is associated with high concentrations of CEA, IL-6, IL-10 and CD10+, CD16+ and HLA-DR+ cells.Conclusion. In inhabitants of different climatic regions, the features of formation of adaptive immune reactions are determined by different quantitative and qualitative composition of lymphocytes and cytokines phenotypes. Reduction of reserve capabilities of immune homeostasis is detected 3 times more often in inhabitants of the Arctic region.

Qualitative and quantitative composition of zoobenthos in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina River in 2023

Qualitative and quantitative composition of zoobenthos in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina River in 2023

Modern approaches to restoring vaginal microbiocenosis

The article presents literary data on the morphology and types of vaginal lactobacilli, pathological changes in the vaginal environment, as well as modern possibilities of restoring the vaginal microflora of a woman’s organism. Certain regularities regarding the connection of bacterial vaginosis with intestinal dysbiosis have been observed, which indicates a single dysbiotic process in the organism with a dominant manifestation either in the sexual or digestive system.A review of scientific publications of recent years shows the significant influence of intestinal dysbiosis, infectious and inflammatory diseases of the stomach and intestines, as well as the oral use of antibacterial drugs on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the vaginal microflora in women. It was found that an increased number of opportunistic microorganisms (85%) and a decreased number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (less than 70%) in the intestine are associated with a rise in the content of opportunistic microorganisms in the vaginal biota in women with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system. This is explained by the ability of saprophytes and opportunistic microorganisms to penetrate into the reproductive organs of women by increasing the permeability of the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall, as well as into the vascular bed, which can be observed, for example, on the background of antibiotic use. The antibiotic use in a number of cases leads to a closed circle, when the need for antibacterial therapy to eliminate one infection leads to a deepening of dysbiosis and an increased number of other pathogens.Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of selective decontamination (selective elimination of pathogens) in combination with a probiotic, prebiotic or synbiotic to restore vaginal microbiocenosis.Our experience of using an oral synbiotic (1 capsule contains 5 billion colony-forming units of Lactobacillus plantarum lyophilizate pcs. 8Р-AZ, Lactobacillus fermentum pcs. 90Т-С4 and prebiotic inulin, once a day 30 minutes before meal for 7–10 days) in a complex therapy of bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women of reproductive age indicates faster elimination of systemic dysbiosis and restoration of normal intravaginal flora. Thus, regression of complaintsand normalization of objective data was determined on average for 2.9 days versus 4.7 days in women who were not administered the drug.The obtained data show that a systemic synbiotic containing a lyophilized microbial mass of probiotic lactobacteria, products of their metabolism and inulin (prebiotic) creates an additional effect in restoring normal biocenosis and the immune mechanism of ensuring colonization resistance of the body’s mucous membranes.

Report on a Milking Mule: Milk Qualitative Characteristics during Lactation.

Despite their inability to reproduce naturally, mules can host embryos and be surrogate dams. The aim of this investigation was to increase our knowledge of the qualitative composition of mule's milk and its variations throughout the whole lactation period-namely, from 6 h after foaling to 180 days in milk (DIM). Milk was obtained from a mule dam that had foaled after receiving a mule embryo transfer. For each sample, the gross, mineral, and fatty acid composition was evaluated. The average quality of the mule milk was as follows: protein 1.97 g 100 mL-1, fat 0.90 g 100 mL-1, and ash 0.39 g 100 mL-1. Saturated fatty acids made up, on average, 50.00 g 100 g-1 of fat. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids made up half of the total fatty acid content (31.80 g 100 g-1 and 18.2 g 100 g-1 of fat, respectively). Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk. The milk composition changed throughout lactation. Dry matter, protein, fat, and ash decreased significantly from early lactation (6 h to 14 DIM). The n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased at the end of lactation. The changes in milk composition throughout lactation are probably due to adaptations to the growth requirements of the foal.

Почвенная микофлора агроценозов яровых рапса и рыжика

The main aim of agricultural production is development of technologies saving yield. The basic factor in this area is a high effective soil fertility, which depends on soil micromycets. The purpose of the research was to study impact of spring rapeseed and false flax on qualitative and quantitative composition of soil micromycetes in crops agrocenoses in the Krasnodar region. The research was conducted at the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in 2020–2022. The objects of the research were soil micromycetes in agrocenoses of spring rapeseed and false flax. There was studied soil layer from 0 to 10 cm as it contains the most side roots of these crops. The soilsuspension of second dilution (1 : 100) was sowed on a Chapek’s nutrient media. The different amounts of fungi Trichoderma spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Mucor spp. were allocated in soil samples. In this complex, number of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp. fungi were higher, at the beginning of the crop vegetation their amounts were in average 5.0–5.6 × 103 and 3.9– 4.4 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. In a phase of yellow pod, the number of fungi-suppressors Trichoderma spp. in soil increased: under rapeseed to 8.0 × 103 CFU/g, under false flax – to 1.1 × 104 CFU/g. The amount of Fusarium spp. fungi in soil at the end of a growing season also raised insignificantly (to 5.5 and 6.2 × 103 CFU/g, respectively). Thus, the quantity of fungi-suppressors Trichoderma spp. in soil under studied oil cole crops increased during a growing season to 8.0 × 103–1.1 × 104 CFU/g that increased the effective soil fertility. It allows recommending them to include into crop rotation with other agricultural crops, which do not have universal diseases with cole crops.

Algorithm for the development of a multicomponent pharmaceutical substance of plant origin with antimicrobial action: from science search to dosage form

Introduction. Despite the proven clinical efficacy of antifungal and anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, the search for new targets and the development of new substances with a beneficial effect on the scalp microflora, with a low risk of antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects, are relevant.Aim. Development of the antimicrobial multicomponent pharmaceutical substance of plant origin in stages: from a literature search for promising substances, analysis of their composition by GC-MS, in silico evaluation of the affinity of individual components to pathogenetic targets, selection of the optimal composition of a multicomponent substance based on the results of in vitro research of antimicrobial action and the making of a medical dosage form based on it – a medicinal shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.Materials and methods. Objects of research: tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-(-)-bisabolol and the multicomponent substance based on them. Methods: molecular docking (AutoDock version 4.2), prediction of pharmacological activity (Phyto4Health), TLC, GC-MS, study of antimicrobial activity in vitro.Results and discussion. Based on the results of a literature search, 3 promising substances were selected for the development of a multicomponent plant-based substance: tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol. Molecular docking predicted the targeted activity of the phytochemicals of tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol on the domains of ABC-transporters of microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis and justified the possibility of use for therapy. The multicomponent substance has been developed based on tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol in a mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. The qualitative composition of the substance was assessed by TLC and GC-MS methods, and 15 terpenes were quantitatively identified in its composition with a predominance of terpinen-4-ol (16.98 %), 1,8-cineole (25.63 %) and α-(-)-bisabolol (27.67 %). The synergistic antimicrobial activity of the substance has been established against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, C. albicans and M. furfur in comparison with benzalkonium chloride, ketoconazole and climbazole. The composition of a new medical shampoo based on the investigated substance has been developed, which has a pronounced antifungal effect (more than 99.0 %) against M. furfur without visible suppression of normal microflora. For the novel substance of plant origin and medical shampoo, quality parameters were assessed in accordance with the Russian Pharmacopoeia of XIV edition.Conclusion. A substance of plant origin with synergistic and targeted antimicrobial activity has been developed. It has an interest for further study as a drug and API for new products for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.

BOTANICAL GARDEN NAMED AFTER JÓZSEF SZIKURA

Objective is to study and analyse the history of the creation of the József Szikura Botanical Garden, the results of its scientific, educational and environmental work. Materials and methods of the study. The collections of the natural flora plants established by Professor József Szikura in 2011 in the village of Velyki Berehy, located 8 km northeast of the city of Berehove, Zakarpattya region were studied. The main criteria for assessing the plants diversity in the botanical garden were the following: the qualitative and quantitative composition of the collections, their condition, the results of plant propagation, the possibility of repatriating them to natural ecosystems, the effects of research work, and educational activities. The plant compositions were analyzed, and the species composition of the plots was studied. The role of the botanical garden in preserving the gene pool of flora was also assessed by the qualitative and quantitative composition of the long-lived seed bank. The results of the cultivation and acclimatisation of species of the world flora and the Carpathians have been evaluated since 2012. The evaluation of the results, cultivation and acclimatization of species of the world flora and the Carpathians has been carried out since 2012. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the compositional and systematic composition of the József Szikura Botanical Garden was analysed in the context of successful solution of problems related to the conservation of plant diversity in artificially created phytocoenoses of Transcarpathia. Based on the results of the study, an electronic catalogue (EC) of the Bank of long-lived seeds was created for the first time. Conclusions. According to the results of the inventory analysis, it was determined that the area of 0,82 ha is represented by plants of different natural flora, the taxonomic composition of the collection of which includes 89 families, 468 species, 149 varieties and cultivars. The most numerous families in the collection are Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil., Iridaceae Juss., Poaceae Barnhart, Caryophyllaceae Juss., Lamiaceae Martinov, Asteraceae Giseke, Cupressaceae Gray. Three Allium L. species and two Iris L. species are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. The collection contains plants listed in the IUCN Red List (Allium - 5 species, Iris - 2 species) and the relict Syringa josikaea J.Jacq. ex Rchb. The analysis of the composition of the Seed Bank showed the following distribution between taxa – 249 species belonging to 47 families. The József Szikura Botanical Garden effectively combines research work on the study and protection of biodiversity, introduction and acclimatisation, reproduction and efficient use of plants, and functioning as an educational regional centre for the dissemination of ecological and ethnographic knowledge, education and upbringing of the population in the traditions of caring for nature and preserving the cultural heritage of the region.

Improving approaches to hygienic rationing of antimicrobial drugs

Introduction. Currently, the production of medicines, including those with antimicrobial properties, is expanding at chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises. However, scientific approaches to hygienic regulation of the content of specific antimicrobials in the air of the work area are not yet available. The study aims to substantiate approaches to predicting approximate safe levels of exposure (ASLE) to substances with a specific antimicrobial effect. Materials and methods. The scientists have carried out the research in two stages. The first stage is an experimental study of the single inhalation effect of an antibiotic clarithromycin at concentrations of 54.2; 25.4; 15.3; 9.1; 2.8 and 0.9 mg/m3 on mongrel female rats weighing 230–250 g. The authors have evaluated the indicators of toxic (morphological and functional parameters of the nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, biochemical parameters of the liver and kidneys, as well as the composition of peripheral blood) and specific effects (qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota of the large intestine of rats). The second stage was the analysis of the database on hygienic rationing of chemicals, which consisted in searching for hygienic standards (ASLE, MPC), threshold concentrations for the general toxic (Limint) and specific (Limbact) effects of antimicrobials. Results. During the experiment, experts have established the threshold of acute inhalation exposure (Limac int) of clarithromycin at a concentration of 25.4 mg/m3 according to the total toxic effects (peripheral blood counts, liver and kidney function). When exposed to an antibiotic at a concentration of 2.8 mg/m3, there was an imbalance of the intestinal microflora in the absence of a general toxic effect, which indicated a specific and selective antimicrobial effect of the drug. Based on the analysis of literature data, the parameters of toxicometry of 21 substances with antimicrobial effect were determined, their representative sample was justified and its regression analysis was carried out. Conclusion. Based on experimental and literary data, the authors established a significantly strong correlation (r=0.729) between the values of MPC (ASLE) and the threshold of antimicrobial action (Limbact). They also developed a mathematical equation to predict safe levels of antimicrobials based on their specific and selective activity.

ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS AS AN ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR OF PURULENT PROCESSES IN SURGICAL PATIENTS: ANALYSIS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL RESEARCH RESULTS

Introduction. Opportunistic infections are often caused by microorganisms that are part of the normal human body microflora. Studying the role of microbiota in infectious pathology and the mechanisms of interaction between opportunistic microorganisms in microbial associations is crucial. Enterococcus faecalis is one such microorganism found in bacterial associations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of detecting E. faecalis in monoculture and as part of associations, the qualitative and quantitative composition of these associations, and the analysis of the variability in the pathogen’s susceptibility to antibiotics. Results and discussion. Out of 123 samples studied, Enterococcus bacteria were cultured in 38 cases, accounting for 30.9%. E. faecalis was isolated in monoculture in only 24.2% of all cultures of this species. Moreover, it was isolated in clinically significant concentrations (≥105 bacterial cells per 1 ml of the studied material) in only four out of eight cases. There is a difference in the susceptibility of cultures for groups of isolates where the concentration of microorganisms in the test material is <105 and ≥105 microbial cells per 1 ml. Conclusion. E. faecalis was present in 26.8% of isolates obtained from patients in the surgical department with purulent-inflammatory diseases. E. faecalis is mainly found in microbial associations. The susceptibility of E. faecalis to most of the antibiotics used in the study is higher in the group of isolates where this species of microorganism was present in concentrations equal to or higher than 105 microbial cells per 1 ml of the test material.

ROLE OF NF-κB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACTIVATION IN THE PROCESSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS DEGRADATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLES UNDER METABOLIC SYNDROME

Connective tissue, encompassing both cellular and non-cellular elements, plays an important role in the progression of numerous pathological processes across various organs and tissues. Within skeletal muscle tissue, the extracellular matrix not only plays a structural and supporting function, but it is a complex multicomponent system that performs a number of regulatory functions. At present, the effect of activation of the transcription factor NF-κB on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the components of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscles under metabolic syndrome development is insufficiently studied. The aim of this work is to study the effect of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate on the concentration of glycosaminoglycans, the concentration of individual fractions of glycosaminoglycans, the content of free L-oxyproline and sialic acids in the biceps femoris muscle of rats under metabolic syndrome. The study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200-260 g, which were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. The first was control; the second made up the metabolic syndrome modeling group. Metabolic syndrome was reproduced by adding a 20% fructose solution to the standard vivarium diet as the only source of drinking water. Metabolic syndrome was modelled for 60 days. The third group received ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate administration at a dose of 76 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i/p) three times a week for 60 days. The fourth group underwent combined treatment involving the administration of both ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and metabolic syndrome modeling. In a 10% homogenate of the biceps femoris muscle, the total concentration of glycosaminoglycans, the concentration of the heparin-heparan fraction of glycosaminoglycans, the keratan-dermatan fraction of glycosaminoglycans, the chondroitin fraction of glycosaminoglycans, and the content of free L-oxyproline and sialic acids were assessed. The introduction of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate under metabolic syndrome modelling led to a decrease in the total concentration of glycosaminoglycans by 9.2% compared to the metabolic syndrome group. Under these conditions, the concentration of the heparin-heparan fraction increased by 121.1%, the keratan-dermatan fraction decreased by 32.8%, and the concentration of the chondroitin fraction decreased by 38.7% compared to the metabolic syndrome group. The concentration of free L-oxyproline and sialic acids in the biceps femoris muscle decreased by 19.8% and 24.4%, respectively, compared to the metabolic syndrome group. Blockade of activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by intraperitoneal administration of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate against the background of metabolic syndrome modelling leads to a decrease in the depolymerization of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, reduces the intensity of collagenolysis and leads to a redistribution of concentrations of individual fractions of glycosaminoglycans, characterized by an increase in the content of the heparin-heparan fraction and a decrease in chondroitin and keratan-dermatan fractions in the biceps femoris muscle of rats.

Interrelation between gut microbiota and bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory tract, and its etiology and pathogenesis have not been studied adequately. Many authors suggest that intestinal microbiota significantly contributed to its etiology. The existence of a gut–lung connection, through which bacterial metabolites influence airway sensibilization, has been proven. Certainly, the formation of this connection in childhood is important. This study provides a review of indigenous and foreign studies concerning the influence of the quantitative and qualitative compositions of intestinal microbiota and certain metabolites of commensals on the manifestation of bronchial asthma. This topic is relevant because of the widespread overuse of antibiotic therapy and the availability of possible ways to prevent the development of bronchial asthma if the influence of the microbiota on its pathogenesis is detected. This study also tried to examine the influence of antibiotic therapy on pregnant women and young children at risk of bronchial asthma, a relationship confirmed in many studies. Despite the large number of studies, the use of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of this disease is still debatable.

Micro- and Nano-Pollutants from Tires and Car Brakes Generated in the Winter Season in the Poznan City Urban Environment

This research, focusing on the environmental impact of tire and brake disc pad wear, constitutes a significant area of transport-related studies. These two key vehicle components are not only the most frequently worn but also generate micro- and nano-pollutants (i.e., rubber, metal oxides) that potentially harm the environment. Over half of the globally produced natural and synthetic rubbers, which amounted to about 30 million tons in 2022, are used for tire production. This work focuses on the study of roadside snow, sand, and standing water deposits from various locations in the urban agglomeration (Poznań, Poland) during the winter season, determining their qualitative composition and the quantitative content of pollutants originating from tire abrasion. In addition, the method of washing nano- and micro-rubber particles and their full characteristics was also presented. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic studies, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), particle size studies using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were conducted for a detailed characterization of the pollutants in the environment. The conducted particle separation methods allowed for the extraction of a fraction mainly containing gum residues with particle sizes less than 2 µm. The results of these tests make it possible to estimate the level of contamination with rubber and metal residues during the abrasion of tires, pads, and brake discs while driving, which is crucial for understanding the impact of vehicle part exploitation on the environment.

COLD INHIBITION OF BIOACTIVITY OF PROBIOTIC MYCOBACTERIA AND AEROCOCCI IN THE MICROBIOME

The organism of farm animals is constantly under the influence of various factors of the external environment, and one of the negative factors of violation of the technology of keeping and creation of unsatisfactory conditions of existence with deterioration of well-being is cold injury. Mostly it manifests itself as a permanent effect of positive temperatures well below the physiological norm or periodic fluctuations of an uncomfortable temperature. Such a stress factor of low intensity, but permanent over a long period of time, causes negative pathophysiological changes in the macroorganism with the development of immune-depression, metabolic syndrome, perversions of the qualitative composition of the microbiome and, as a result, disruption of native physiological processes of stimulation of cellular mechanisms of nonspecific innate immunity, induced by immune-biological mechanisms of the functioning of neutrophil granulocytes. The negative effect of low-intensity permanent cold stress was studied on a model object - murchakаs, which were kept for two weeks at a temperature of 4-6 °C under conditions of light and movement restriction. Before the start of the experiment, initial microbiological studies of the microbiome of the large intestine were conducted using generally accepted methods. Resident indigenous probiotic prokaryotes - M. vaccae & A. viridans, which possessed typical species characteristics, were isolated. Pathogenic variants of enterobacteria were not isolated, isolated cultures of E. coli were apathogenic and belonged to the usual normal flora. A two-week cold injury resulted in the disappearance of the indigenous probiotic microbiota M. vaccae & A. viridans, which are indicator prokaryotes of the physiological well-being of the macroorganism, from the microbiome. At the same time, the number of potentially pathogenic enteral microorganisms, coccal and rod-shaped, increased. This was correlated with a decrease in the phagocytic activity of native neutrophil granulocytes and their preformed filamentous spatial nucleoprotective mesh structures, which inhibit the de-fragmentary function in relation to genetically non-syngenic objects.

Hairy roots biochemical characteristics of vegetable pea’s morphotype with modified leaf

BACKGROUND: In the literature, data on the successful production of high-protein pea root cultures with mutant alleles tl and af tl and their biochemical characteristics are not presented. AIM: The aim of this study is the biochemical characteristic of the obtained transformed cultures of mutant pea lines with a modified leaf morphotype was. Rol genes clarification of transformed pea mutant lines by wild strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and amino acid analysis of the total protein of the obtained roots cultures were objectives of the research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total DNA has been isolated from pea mutant root cultures. The studies were carried out on the equipment of the thermal cycler Tertsik of the company DNA-Technology (Russia). Amplicons were detected by electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel. The gel was visualized and photographed under ultraviolet light (λ = 312 nm). The quantitative and qualitative amino acid composition of root cultures was determined by ion exchange chromatography on the amino acid analyzer AAA-339 (Microtechna, Czech Republic). RESULTS: PCR analysis revealed the absence of agrobacterial contamination in the transformed cultures and their stable growth on liquid and agar hormone-free media for 5 years. PCR assay showed the presence of rol C and D genes in culture with the tltl genotype and four rol genes A, B, C, and D in culture with the afaftltl genotype. A differentiated content of a number of amino acids in the biomass of transformed cultures was found depending on the genotype of the culture and the insertion of rol genes. Seven essential amino acids were identified in both cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Tryptophan turned out to be the limiting essential amino acid for both cultures. In terms of the sum of essential, ketogenic and sulfur-containing amino acids, the culture with the rol genes A, B, C, and D turned out to be the richest and most balanced.