Qualitative Data Analysis Approach Research Articles

유아교사교육과정에서의 인공지능 관련 교과목 개설현황 및 현직교사의 경험

Objectives This study analyzed the current status of AI-related curriculum offered in early childhood teacher edu-cation programs and explored the experiments of current teachers regarding AI education.
 Methods To achieve this, the study analyzed the websites of 61 universities with departments of early childhood education that had established AI-related curriculum, frequency and percentages were calculated. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with seven current teachers who had experience with AI education, using a qualitative data analysis approach to examine their experiences.
 Results The results of the study are as follows: Firstly, in terms of the current status of AI-related curriculum in early childhood teacher education programs, 49 courses were offered in four-year universities, and 45 courses were offered in three-year(or two-year) colleges. Both four-year universities and three-year(or two-year) col-leges offered the highest number of courses in the first semester of the first year. While four-year universities offered courses with major studies worth three credits, three-year(or two-year) colleges had more courses with general education worth two credits. Secondly, from the perspective of current teachers' experiences with AI ed-ucation, the study identified how current teachers get rid of a sense of vague apprehension, anxiety and negative perceptions, and specified the experiences of engaging with AI education through play.
 Conclusions This study contributes foundational data for the implementation of AI education in pre-service early childhood teacher education programs.

Exploring dietary perception, beliefs and practices among pregnant adolescents, their husbands and healthcare providers in West Arsi, Central Ethiopia: a phenomenological study

BackgroundThe two most physically active stages of life, pregnancy and adolescence, put the pregnant adolescent under a lot of stress. Adolescence is a crucial era in women’s nutrition that is...

Can renewable energy work for rural societies? Exploring productive use, institutions, support systems, and trust for solar electricity in the Navajo Nation

Reliable electricity and water access remain major challenges in rural communities worldwide. Standalone renewable energy systems show promise in improving access, but successful long-term outcomes remain infrequent in practice. To achieve sustainable outcomes, planners and decision makers should place a greater emphasis on understanding community context to determine the technological and social appropriacy of renewable energy technology. This article investigates a case study of renewable energy systems in the Navajo Nation to develop an understanding of what technical and social considerations may be necessary. A qualitative exploratory data analysis approach is used to perform a comparative analysis of two programs that deployed solar home systems (SHS) and atmospheric water generation (AWG) systems to address electricity and water needs in the Nation, respectively. The findings reveal that renewable energy programs should critically evaluate four factors related to technological and procedural appropriacy. These four factors are (1) an understanding of the productive use of the technology in context, (2) the need to operate within extant institutional paradigms, (3) the capacity to develop and maintain a support network, and (4) the need for trust building. The findings indicate that productive use of renewable energy is determined by end-user application and its usefulness in the community’s rank order of priorities. It also demonstrates that social acceptance of renewable energy is affected by the willingness of programs to conform to existing institutional paradigms. This article refines and expands upon existing themes of social acceptance, making them more application oriented by focusing on the planning phase.

Influence of Gender Mainstreaming Policy Implementation on Women Political Representation in Baringo County Assembly

Global advances have been made towards the recognition of the principle of women’s political, socio-economic and equity in governance. However, some counties, including Baringo have not fully implemented the gender rule as provided for in the Kenyan 2010 constitution, hence little has changed. This study sought to analyze the influence of gender mainstreaming policy implementation on women political representation in Baringo County Assembly. The study was guided by Equity Feministic Theory by Sommers (1994). The study used cross-sectional survey design and mixed method approach where both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis approaches were utilized. The target population was 2446 respondents comprising of employees, members of the County Assembly and Members of the Public Service Board. The sample size was based on Krejcie and Morgan (1970) where a sample size of 329 respondents was attained. Questionnaires, Interview guides and FGDs were used to collect data. The quantitative data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean and Standard deviation. Qualitative data were thematically classified and arranged before they were reported in narrations and quotations as per the research objectives. The study found out that there was a significant positive correlation between gender mainstreaming policy implementation on women political representation and women governance (r = .581; p = .000). The study recommends that there is need for streamlining of women appointment to senior positions in the county to allow for efficiency and inclusivity in governance.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: ‘Self-stigma’ of people with cutaneous leishmaniasis the unrecognized one: what do we think; what do we know; what can we prove?

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) refers to a group of parasitic infections caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. Lack of knowledge and awareness regarding this disease creates a burden for patients with CL to deal with self-stigma. The aim of this ethnographic study is to provide an analysis of self-stigma experienced by patients with CL through an in-depth understanding of the self-stigma experienced by patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. A qualitative data analysis approach was used for this study. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were conducted with 33 individuals with CL, and data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Interviews revealed that individuals with CL experience severe self-stigma. The participants spoke of their struggle to live with physical appearances that differed from societal norms. Furthermore, they also highlighted that people with CL are often viewed as unclean and contagious, which further adds to their self-stigma. Fear of social exclusion often forced individuals with CL to isolate themselves, leading to a detrimental impact on their mental health and quality of life. This study provides valuable insights into the experiences of patients with CL who are subjected to self-stigma. The findings suggest that the lack of knowledge and the considerable misconceptions surrounding CL create barriers for patients to deal with the condition and the self-stigma attached to it. To address this issue, there is a need for dedicated public health campaigns and health education that increase awareness about CL and provide appropriate support and care for those affected.

Strategies Used in Translation of Brahmako Prayogshalabata

Brahmako Prayogshalabata, a humorous essay by Bhairab Aryal, is rich in cultural terms and expressions. It may be a challenge for non Nepali readers as well as non-eastern Nepali readers to understand as this humorous essay has been written in eastern Nepali dialect. This essay has been translated in English by Govinda Raj Bhattarai thus his valued work of translation has eased the non Nepali readers as well non -eastern Nepali Readers for acquiring knowledge and insight of reading this essay. This paper aims to explore how the challenges of translating linguistic, pragmatics and cultural terms of native language have been solved while translating into another language. It has adopted corpus- based research design using secondary sources of data and qualitative approach for data analysis and interpretation in order to achieve the set objectives. This paper compares translation of title, words, chunks, culture -specific words and expressions. It concludes that challenges of linguistic, pragmatics and cultural issues can be solved by using the foreignising approach which entails borrowing and literal translation along with substitution, addition, omission, merging, chunking, and expansion of phrases.

Relationship Between Integrative Leadership and Performance of Public Boarding Secondary Schools in Selected Counties Under the FCDC Kenya: The Mediating Effect of Employee Motivation

An integrative leadership framework from an educational perspective is vital in understanding the efforts that are put in by school leaders to support overall school performance. Integrated leadership is also critical in the management and the development of partnerships aimed at increasing the quality of school performance. An integrative kind of leadership motivates members of the school community to maximize their overall performance. Integrative leadership combines the qualities of servant leadership, authentic leadership, and value-based leadership while simultaneously addressing their weaknesses. This paper sought to ascertain the mediating effect of employee motivation on the relationship between integrative leadership and the performance of public boarding secondary schools in selected Counties under the FCDC Kenya. This paper critiqued empirical studies linking the relationship between integrative leadership and performance and the mediating role of employee motivation. This study adopted a pragmatism research philosophy. This study also triangulated data using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The target population included all public boarding secondary schools from four FCDC Counties namely Lamu, Isiolo, Samburu, and Wajir. The study also targeted student leaders, teachers, principals, stakeholders (Board of Management representatives, County, and Teachers Service Commissions (TSC) Directors). The sample included 300 student leaders from 16 public boarding secondary schools in four FCDC Counties. A sample of 96 teachers, 16 principals, 16 Board of Management (BOM) stakeholders, 4 county directors of education and 4 TSC county directors; and 4 representatives of development partners also formed part of the sampling units. Therefore, the total sample size was four hundred and forty (N=440). Questionnaires were used to gather information from the teachers and students while interview guides were used to gather information from the school principals, BOM representatives, and County Directors of education. Interview guides were open-ended and detailed. Data was analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches based on the research objectives. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize quantitative data and the results were presented in frequencies and percentages, while inferential statistics were used to test the study hypothesis. Qualitative data on the other hand was summarized and reported in themes. The study revealed that integrative leadership has a significant relationship with the performance of public boarding secondary schools in selected Counties under FCDC Kenya. Further, the study findings indicated a partial mediating effect on the mediating role of employee motivation on the relationship between integrative leadership and school performance.

Overcoming the Character Crisis in Children: Strategies, Outcomes, and Evaluations of Bina desa Program

To address Indonesia's character crisis marked by bullying and negative behavior in students, Yayasan Pemuda Peduli Bandung has introduced the Bina desa Program, incorporating experiential learning. This program emphasizes crucial character traits such as creativity, curiosity, responsibility, activeness, self-confidence, empathy, and cooperation. Through the involvement of families, schools, and communities, the program aims to enhance character education and make a positive contribution to the nation's development. This research analyzes the program's strategies, outcomes, and evaluation methods to improve character development initiatives in Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews, observations, and documentation for data collection and analysis. 17 Participants, namely CEOs, program developers, volunteers, and community stakeholders, were selected through purposive sampling. The data underwent rigorous analysis, ensuring validity and reliability. The implications of this study highlight the importance of character development programs in combating the character crisis. By implementing a comprehensive curriculum and employing the principles of experiential learning, programs i.e., bina desa can effectively foster essential character traits in children. Continuous evaluation, feedback, and improvement are crucial elements for ensuring the program's success. Moreover, the involvement of social agents and collaboration with various stakeholders are vital for creating a supportive environment that nurtures children's character. This study underscores the significance of character education in broader societal progress and emphasizes the role of well-designed programs in shaping exceptional individuals who contribute positively to society.

Does the world need to change its vaccine distribution strategy for COVID-19?

During an emergency, there are many activities in a pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) which are rendered ineffective. This study aims to propose a holistic approach for Big Data Driven Pharmaceuticals Supply Chain (BDDPSC) during medical emergencies. During unprecedented situations, the quality of healthcare services by using traditional supply chain becomes a challenge. The current study aims to generate a model wherein multiple entities will be the part of data entries like hospitals, clinical trials, medical practitioners, and drug manufacturing companies during COVID-19. The study has considered certified medical practitioners as the experts and based their responses for proposing a theoretical framework deploying E-Delphi–Qualitative Data Analysis approach. By critically examining experts’ responses and comments, the study formulated four major themes and ten sub-themes for smooth functioning of BDDPSCs during an emergency. The E-Delphi was conducted in two rounds to reach final consensus and to find a balance for PSC in terms of efficiency and quality. This research is novel wherein big data enabled PSC theoretical model has been formulated using a qualitative approach for handling COVID-19. The proposed framework provides an enriched way to capture data from the important link viz. “health officials” of PSCs.

Monetary rewards and work commitment among teachers in rural public secondary schools in rombo district, Tanzania

In Tanzania government has abolished school fees and build more infrastructures in these schools the performance of these public schools is still poor. This study examined the effectiveness of monetary rewards on work commitment among teachers in rural public secondary schools in Rombo district in Tanzania. The study was guided by four specific objectives namely: to determine the influence of salary on teachers’ commitment in rural public secondary schools; to examine the influence of overtime payment on teachers work commitment in rural public secondary schools; to examine the influence of bonus on teachers work commitment in rural public secondary schools; lastly to determine the influence of house allowance on teachers work commitment in rural public secondary schools. The study employed Frederick Herzberg’s two factor theory. The study employed mixed approach where both qualitative and quantitative approached were used in the study. Moreover, the study employed cross-sectional survey research design. Also, the study employed 157 respondents. Data collection tools were Questionnaire, Interview and Documentary review. Probability and non-probability sampling approaches were deployed where simple random and purposive techniques were used. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis approaches were deployed using content analysis and SPSS, respectively. The findings shows that basic salary and overtime payment have significant influence on work commitment among teachers. While bonus, and house allowance have no significant influence on work commitment among teachers. The study concludes that there is a lot of dissatisfaction among teachers in public secondary schools due to low payment of salary and lack of other remunerations. The study recommends that the welfare of teachers needs to be significantly improved, teacher benefits regarding overtime allowances, need to be clarified, known to all and made available on time and by government so as to motivate them in their works. Also, this study recommends further research on monetary rewards because it is difficult to reach generalization as the study was conducted in Rombo district with small number of populations. For this matter the research may be investigated further in other location.

EXPLORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IN-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR ENHANCING TEACHING SKILLS OF ESL TEACHERS AT HIGHER EDUCATION LEVEL: TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES

This research examines the impact of in-service training programs on the teaching practices of ESL instructors at the higher education level. Employing a qualitative data analysis approach, data from surveys and insights from in-person interviews were combined to generate the study's findings. A random sample of forty ESL teachers from various regions of Punjab, Pakistan, was selected, with ten teachers from Lahore participating in interviews following the completion of online surveys. Thematic Analysis was performed on the data, offering a comprehensive understanding of the teachers' overall perceptions. The findings of this study contribute to the existing knowledge on the effectiveness of in-service training programs for ESL instructors in the higher education context. The qualitative analysis provides an overview of the sample's general perceptions, delves into the intricacies and specific experiences of the instructors. These research findings have implications for ESL education policy and teacher professional development programs. They will inform educational institutions and policymakers about the effectiveness of in-service training programs and highlight areas for improvement.

Embedding Big Qual and Team Science into Qualitative Research: Lessons from a Large-scale, Cross-site Research Study.

A major part of the HEALing Communities Study (HCS), launched in 2019 to address the growing opioid epidemic, is evaluating the study's intervention implementation process through an implementation science (IS) approach. One component of the IS approach involves teams with more than 20 researchers collaborating across four research sites to conduct in-depth qualitative interviews with over 300 participants at four time points. After completion of the first two rounds of data collection, we reflect upon our qualitative data collection and analysis approach. We aim to share our lessons learned about designing and applying qualitative methods within an implementation science framework. The HCS evaluation is based on the RE-AIM/PRISM framework and incorporates interviews at four timepoints. At each timepoint, the core qualitative team of the Intervention Work Group drafts an interview guide based on the framework and insights from previous round(s) of data collection. Researchers then conduct interviews with key informants and coalition members within their respective states. Data analysis involves drafting, iteratively refining, and finalizing a codebook in a cross-site and within-site consensus processes. Interview transcripts are then individually coded by researchers within their respective states. Successes in the evaluation process includes having structured procedures for communication, data collection, and analysis, all of which are critical for ensuring consistent data collection and for achieving consensus during data analysis. Challenges include recognizing and accommodating the diversity of training and knowledge between researchers, and establishing reliable ways to securely store, manage, and share the large volumes of data. Qualitative methods using a team science approach have been limited in their application in large, multi-site randomized controlled trials of health interventions. Our experience provides practical guidance for future studies with large, experientially and disciplinarily diverse teams, and teams seeking to incorporate qualitative or mixed-methods components for their evaluations.

Islamic Psychospiritual Theory According to the Perspective of Maqasid al-Sharia

Islamic psychospirituality is a discipline that combines psychological and spiritual elements based on Islamic principles. The Islamic psychospiritual approach that emphasises on the purificaiton process of the soul (tazkiyyah al-nafs) becomes a necessity for man in order to ensure the well-being of his life and achieve happiness in this world and the Hereafter. This need is linked rather closely to the objective of legislating sharia law or the more popularly used term maqasid al-sharia in order to accomplish the good for all human beings. However, there are still gaps in the literature that discusses thoroughly the relationship between Islamic psychospirituality and maqasid al-sharia. Therefore, this article was conducted to discuss Islamic psychospirituality according to maqasid al-sharia. This study was conducted using full library research method for data collection and qualitative approach for data analysis. Based on the anylisis it was found that the relationship between Islamic psychospirituality and maqasid al-sharia can be seen from two views namely from the debates of al-kulliyat al-khams and al-wasilah wa al-ghayat towards the achievement of al-sa’adah (happiness) which is maqasid al -sharia al-’ammah (general maqasid sharia). Ultimately, Islamic psychospirituality plays a very important role in the development of insaniah which eventually leads to the guaranteed preservation of al-kulliyat al-khams which is the main core of maqasid al-sharia.

Three-year evaluation of a program teaching social determinants of health in community-based medical education: a general inductive approach for qualitative data analysis

BackgroundSocial determinants of health (SDH) are intricately intertwined with various social and economic factors. Reflection is essential for learning about SDH. However, only a few reports have focused on reflection in SDH programs; most were cross-sectional studies. We aimed to longitudinally evaluate a SDH program in a community-based medical education (CBME) curriculum that we introduced in 2018 based on the level of reflection and content on SDH in students’ reports.MethodsStudy design: General inductive approach for qualitative data analysis. Education program: A 4-week mandatory clinical clerkship in general medicine and primary care at the University of Tsukuba School of Medicine in Japan was provided to all fifth- and sixth-year medical students. Students underwent a 3-week rotation in community clinics and hospitals in suburban and rural areas of Ibaraki Prefecture. After a lecture on SDH on the first day, students were instructed to prepare a structural case description based on encounters during the curriculum. On the final day, students shared their experiences in a small group session and submitted a report on SDH. The program was continuously improved and faculty development was provided. Study participants: Students who completed the program during October 2018–June 2021. Analysis: Levels of reflection were categorized as reflective, analytical, or descriptive. The content was analyzed based on the Solid Facts framework.ResultsWe analyzed 118 reports from 2018–19, 101 reports from 2019–20, and 142 reports from 2020–21. There were 2 (1.7%), 6 (5.9%), and 7 (4.8%) reflective reports; 9 (7.6%), 24 (23.8%), and 52 (35.9%) analytical reports; and 36 (30.5%), 48 (47.5%), and 79 (54.5%) descriptive reports, respectively. The others were not evaluable. The number of Solid Facts framework items in reports were 2.0 ± 1.2, 2.6 ± 1.3, and 3.3 ± 1.4, respectively.ConclusionsStudents’ understanding of SDH deepened as the SDH program in the CBME curriculum improved. Faculty development might have contributed to the results. Reflective understanding of SDH might require more faculty development and integrated education of social science and medicine.

Extended Family Outreach in Hereditary Cancer Using Web-Based Genealogy, Direct-to-Consumer Ancestry Genetics, and Social Media: Mixed Methods Process Evaluation of the ConnectMyVariant Intervention

Cascade screening, defined as helping at-risk relatives get targeted genetic testing of familial variants for dominant hereditary cancer syndromes, is a proven component of cancer prevention; however, its uptake is low. We developed and conducted a pilot study of the ConnectMyVariant intervention, in which participants received support to contact at-risk relatives that extended beyond first-degree relatives and encourage relatives to obtain genetic testing and connect with others having the same variant through email and social media. The support that participants received included listening to participants' needs, assisting with documentary genealogy to find common ancestors, facilitating direct-to-consumer DNA testing and interpretation, and assisting with database searches. We aimed to assess intervention feasibility, motivations for participating, and engagement among ConnectMyVariant participants and their families. We used a mixed methods design including both quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods. First, we considered intervention feasibility by characterizing recruitment and retention using multiple recruitment mechanisms, including web-based advertising, dissemination of invitations with positive test results, provider recruitment, snowball sampling, and recruitment through web-based social networks and research studies. Second, we characterized participants' motivations, concerns, and engagement through project documentation of participant engagement in outreach activities and qualitative analysis of participant communications. We used an inductive qualitative data analysis approach to analyze emails, free-text notes, and other communications generated with participants as part of the ConnectMyVariant intervention. We identified 84 prospective participants using different recruitment mechanisms; 57 participants were ultimately enrolled in the study for varying lengths of time. With respect to motivations for engaging in the intervention, participants were most interested in activities relating to genealogy and communication with others who had their specific variants. Although there was a desire to find others with the same variant and prevent cancer, more participants expressed an interest in learning about their genealogy and family health history, with prevention in relatives considered a natural side effect of outreach. Concerns about participation included whether relatives would be open to communication, how to go about it, and whether others with a specific variant would be motivated to help find common ancestors. We observed that ConnectMyVariant participants engaged in 6 primary activities to identify and communicate with at-risk relatives: sharing family history, family member testing, direct-to-consumer genealogy genetic testing analysis, contacting (distant) relatives, documentary genealogy, and expanding variant groups or outreach. Participants who connected with others who had the same variant were more likely to engage with several extended family outreach activities. This study demonstrated that there is an interest in extended family outreach as a mechanism to improve cascade screening for hereditary cancer prevention. Additional research to systematically evaluate the outcomes of such outreach may be challenging but is warranted.

Teaching of Solid, Liquid and Gas Substances to Students with Intellectual Disabilities through Direct Instruction Method

The aim of this study is determine the effectiveness and usefulness of direct instruction method in teaching certain “solid, liquid and gas” substances to students in a special education classroom in secondary school. The study was carried out through the case study that is one of the qualitative research methods. The teaching method used in order to test the efficiency of the study is the direct teaching method. Four students with intellectual disabilities participated in the study. One of the students was female (14 years old) while other students were male (15, 10, 10 years old). Three students had moderate disability and one had mild disability. In this study, the data were collected through semi-structured interviews and non-structured observations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the implementation teacher. Data obtained through interviews and observations in the study was analysed using qualitative data analysis approach and content analysis was performed on the data. Semi-structured interviews with the teacher were transcribed and analyzed. At the end of the study, it was found that three students learned all of the solid, liquid and gas substances that were taught to them and achieved permanent learning while one of the students learned solid, liquid and gas substances but did not achieve permanent learning for gas substances. Thus, it was concluded that direct instruction is an effective and useful method for teaching solid, liquid and gas substances to students with intellectual disabilities.

Relationship between Visionary Leadership and implementation of Change Management strategies in Private Secondary Schools in Nairobi County

The purpose of this study is to examine and explore the relationship between visionary leadership and the implementation of change management strategies in private secondary schools in Nairobi County. This study attempts to explicate and test the key role of visionary leadership in bringing and implementing change in organizations. A test of the hypotheses was done using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study targeted the principals, teachers and school administrators from 108 private secondary schools. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling procedures. The sample size of this study was five hundred and thirteen (n=513) respondents. The study collected data from teachers and school administrators using questionnaires, and from principals using interview guides. Questionnaires were distributed both physically and through emails. The research instruments were tested by two experts for content, trustworthiness and face validity, and another test was done for data reliability. Data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches following the research questions. For quantitative data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 was used to code data and conduct analysis. From the analysis, the study concluded that visionary leadership has an effect on the implementation of change management strategies in the private secondary schools. The study recommended that top management need to encourage employees to share their opinion and be part of every creative process in the private secondary schools. Key Words: Visionary Leadership, Implementation of change management strategies, private secondary schools

Relationship between Charismatic Leadership and Implementation of Change Management strategies in Private Secondary schools in Nairobi County

Charisma is characterized by vision and a sense of mission, instilling pride and gaining respect and trust in a group. The purpose of this study is to examine and explore the relationship between charismatic leadership and the implementation of change management strategies in private secondary schools in Nairobi County. This study attempts to explicate and test the key role of charismatic leadership in bringing and implementing change in organizations. A test of the hypotheses was done using bivariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study targeted the principals, teachers and school administrators from 28 private secondary schools. The study used both probability and non-probability sampling procedures. The sample size of this study were five hundred and thirteen (n=513) respondents. The study collected data from teachers and school administrators using questionnaires, and from principals using interview guides. Questionnaires were distributed both physically and through emails. The research instruments were tested by two experts for content, trustworthiness and face validity, and another test was done for data reliability. Data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches following the research questions. For quantitative data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used for analysis; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26 was used to code data and conduct analysis. From the analysis, the study concluded that charismatic leadership has an effect on the implementation of change management strategies in the private secondary schools. The study recommended that top management need to encourage employees to share their opinion and be part of every creative process in the private secondary schools. Key Words: Charismatic Leadership, Implementation of change management strategies, private secondary schools

OPINIONS OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS ON SUPERVISION

The purpose of this research; In the 2021-2022 academic year, based on the opinions of the principals working in primary, secondary and high schools in the city center of Tokat, it is aimed to reveal whether the principals have the necessary knowledge and skills for inspection, the problems they encounter in inspection, and the positive and negative aspects of inspection. The data used in the research were collected from a total of 18 people, including 6 primary school principals, 6 secondary school principals and 6 high school principals, selected according to the maximum diversity sampling, working in the central primary, secondary and high school in Tokat province. The data collected with the standardized open-ended interview form developed by the researcher were analyzed and interpreted using the content analysis approach, one of the qualitative data analysis approaches. According to the results of the research, most of the participants argued that it is a correct practice to carry out the supervision by the school principals. The participants stated that the supervision by the school principals puts pressure on the teachers and students, and the teacher-principal relations are negatively affected. It has been concluded that the positive aspects of supervision by school principals are that teachers keep themselves up-to-date on the program and content and contribute positively to their professional development. It was emphasized that the negative aspects of supervision by school principals would damage the developed relations between the supervisor and the supervisor. This situation also emphasized the damage to the institutional balance and school culture, and the psychological pressures that the supervision itself will create on teachers.

Disruptive Technologies and Innovation in Hospitality: A Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Approach

As emerging digital technologies have been used for disruptive innovation and business models, an essential component for hospitality researchers and practitioners is to determine the role of disruptive technologies and innovation in hospitality businesses. This study synthesizes prior research on disruptive innovation and identifies disruptive technologies in the hospitality context. A thematic analysis was performed through a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis approach using 23 publicly traded hospitality companies. Results reveal that disruptive technology and innovation are among the most critical strategic aspects in contemporary hospitality firms. This study provides contributions to hospitality researchers and practitioners to implement disruptive technologies for superior business performance. This study is among the first to introduce and synthesize disruptive technologies and innovation in the hospitality context.