Quadratic Gauss Sums Research Articles

Generalized quadratic Gauss sums and their 2mth power mean

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to study the problem of calculating the 2mth power mean of the generalized quadratic Gauss sums, and using the analytic method and an interesting combinatorial identity to give a sharp asymptotic formula for the 2mth power mean. Thus, a new simple proof of this existing result [N. Bag, A. Rojas-León, and W. P. Zhang, On some conjectures on generalized quadratic Gauss sums and related problems, Finite Fields Appl. 86 (2023), 10213] is provided.

The fourth power mean of the generalized quadratic Gauss sums associated with some Dirichlet characters

<abstract><p>In this paper, the fourth power mean values of the generalized quadratic Gauss sums associated with the $ 3 $-order and $ 4 $-order Dirichlet characters are given by using the properties of the Dirichlet characters and Gauss sums.</p></abstract>

The pointwise behavior of Riemann’s function

We present a new and simple method for the determination of the pointwise Hölder exponent of Riemann's function \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n^{-2}\sin(\pi n^{2} x) at every point of the real line. In contrast to earlier approaches, where wavelet analysis and the theta modular group were needed for the analysis of irrational points, our method is direct and elementary, being only based on the following tools from number theory and complex analysis: the evaluation of quadratic Gauss sums, the Poisson summation formula, and Cauchy's theorem.

On some conjectures on generalized quadratic Gauss sums and related problems

The main purpose of this article is to study higher power mean values of generalized quadratic Gauss sums using estimates for character sums, analytic methods and algebraic geometric methods. We prove two conjectures which were proposed recently by the above authors in a previous article (2022). Here we obtain an asymptotic formula for arbitrary power means of generalized quadratic Gauss sums and one corresponding power moment of a character sum.

AN AMAZING IDENTITY OF GAUSS AND JENKINS’ LEMMA

AbstractWe prove several finite product-sum identities involving the q-binomial coefficient, one of which is used to prove an amazing identity of Gauss. We then use this identity to evaluate certain quadratic Gauss sums and, together with known properties of quadratic Gauss sums, we prove the quadratic reciprocity law for the Jacobi symbol. We end our article with a new proof of Jenkins’ lemma, a lemma analogous to Gauss’ lemma. This article aims to show that Gauss’ amazing identity and the properties of quadratic Gauss sums are sufficient to establish the quadratic reciprocity law for the Jacobi symbol.

Superpositions of coherent states determined by Gauss sums

We describe a family of quantum states of the Schr\"odinger cat type as superpositions of the harmonic oscillator coherent states with coefficients defined by the quadratic Gauss sums. These states emerge as eigenfunctions of the lowering operators obtained after canonical transformations of the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra associated with the ordinary and fractional Fourier transformation. The first member of this family is given by the well known Yurke-Stoler coherent state.

On the sums of squares of exceptional units in residue class rings

Let \(n\ge 1, e\ge 1, k\ge 2\) and c be integers. An integer u is called a unit in the ring \({\mathbb {Z}}_n\) of residue classes modulo n if \(\gcd (u, n)=1\). A unit u is called an exceptional unit in the ring \({\mathbb {Z}}_n\) if \(\gcd (1-u,n)=1\). We denote by \({\mathcal {N}}_{k,c,e}(n)\) the number of solutions \((x_1,\ldots ,x_k)\) of the congruence \(x_1^e+\cdots +x_k^e\equiv c \pmod n\) with all \(x_i\) being exceptional units in the ring \({\mathbb {Z}}_n\). In 2017, Mollahajiaghaei presented a formula for the number of solutions \((x_1,\ldots ,x_k)\) of the congruence \(x_1^2+\cdots +x_k^2\equiv c\pmod n\) with all \(x_i\) being the units in the ring \({\mathbb {Z}}_n\). Meanwhile, Yang and Zhao gave an exact formula for \({\mathcal {N}}_{k,c,1}(n)\). In this paper, by using Hensel’s lemma, exponential sums and quadratic Gauss sums, we derive an explicit formula for the number \({\mathcal {N}}_{k,c,2}(n)\). Our result extends Mollahajiaghaei’s theorem and that of Yang and Zhao.

An explicit evaluation of $10^{\text{th}}$-power moment of quadratic Gauss sums and some applications

In this paper we have estimated one multi-variable character sum \begin{align*} \sum_{a=2}^{p-2}\sum_{b=1}^{p-1}\sum_{c=2}^{p-2}\sum_{d=1}^{p-1}\left(\frac{a^2-b^2}{p}\right)\left(\frac{b^2-1}{p}\right) \left(\frac{c^2-d^2}{p}\right)\left(\frac{d^2-1}{p}\right)\left(\frac{a^2c^2-1}{p}\right), \end{align*} for odd prime $p$. With the help of our estimate of the above character sum, we have studied the tenth power mean value of generalized quadratic Gauss sums using estimates for character sums and analytic methods.

The punctured codes of two classes of cyclic codes with few weights

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>The puncturing technique is one of important tools for constructing new codes from old ones. In recent years, many classes of linear codes with interesting parameters have been obtained with this technique. Based on quadratic Gauss sums, the puncturing technique and cyclotomic classes, we investigate two classes of punctured codes of cyclic codes over finite fields. The weight distribution and the parameters of the duals of these codes are studied. The parameters of these codes are new.</p>

On the 1-error linear complexity of two-prime generator

<abstract><p>Jing et al. dealed with all possible Whiteman generalized cyclotomic binary sequences $ s(a, b, c) $ with period $ N = pq $, where $ (a, b, c) \in \{0, 1\}^3 $ and $ p, q $ are distinct odd primes (Jing et al. arXiv:2105.10947v1, 2021). They have determined the autocorrelation distribution and the 2-adic complexity of these sequences in a unified way by using group ring language and a version of quadratic Gauss sums. In this paper, we determine the linear complexity and the 1-error linear complexity of $ s(a, b, c) $ in details by using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The results indicate that the linear complexity of $ s(a, b, c) $ is large enough and stable in most cases.</p></abstract>

Stationary Phase Method in Discrete Wigner Functions and Classical Simulation of Quantum Circuits

One of the lowest-order corrections to Gaussian quantum mechanics in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces are Airy functions: a uniformization of the stationary phase method applied in the path integral perspective. We introduce a "periodized stationary phase method" to discrete Wigner functions of systems with odd prime dimension and show that the π8 gate is the discrete analog of the Airy function. We then establish a relationship between the stabilizer rank of states and the number of quadratic Gauss sums necessary in the periodized stationary phase method. This allows us to develop a classical strong simulation of a single qutrit marginal on t qutrit π8 gates that are followed by Clifford evolution, and show that this only requires 3t2+1 quadratic Gauss sums. This outperforms the best alternative qutrit algorithm (based on Wigner negativity and scaling as ∼30.8t for 10−2 precision) for any number of π8 gates to full precision.

Double-Janus linear sigma models and generalized reciprocity for Gauss sums

We study the supersymmetric partition function of a 2d linear σ-model whose target space is a torus with a complex structure that varies along one worldsheet direction and a Kähler modulus that varies along the other. This setup is inspired by the dimensional reduction of a Janus configuration of 4d mathcal{N} = 4 U(1) Super-Yang-Mills theory compactified on a mapping torus (T2 fibered over S1) times a circle with an SL(2, ℤ) duality wall inserted on S1, but our setup has minimal supersymmetry. The partition function depends on two independent elements of SL(2, ℤ), one describing the duality twist, and the other describing the geometry of the mapping torus. It is topological and can be written as a multivariate quadratic Gauss sum. By calculating the partition function in two different ways, we obtain identities relating different quadratic Gauss sums, generalizing the Landsberg-Schaar relation. These identities are a subset of a collection of identities discovered by F. Deloup. Each identity contains a phase which is an eighth root of unity, and we show how it arises as a Berry phase in the supersymmetric Janus-like configuration. Supersymmetry requires the complex structure to vary along a semicircle in the upper half-plane, as shown by Gaiotto and Witten in a related context, and that semicircle plays an important role in reproducing the correct Berry phase.

Local densities of diagonal integral ternary quadratic forms at odd primes

We give formulas for local densities of diagonal integral ternary quadratic forms at odd primes. Exponential sums and quadratic Gauss sums are used to obtain these formulas. These formulas (along with 2-adic densities and Siegel’s mass formula) can be used to compute the representation numbers of certain ternary quadratic forms.

Base change for ramified unitary groups: The strongly ramified case

Abstract We compute a special case of base change of certain supercuspidal representations from a ramified unitary group to a general linear group, both defined over a p-adic field of odd residual characteristic. In this special case, we require the given supercuspidal representation to contain a skew maximal simple stratum, and the field datum of this stratum to be of maximal degree, tamely ramified over the base field, and quadratic ramified over its subfield fixed by the Galois involution that defines the unitary group. The base change of this supercuspidal representation is described by a canonical lifting of its underlying simple character, together with the base change of the level-zero component of its inducing cuspidal type, modified by a sign attached to a quadratic Gauss sum defined by the internal structure of the simple character. To obtain this result, we study the reducibility points of a parabolic induction and the corresponding module over the affine Hecke algebra, defined by the covering type over the product of types of the given supercuspidal representation and of a candidate of its base change.

On the p ‐Adic Complexity of the Ding‐Helleseth‐Martinsen Binary Sequences

The purpose of this paper is to determine the p-adic complexity of the Ding-Helleseth-Martinsen (DHM) sequences with period N = 2q, where q = 5 (mod 8) is a prime number. We firstly use the p-adic exponential valuation, cyclotomic numbers of order four, “Gauss periods” and “quadratic Gauss sums” on finite field 𝔽q, and valued in ℤN, to determine the p-adic complexity of the DHM sequences.

On the generalized quadratic Gauss sums and its upper bound estimate

On the generalized quadratic Gauss sums and its upper bound estimate

The generalized quadratic Gauss sums and its sixth power mean

<abstract><p>In this article, we using elementary methods, the number of the solutions of some congruence equations and the properties of the Legendre's symbol to study the computational problem of the sixth power mean of a certain generalized quadratic Gauss sums, and to give an exact calculating formula for it.</p></abstract>

Higher order moments of generalized quadratic Gauss sums weighted by $L$-functions

The main purpose of this paper is to study higher order moments of the generalized quadratic Gauss sums weighted by $L$-functions using estimates for character sums and analytic methods. We find asymptotic formulas for three character sums which arise naturally in the study of higher order moments of the generalized quadratic Gauss sums. We then use these character sum estimates to find asymptotic formulas for the $\nth{6}$ and $\nth{8}$ order moments of the generalized quadratic Gauss sums weighted by $L$-functions. Our asymptotic formulas satisfy a conjecture of Wenpeng Zhang.

On the 2-Adic Complexity of the Ding-Helleseth-Martinsen Binary Sequences

We determine the 2-adic complexity of the Ding-Helleseth-Martinsen (DHM) binary sequences by using cyclotomic numbers of order four, "Gauss periods" and "quadratic Gauss sum" on finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$ and valued in $\mathbb{Z}_{2^N-1}$ where $q \equiv 5\pmod 8$ is a prime number and $N=2q$ is the period of the DHM sequences.

A proof of the Landsberg–Schaar relation by finite methods

The Landsberg–Schaar relation is a classical identity between quadratic Gauss sums, often used as a stepping stone to prove the law of quadratic reciprocity. The Landsberg–Schaar relation itself is usually proved by carefully taking a limit in the functional equation for Jacobi’s theta function. In this article, we present a direct proof, avoiding any analysis.