Quadratic Fitting Research Articles

Simplified BEM-based mathematical model for bottom-hinged oscillating wave surge converters under large-amplitude regular waves

The linear relationship between wave amplitude and wave torque based on the boundary element method (BEM) is widely employed for small-amplitude waves. However, linear relationships are unsuitable for bottom-hinged oscillating wave surge converters (OWSCs) under high waves owing to nonlinearities, such as wave overtopping. This paper presents an improved BEM introducing an incident wave amplitude correcting factor to simplify the complex nonlinearities under high regular waves. The correcting factors were calibrated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using OpenFOAM. An Oyster 800-like OWSC was adopted as the study model. A quadratic fitting curve of correcting factor vs. wave height is applicable because the calibrated correcting factors significantly correlate with wave heights but are almost irrelevant to wave periods. Though the time–history responses differ in BEM and CFD under high waves, BEM-based time-averaged results show good accuracy and high computational efficiency, such as equivalent pitch amplitude and capture width ratio (CWR). At mid-low periods, simultaneously varying power take-off (PTO) stiffness and damping than solely varying PTO damping, significantly increases CWR, especially under low waves. The capturing power under high waves substantially increases because of pitch motion amplification. At long periods, adjusting PTO inertia produces negligible efficiency improvement even with amplified oscillation.

Optimization-Design and Atomization-Performance Study of Aerial Dual-Atomization Centrifugal Atomizer

The aerial atomizer is the most essential component of the plant protection UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). However, the structural optimization of existing aerial atomizers lacks comprehensive consideration of spray parameters and structural parameters, and there is a shortage of available atomizer spray models, resulting in the unstable effect of UAV application. In our previous work, an aerial dual-atomization centrifugal atomizer was developed. In order to obtain an aerial atomizer with good atomization effect and its atomization model, structural optimization at different rotation speeds and flow rates of the atomizer, and its atomization performance, are studied in this paper. Firstly, with the droplet volume median diameter (VMD) and spectral width (SRW) as the evaluation index, through the single-factor, Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken tests, the influence of rotation speed, flow rate, tooth number and tooth shape were studied. The regression models of the droplet VMD and SRW were established using multiple quadratic regression fitting of the test data. Secondly, in order to achieve the lowest droplet VMD and SRW, the response surface method and post-hoc multiple comparison method were used to obtain the optimized structure of the atomizer’s rotation ring at different rotation speeds (600–7000 r/min) and flow rates (500–1000 mL/min). Lastly, with the effective swath width (ESW) of the optimized atomizer as the evaluation index, through the Box–Behnken test, the influence of rotation speed, flow rate and spray height were studied. The multiple quadratic regression model of ESW was established with the test data. The test results indicated that rotation speed, flow rate and tooth number had a significant effect on droplet VMD and SRW; tooth shape had no significant effect on the droplet VMD and SRW, however, the square tooth shape had the best atomization effect; and rotation speed, flow rate and spray height had a significant effect on ESW. The optimized structural parameters were tooth shape: square, and tooth number: 20. The determination coefficient R2 of the regression model of VMD, SRW and ESW were 0.9976, 0.9770 and 0.9974, respectively, which indicates that the model was accurate, and can evaluate and predict the spray effect. This paper provides an optimized dual-atomization centrifugal atomizer, and its regression models of VMD, SRW and ESW for UAV applications can provide a reference for efficient UAV spraying.

Comparison of Radiosonde Measurements of Meteorological Variables with Drone, Satellite Products, and WRF Simulations in the Tropical Andes: The Case of Quito, Ecuador

Radiosondes are the most widely used method for studies of vertical atmospheric behavior, but the high costs associated, and the logistic limitations have forced researchers to look for alternative methods for atmospheric profiling, such as lidar and satellite measurements, or modeling. However, the assessment of the accuracy of alternative methods is recommended, especially in complex terrain, such as the tropical Andes. In this research, the atmospheric profiling of satellite data from AIRS and MODIS products, simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting model, WRF, and drone measurements are evaluated for a campaign of 10 radio soundings, between August 2021 and January 2022. Additionally, the capability to capture the planetary boundary layer height, hPBL, is studied. The measurements were conducted at Izobamba station near Quito, Ecuador. Temperature, T, Dew Point Temperature, TD, Mixing Ratio, Q, and Potential Temperature, PT, were evaluated from 0 to 300 m above ground level (magl.) for satellite, WRF, and drone data, and from 0 km to 15 km for satellite and WRF data. Additionally, the capability to capture the planetary boundary layer height, HPBL, was assessed. The results show that drone profiles best represented the magnitude of the analyzed variables showing mean RMSE of 0.79 for T, but the noise of the measurements caused a low correlation with radio sounding profiles, which was partially corrected with a quadratic fit on the profile. The WRF results achieved a positive representation in terms of correlation, but error metrics show that there are remarkable differences in magnitude in the first 300 magl., up to the tropopause height, which surpasses satellite representations for all variables. The MODIS profiles do not generally perform well due to their low vertical resolution and limitations with cloud coverage. However, AIRS data, despite its low resolution, show a better representation of vertical profiles than MODIS, for T and TD, surpassing WRF simulations in some dates. For the HPBL, the WRF results show that physical and atmospheric conditions limit its determination, and the methods and conditioning factors should be further analyzed.

Development and application of an enantioselective liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of enantiomers to evaluate in vivo chiral inversion in beagle dog

To assess whether a suspected metabolic chiral inversion of a new chemical entity (NCE) with a single chiral centre occurred in an in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) study of UCB-1, a quantitative enantioselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated. Chromatographic screening of authentic standards of the two enantiomers was carried out using a range of Phenomenex Lux chiral columns under various isocratic conditions to achieve optimum chromatographic resolution. Protein precipitation was used for analyte extraction from 40 µL of dog plasma. The subjects were given a po dose of either 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg followed by blood sample collection at timepoints over a 72-hour period. For the analysis, a Shimadzu liquid chromatography system was coupled to a Sciex QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer operated using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode. The regression for the two enantiomers was (R2 ≥ 0.999) over the range of 10 – 20,000 ng/mL while employing a quadratic fit, with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 ng/ml. The method was validated for intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, which were within +/- 20%. The enantiomers were stable in dog plasma at room temperature for 4 h and after three freeze-thaw cycles. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in dog, after po administration of UCB-1 where a significant level of chiral inversion was observed in plasma.

Practical Issue Analyses and Imaging Approach for Hypersonic Vehicle-Borne SAR With Near-Vertical Diving Trajectory

As a frontier technology in radar imaging, hypersonic vehicle-borne (HSV) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has several practical issues to be dealt with, namely, ground resolution capability, pulse repetition frequency (PRF) selection, and beam pointing description, especially for the near-vertical diving trajectory because of the extremely small angle between the velocity and slant range vectors. Moreover, its focusing approach design is greatly challenged by very large cross-couplings and spatial variations. Considering these practical problems, the constraints between system performance and parameter selection are analyzed firstly to obtain the parameter optimization procedure and avoid system design deviation. Then, a frequency radius/angle algorithm (FRAA) is devised, which is an extension of the radius/angle algorithm (RAA) performed in two-dimensional (2-D) frequency domain. In the FRAA, new range equation and 2-D frequency interpolation function are reconstructed with high accuracy by quadratic fitting and 3-D expansion. Compared with RAA, FRAA is more suitable for the HSV SAR with near-vertical diving trajectory. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Bending-Sensitive Optical Waveguide Sensor With Carbon-Fiber Layer for Monitoring Grip Strength.

With the gradual popularity of wearable devices, the demand for high-performance flexible wearable sensors is also increasing. Flexible sensors based on the optical principle have advantages e.g. anti-electromagnetic interference, antiperspirant, inherent electrical safety, and the potential for biocompatibility. In this study, an optical waveguide sensor integrating a carbon fiber layer, fully constraining stretching deformation, partly constraining pressing deformation, and allowing bending deformation, was proposed. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is three times higher than that of the sensor without a carbon fiber layer, and good repeatability is maintained. We also attached the proposed sensor to the upper limb to monitor grip force, and the sensor signal showed a good correlation with grip force (the R-squared of the quadratic polynomial fitting was 0.9827) and showed a linear relationship when the grip force was greater than 10N (the R-squared of the linear fitting was 0.9523). The proposed sensor has the potential for applications in recognizing the intention of human movement to help the amputees control the prostheses.

High-Precision Fast Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Method for Planar Array

The multiple signal classification method for direction-of-arrival estimation is widely applied in practical scenarios. However, the multiple signal classification method with planar array requires 2-dimensional on-grid spectrum searches, which would lead to the grid mismatch and high computational complexity. Therefore, a high-precision fast direction-of-arrival estimation method for planar array is proposed. In the proposed method, a 2-stage grid search approach over the 2-dimensional spectrum is firstly applied to obtain a quick coarse estimation of direction of arrival. Then, the estimation of higher precision is achieved via a quadratic surface fitting method. Simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Fast estimation method of optimal modal gain for adaptive optical system

In an adaptive optical system, the optimal modal control method refers to applying proportional integral control of different bandwidths to the wavefront aberrations after modal decomposition to achieve better closed-loop results than the unified bandwidth modal control. The optimal modal gain usually needs to be obtained by ergodic solution based on the transfer function model of the adaptive optical system, the measured disturbance power spectral density, and the noise power spectral density, which usually takes a long time. Owing to the time-varying statistical characteristics of atmospheric turbulence, it is difficult to ensure the timeliness of the optimal modal gain. Therefore, we propose a method of fast estimating optimal modal gain based on quadratic polynomial fitting. In the method, it is only necessary to choose three reasonable gain coefficients and calculate their corresponding closed-loop residual errors respectively in order to estimate the optimal gain of single mode. The simulated slope data used in this work are cited from Lijiang 1.8 m adaptive telescope system, which consists of a 241-unit deformable secondary mirror and a Shaker-Hartmann wavefront sensor with 192 sub-apertures, with the first 135-order modes corrected by modal method. Our experiment is to test directly on-line on this system. The results show that under the same atmospheric environment, the proposed method can accurately estimate the optimal modal gain in a very short time and effectively suppress the high-order wavefront aberration. At the same time, owing to the reduced time complexity of the algorithm, the improved optimal modal gain estimation method takes only 0.33 s. Comparatively, it will take 7.08 s to obtain the optimal modal gain coefficient by using the parameter traversal method. Therefore the time spent on obtaining the optimal modal gain is shortened by about 95.3%, which is easier to meet the real-time requirements of the telescope, and beneficial to the adaptive optics system with more high-order modes. For the future adaptive optics system with more than one-thousand units, the proposed method can update the optimal gain to the second level, while the traversal method can only reach the minute level.

Grading Assessment of Temperature Thresholds and Suitable Temperature Zone Division for Typical Species in Marine Ranching

The construction of Marine Ranching is a safe, efficient, and sustainable way to achieve marine environmental protection and biological resource utilization. In recent years, the construction of Marine Ranching in coastal provinces in China has developed rapidly, but due to the late start, the ability to guarantee ecological security is weak. In this paper, Pseudosciaena crocea was selected as typical aquaculture species in Marine Ranching of the East China Sea, by integrating the experimental data from former studies effect of temperature on the Specific Growth Rate of this aquaculture species was evaluated via performing quadratic regression fitting, the results reveal that the optimum temperature ranges for Pseudosciaena crocea are 25.3– 30.7°C, the preferred range is 18.9–25.3°C, the unsuitable temperature ranges were lower than 18.9°C and higher than 30.7°C. Further, based on the aquaculture specifications, commodity specifications , and aquaculture cycle, the Specific Growth Rate to be achieved by the aquaculture species is determined, and the corresponding temperature threshold and graded evaluation were obtained, finally, the suitable water temperature distribution area of the Pseudosciaena crocea was evaluated based on the hydrological data observed in the East China Sea during 2020–2021.

Structures and properties of nano-XNH2 (X = C, Si, Ge, and Sn)

The structures and properties of nano-XNH2 (X = C, Si, Ge, and Sn) are explored using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Elastic strain and width are introduced to investigate the nano-XNH2 nanosheets and nanoribbons. First, their structural parameters and lattice constants are investigated by using quadratic curve fitting methods. Second, the regulation of bandgap with the change in the elastic strain and width is investigated. The theoretical calculations show that the bandgaps of these materials can be easily modulated. Therefore, nano-XNH2 has great potential applications in stress sensors and electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Optimization of M/M/2 Queueing Model with Working Vacations

The paper deals with an M/M/2 Queueing Model with working vacations and reneging of customers due to impatience. The matrix geometric method is used to find the distribution of the number of customers in the system. A cost function is constructed to obtain the optimal value of the service rate to optimize (minimize) the cost function using the Quadratic Fit Search Method (QFSM). Further, the effects on the system's performance measures using numerical analysis and graphical representation are studied.

Maximum Entropy Closure Relation for Higher Order Alignment and Orientation Tensors Compared to Quadratic and Hybrid Closure

A closure relation expresses the fourth order orientation tensor as a function of the second order one. Two well-known closure relations, the hybrid closure and the maximum entropy closure, are compared in the case of a rotation symmetric orientation distribution function. The maximum entropy closure predicts a positive fourth order parameter in the whole range of the second order parameter, whereas the hybrid closure results in negative fourth order parameters for small values of the second order one. For the maximum entropy closure quadratic fit polynomials are presented. For a general distribution without rotation symmetry, the expression for the entropy is exploited to derive an explicit form for the maximum entropy distribution. Lowest order approximation of this distribution function leads to simple closure forms for the fourth order alignment tensor and also for higher order alignment tensors.

A Novel Projection Distortion Correction Method on Patient's Body Surface

In this paper, the projection distortion correction method of patient's body surface is studied. First, the applicability of four typical projection image distortion correction methods to different surfaces were compared. Secondly, Based on the correction method based on quadratic surface fitting, and a correction method based on point cloud mapping was designed, which uses structured light to extract the point cloud information on the surface of the projection screen for coordinate transformation. Combined with the depth information, it solves the distortion problem of complex surface projection images, expands the surface applicability of the correction method, and improves the correction accuracy and real-time performance. The projection distortion correction of different types of surfaces is realized by simulation, and the correction effect of the two methods is compared. The correction time is shortened from 67s to 7s by the correction method based on point cloud mapping. Finally, organ simulation experiment was used to verify the intraoperative feasibility, and the virtual "perspective" display effect was presented as a whole.

Extraction optimization of anti-Parkinson’s medication L-DOPA and bioactive compounds from Mucuna atropurpurea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. with biomedical potential: RSM based desirability function approach

A statistical optimization tool, Central Composite Design (CCD) part of Response Surface design with the aid of the desirability function (DF) approach was employed to optimize and intensify the anti-Parkinson’s medicine L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), and bio-constituents extraction from Mucuna atropurpurea. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of an optimized plant extract were measured systematically using a series of assays to determine their relationship with total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Following multiple regression analyses of the experimental results, the optimal conditions were found for the maximum extraction of L-DOPA (112.68 mg/g), TPC (66.505 mgGAE/g), and TFC (132.44 mgQUE/g) were 10.35 min of ultrasonication time, 5.55 h of incubation (shaking) time with 52 °C of extraction temperature. The L-DOPA content was quantified using validated RP-HPLC under the optimized conditions. An estimate of the ANOVA and fit statistics “Suggested” the Quadratic polynomial model fit satisfactory. Validated response surface plots (Ramp function, cube plot, and bar graph of desirability) were the confirmation outputs showing significance to the target response. In conclusion, RSM provides the measures of the influence of factors on each quality characteristic to achieve actual outcomes at the optimal settings and model fit. It also revealed that a multi-target strategy consisting of L-DOPA therapy, antioxidants, iron chelation, and anti-inflammatory properties of Mucuna atropurpurea may provide a targeted new approach toward neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease. The approach proposed in this research proved to be robust and reliable for L-DOPA investigations, demonstrating its enormous potential for industrial applications.

Fastcc: Fast Color Corrections for Broadband Radio Telescope Data

Abstract Broadband receiver data need color corrections applying to correct for the different source spectra across their wide bandwidths. The full integration over a receiver bandpass may be computationally expensive and redundant when repeated many times. Color corrections can be applied, however, using a simple quadratic fit based on the full integration instead. Here we describe fastcc and interpcc, quick Python and IDL codes that return, respectively, color correction coefficients for different power-law spectral indices and modified blackbodies for various Cosmic Microwave Background related experiments. The codes are publicly available, and can be easily extended to support additional telescopes.

Feasibility of implementing a megavoltage ionization chamber calibration service at the secondary standards level

The purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of implementing a megavoltage calibration service for ionization chambers at the secondary standards level. Three reference-class ionization chambers were taken to the National Research Council (NRC) Canada for their primary megavoltage calibration service. Quadratic fits were applied to this data and used to determine calibration coefficients specific to the University of Wisconsin Medical Radiation Research Center (UWMRRC) beam qualities. The primary data and UWMRRC data were used to cross calibrate the three chambers. The resulting calibration coefficients were compared to the NRC values and agreement within 1% was observed. The uncertainty budgets developed for this secondary calibration service were found to be at the same level as those provided for a60Co calibration service at the secondary level. These results indicate that this type of service is feasible at the secondary standards level with the same level of uncertainty as the current standard of practice.

Functional relationship among pressure, displacement and angle for the waist of elastic pantyhose using finite element simulation

The inward displacement perpendicular to the human body produced by external pressure is a key point to evaluate the pressure comfort and optimize the design of compression garment. However, it is hard to obtain the accurate displacement value using the existing instrument and equipment. In order to find a simple and feasible method to obtain displacement data after the human body wearing compression clothing, the waist cross-section model of human body was obtained by computerized tomography scanning and Mimics modeling, and then the displacement distribution was simulated after wearing four sample elastic pantyhose (A1, A2, B1, B2) using finite element method in this article. Finally, the functional relationship between pressure/displacement ratio and angle was obtained through quadratic curve fitting. Research indicated that the four fitting curves showed almost the same tendency, and we can approximate that the functional relationship between pressure/displacement ratio and angle remains almost unchanged no matter what kind of elastic pantyhose the human body wearing, and no matter what state the human body was in (static or dynamic). As a result, when the human body was under clothing pressure, the corresponding displacement value on the body can be calculated on the premise of the known pressure value at any point of the waist cross section using the quadratic equation. The conclusion provides an important reference for evaluating clothing pressure comfort and optimizing clothing structure. This method is also applicable to other types of compression garment.

Nonlinear buoyancy driven flow of hybrid nanoliquid past a spinning cylinder with quadratic thermal radiation

The buoyancy driven flow on a vertical cylinder finds relevance in many engineering applications as in geophysics, chemical engineering, metallurgy, oceanography etc. The flow of water transporting hybrid nanoparticles (25 nm Ag and 40 nm MgO) around a spinning cylinder surface subjected to quadratic radiative heat transfer is explored using nonlinear buoyancy-induced (quadratic convection). The Esfe models for thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity as a function of a volumetric percentage of nanoparticle are amalgamated. The partial differential equations (PDEs) for buoyancy driven boundary layer flow are used to construct the dimensionless nonlinear form of governing PDEs, which are then solved by discretization method i.e., 2D Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM). Heat transport is found to be greater for quadratic radiation/convection than for linear thermal radiation/convection. Using response surface methodology, the maximum average heat transport (5.78391) is achieved for maximum parametric value of buoyancy parameter, rotating parameter and radiation parameter. Residual and sensitivity analyses are conducted for quadratic fitting. In addition, sensitivity of average Nusselt number towards radiation parameter is always positive.

Simulation of a Microsolenoid for the Detection of Magnetical Captured Beads

Low-cost, fast and accurate antibody detection is important for viral infection testing, especially for in cases of epidemics or pandemics. Currently, most rapid antibody detection methods are based on lateral flow immunoassay tests. [1] Beads offer a convenient way to capture and concentrate antigens, antibodies, and other biological molecules but determining the concentration or number can be a challenge, in particular at lower concentration levels. What we would like to achieve is the ability to detect much lower concentration levels, and in principle count individual molecules or a bound complex labelled with the magnetic bead using a micro-solenoid.In this paper, a three-dimensional, hollow channel, micro-solenoid is investigated to improve sensitivity, with antibody testing using magnetic microbeads bound to the target antigen. Previous work has shown the use of magnetic microbeads for microfluidic devices [2]. The micro-solenoid is simulated using COMSOL multiphysics to test various geometric parameters such as bead size, coil size, and bead velocity for the goal of detecting and counting antibodies bound to the beads.A time dependent model was constructed in COMSOL using the magnetic fields and moving mesh modules. In order to simplify the simulation, a 2D axisymmetric model was used and the model was first solved using a stationary step. The bead is represented by a short cylinder, and the solenoid as a uniform diameter annular cylinder, 390 um in length. The coil was simulated through the coil interface under the magnetic fields module allowing it to be represented as single uniform object with variable number of turns, conductivity, and cross-sectional area.For several sets of constant bead size, coil size, and bead magnetization, the maximum voltage reached was found to be a linear function with respect to velocity. In terms of coil radius, the simulated voltage response decreased quadratically with increasing radius however this was only significant when the bead size was appreciable to the coil size for simulations featuring coil radii of 15, 25, 35, and 50 um with 2, 5, 10, and 12.5 um radii beads. The data is presented in figure 1A and 1B. The results for 10 and 12.5 um radius bead are the only ones with appreciable curvature. The simulated voltage response increased quadratically with increasing bead size and the curvature of the underlying quadratic fit increased with decreased coil radius. Future avenues of study include 3 dimensional designs and simulations and fabrication using microfabricated coils.[1] D. A. Mistry, J. Y. Wang, M.-E. Moeser, T. Starkey, and L. Y. W. Lee, “A systematic review of the sensitivity and specificity of lateral flow devices in the detection of SARS-CoV-2.,” BMC Infect. Dis., vol. 21, no. 1, p. 828, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06528-3.[2] Kyu Sung Kim and Je-Kyun Park, “Magnetic force-based immunoassay using superparamagnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic channel,” in The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS ’05., Jun. 2005, vol. 1, pp. 81-84 Vol. 1. doi: 10.1109/SENSOR.2005.1496364. Figure 1

Response of Soil Respiration Rates to Soil Temperature and Moisture at Different Soil Depths of Caragana korshinskii Plantation in the Loess-Hilly Region

It is of great significance to clarify the influence of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration rate and its characteristics in ecologically fragile regions under the background of climate change for the accurate assessment and prediction of carbon budgets in this region. The average CO2 concentration and soil temperature and moisture at different soil depths (10, 50, and 100 cm) were measured using a CO2 analyzer and temperature and moisture sensors. The soil respiration rate was calculated using Fick's first diffusion coefficient method. The dynamic characteristics of soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil respiration rate in different soil depths were explored, and the response of soil respiration rate to soil temperature and moisture were further analyzed. The results showed that the diurnal variation in soil respiration rate decreased significantly with the increase in soil depth (P<0.05), and the peak time lagged behind. Soil respiration rate in adjacent soil depths (10, 50, and 100 cm) lagged 1 h from top to bottom. The monthly variation in soil respiration rate was a multi-peak curve, in which the maximum soil respiration rates of 10, 50, and 100 cm soil depths were on July 25th, August 6th, and August 10th, reaching 13.96, 2.96, and 1.47 μmol·(m2·s)-1, respectively. The effect of soil temperature on soil respiration rate decreased with the increase in soil depth. Soil temperature at 50 cm and below had no significant effect on soil respiration rate (P>0.05). The fitting index of 10 cm soil depth was the best (R2=0.96), but the fitting indexes of 50 cm and 100 cm soil depths were poor (R2=0.00 and R2=0.01, respectively). The temperature sensitivity coefficient Q10 decreased with the increase in soil depth. Soil moisture in different soil depths had significant effects on soil respiration rate (P<0.05), and the quadratic fitting indicated that 50 cm (R2=0.35)>10 cm (R2=0.22)>100 cm (R2=0.31). The combined effects of soil temperature and moisture in different soil depths could explain 96%, 6%-50%, and 22%-24% of soil respiration rate, respectively. In summary, the effects of soil temperature and moisture at different soil depths of the Caragana korshinskii plantation in the loess-hilly region on soil respiration rate differed. The soil respiration rate of the 10 cm soil depth was affected by the comprehensive effect of soil temperature and moisture; however, the relative contribution of soil temperature was higher, and soil moisture at and below a soil depth of 50 cm was the key factor. These results could help improve predictions on the impact of future climate change on the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems in the region and provide a theoretical basis for greenhouse gas regulation in the future.