Quadratic Transect Research Articles

Is the Mangrove Beach of Serdang Berdagai Regency, North Sumatra Suitable as An Ecotourism Site?

Mangrove ecosystems have various potentials, one of which is as a tourist area. This study aims to assess the suitability of mangrove ecosystems as ecotourism areas, which can later be used as a basis for developing ecotourism on mangrove beaches in Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra Province. The research method used was survey. The research was conducted during the period July to October 2023. Mangrove observations were made using the 10 x 10 metre quadratic transect method as many as 20 pieces placed on the shoreline area towards land. thickness and density of mangroves. The results showed that there were two mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata with a total density of 1,015 individuals per hectare (10.15 individuals per 100 m²). There are 16 types of biota associated with mangrove ecosystems consisting of 3 types of bivalves, 1 type of gastropod, 6 types of fish, 3 types of crustaceans, 2 types of arthropods, and 1 type of mammal. The results of the ecotourism suitability index analysis show that this area is suitable to be used as a mangrove ecotourism location with a suitability value of 54.75%. Thus, it can be concluded that the mangrove beach is suitable to be used as an ecotourism area.

KEANEKARAGAMAN EPIFAUNA DI HUTAN MANGROVE TELUK GILIMANUK, BALI

The intertidal zone is a unique coastal region, between the highest and lowest tide lines, experiencing submergence during high tide and exposure as land during low tide. This condition creates a dynamic habitat with high biodiversity. This study evaluates the diversity and abundance of Gastropods in the intertidal zone of Gilimanuk Bay, which faces pressure from human activities such as fisheries, energy, and tourism. The research was conducted in September-November 2023. Epifaunal sampling was carried out using the 2m x 2m quadrat transect method at 16 stations. At each station, 5 quadrat transects were sampled. The results showed that 29 species from 14 epifaunal families were found in Gilimanuk Bay, with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index indicating a moderate category (2.26-0.79). The evenness index varied between stations, while the dominance index indicated no dominant species. This study emphasizes the importance of conservation and management of natural resources to maintain the diversity and stability of the Gilimanuk Bay ecosystem. Keywords: Ecosystem; Epifauna; Diversity; Gilimanuk Bay

Kelimpahan Bintang Laut (Asteroidea) di Pantai Awang Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

This research aims to determine the abundance of starfish (Asteroidea) at Awang Beach, Central Lombok Regency. This type of research is exploratory descriptive. Using the quadrant transect method, sampling was carried out at three station points, namely station I, II and III. Data collection techniques include direct observation and documentation. The parameter measured is the abundance of starfish. The research results showed that the average value of the starfish abundance index at the three station points was 0.288 ind/m2, in the low category.

Alarming cigarette butts contamination on sandy beaches of East Java, Indonesia.

Cigarette butts, along with other plastic items, have been extensively studied as the primary source of marine litter in coastal areas around the world. Although there has been extensive research on cigarette butts in coastal areas worldwide, there have been no publications related to this in coastal areas in Indonesia. Therefore, this research is the first to report on the pollution of cigarette butts on different Indonesian beaches, specifically in the East Java Province. The study aimed to assess the abundance, size distribution, and pollution levels associated with cigarette butts from 15 different beaches. Cigarette butts were collected using a 5 × 5m quadrate transect, placed 20m apart along the coastline from December 2022 to August 2023. The collectedcigarette butts were counted andmeasured in three different sizes: 0.5-2.5cm, 2.5-5cm, and 5-10cm. A total of 323 cigarette butts were collected, with densities ranging from 0.08 to 3.32 items m-2. The majority of butts were classified as meso-size (0.5-2.5cm), suggesting incomplete smoking and a higher potential for toxin release. The Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) revealed a spectrum of pollution levels, from low to severe, with most beaches exhibiting severe pollution. Factors such as negligent smoking behavior, inadequate waste management infrastructure, and beach environmental conditions were identified as key contributors to this pollution. This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive strategies, including public awareness campaigns, improved waste management, and beach clean-ups, to mitigate the environmental impact of cigarette butt pollution on Indonesian beaches.

Identification of Benthic Foraminifera Presence in The Marginal Environments of Biliran Island, Philippines.

Benthic foraminifera are unicellular marine micro-organism with a hard exoskeleton and commonly present in the benthic community of marine ecosystem. This study aimed to identify the benthic foraminifera present along the coastal areas of eight municipalities in Biliran Island, Philippines. Quadrat sampling was conducted and three samples per quadrant transect of 1 m × 1 m divided into nine squares were collected. The samples were then observed under the microscope, and the specimens seen were identified by comparing them with the images of the sample species from the website https://marinespecies.org/. The researchers conducted an in-situ collection of the foraminiferal shells from intertidal areas along shallow water coastlines of the island. Results showed that the coastal environment of Biliran Island has the presence of the genera Spirillina, Quinqueloculina, Marginopora and Sorites. The identified species were classified based on their feeding mechanisms as herbivory and passive suspension feeding. The presence of benthic foraminifera species along the coastal environments of Biliran Island provides a record of the environment where they are found, making them natural bioindicators of water quality. This study provides a baseline for further studies on the distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera in the area and can contribute to the understanding of the environmental conditions of the coastal areas in Biliran Island.

Carbon Absorption Potential in Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in The Waters of East Melano Bay, Lemukutan Island, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan Province

Increasing human activities have caused negative impacts on the environment, such as rising earth's surface temperature and extreme climate change. This impact is caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane. Marine vegetation such as seaweed Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. It can also help absorb carbon and reduce carbon emissions through the process of photosynthesis. Seaweed that has the potential to reduce carbon emissions is Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. which is located in the waters of East Melano Bay, Bengkayang Regency. This study aims to determine the density of seaweed species Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. in East Melano Bay, as well as analyzing the carbon sequestration potential of seaweed. The method used is to use the descriptive method of exploration. The descriptive method of exploration aims to describe the state of a phenomenon. This study uses the quadrant transect method in sampling in the field, while the determination of carbon content uses the analysis of biomass, ash content, moisture content and volatile substances. The results of the analysis that have been carried out show the density value of Sargassum sp. has the highest value of 102.4 Ind/m2 and Padina sp. 76.05 Ind/m2. Carbon sequestration by seaweed Sargassum sp. is 105,637 tons of C/ha and Padina sp. amounting to 78,032 tons of C/ha. Based on the description in this study, it can be concluded that the highest carbon absorption is in Sargassum sp.

Perbandingan Komposisi dan Struktur Komunitas Makroalga antara Pulau Semak Daun dan Pulau Pramuka di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta

Kepulauan Seribu have diverse biodiversity, one of which is macroalgae located in the Tourism Utilization Zone and the residential zone. Environmental factors, such as substrate, water quality and the presence of human activities, are very different on each island. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the composition and structure of macroalgae communities on islands in the Tourism Utilization Zone, Semak Daun Island and islands in the Settlement Zone, Pramuka Island. Settlement Zone, Pramuka Island. The method used is a quadrat transect. 16 types of macroalgae were found on Semak Daun Island and 26 types of macroalgae on Pramuka Island. The diversity value on Semak Daun Island is categorized as moderate with a value of 1.84 and on Pramuka Island is categorized as moderate with a value of 2.64. The highest INP value on Semak Daun Island is Sargassum binderi and the highest INP on Pramuka Island is Halimeda macroloba.

Population Structure of Echinoderms Associated with Seagrass on the South Coast of East Lombok

The Population structure is the individuals within a population that can be grouped based on specific characteristics, such as age groups or age stratification, such as prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive stages. This study aims to assess the population structure of Echinoderms on the southern coast of East Lombok based on average size and determine association types. Data collection was conducted using the quadrant transect method. Subsequently, data analysis included average size values of Echinoderms, Association Index, and abundance (Di). The study identified eight species totaling 726 individuals across seven families. Among them, the species with the highest number of individuals in the Poton Bako area was Protoreaster nododus (27.82% of total individuals). Meanwhile, the species with the lowest number of individuals on Pantai Lungkak was Ophiocoma scolopendrina (0.55% of total individuals). The highest abundance value (Di) was found for Protoreaster nodosus at Poton Bako (0.20 ind/m2), while the lowest (Di) was found for Ophiocoma scolopendrina at Pantai Lungkak (0.00 ind/m2). The species with the longest average size was Synapta maculata (24.50±6.21 cm), included in reproductive stratification, and the smallest average size was for Ophiocoma scolopenderina (1.33±0.12 cm), included in reproductive stratification. There was an association of Echinoderms with seagrass beds, with a positive association observed in the Poton Bako area and a negative association observed in Pantai Lungkak.

Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) in the Bagek Kembar Mangrove Area, West Lombok

An invertebrate critter called Saccostrea cucullata is typically found adhering to substrates like rocks and mangrove roots. The purpose of this study is to ascertain S. cucullata's abundance and distribution patterns. This study was carried out at West Lombok's Bagek Kembar Sekotong Natural Mangrove Area in February 2024. The samples were observed using the 5 x 5 m quadratic transect approach. To ascertain S. cucullata abundance and dispersion patterns, descriptive analysis was performed on the data. According to the study's findings, station I had the greatest abundance (1.81 Ind/m2), while station III had the lowest (0.95 Ind/m2). S. cucullata exhibits a clustered and uniform distribution pattern in certain areas. In the research region, temperature, salinity, and pH are the main factors affecting S. cucullata abundance and dispersion pattern, respectively.

Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in the coastal area of Mandalika International Street Circuit, Central Lombok, Indonesia

Abstract. Jayadi EM, Rahman FA, Ihsan MS, Fitriah L, Agustini D. 2024. Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in the coastal area of Mandalika International Street Circuit, Central Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2719-2728. Mangrove is one of the coastal vegetation that has an ecological role as a buffer for essential areas such as the Mandalika International Street Circuit Special Economic Zone located around the coastal area of Central Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research, conducted with a rigorous methodology, aims to determine the current condition of the diversity of mangrove vegetation and their vegetation structure as a buffer ecosystem in the Mandalika International Street Circuit area, West Nusa Tenggara. The study utilized the quadrant transect method, a widely accepted approach, with plots measuring 2×2 m2 (seedling strata), 5×5 m2 (sapling strata), 10×10 m2 (pole strata), and 20×20 m2 (tree strata). The total number of observation plots was 49 measuring plots in a total area of the mangrove ecosystem of 38.68 ha. The research results showed that four families and five genera were found consisting of 11 species of mangroves: Avicennia alba Blume, Avicennia lanata Ridl., Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob., Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lam., Rhizophora stylosa Griffith, Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae C.F.Gaertn., Sonneratia alba Sm., Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl., and Sonneratia ovata Backer. Rhizophora apiculata is the species with the highest density in the strata of seedlings (261 individuals/ha), saplings (312 individuals/ha), poles (444 individuals/ha), and trees (160 individuals/ha); this condition is in line with the importance value index R. apiculata with the highest values in seedlings (105.21%), saplings (89.14%), poles (129.61%), and trees (119.60%). Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the mangrove ecosystem in the Mandalika International Street Circuit is in the quite good category with an even diversity value with an H' value of no less than 1 (1.425).

Hubungan komunitas moluska dengan parameter lingkungan di kawasan mangrove Pulau Penyu, Tanjung Benoa, Bali

Mangroves are plants in coastal and estuary areas that are influenced by tides. Mangroves provide essential habitats as spawning, nursery and food sources for various biota, including mollusks. Mollusks have a reciprocal relationship with mangrove plants, play an important role in maintaining the balance of the food chain in mangrove ecosystems. The objective of the research is to establish the structure of the mollusk community and its correlation with environmental conditions in the Pulau Penyu mangroves. The study was carried out in September 2023. The method employed the 1x1m quadrat transect with 15 points per station. Salinity, pH, temperature and substrate type are all measurements of environmental conditions. The research revealed 24 species, including 20 gastropod species and 4 bivalvia species from 12 mollusk families. Families found include Potamididae, Cerithiidae, Batillariidae, Ellobiidae, Mitridae, Neritidae, Littorinidae, Naticidae, Muricidae, Veneridae, Cyrenidae and Corbulidae. Mollusk abundance ranged from 0,07 to 13,07 ind/m2 at the research site, with Cerithium coralium being the most abundant species and Corbula macgillivrayi being the least abundant. The results of diversity index is 1,90 to 2,25; evenness index is 0,68 to 0,78; dominance index is 0,18 to 0,25; indicating moderate species diversity, high individual numbers each species, and no dominant species. The range of environmental parameter values obtained were; temperature ranges from 34,1 to 35,37 oC; pH ranges from 6,43 to 6,68; and salinity ranges from 35,2 to 36,3 ppt. The substrate type at the research site was sandy clay and clayey sand. PCA analysis results indicate a strong relationship between mollusk abundance and pH, salinity and sand fraction, but very weak relationship with temperature, dust and clay fraction.

Indeks Ekologi dan Kepadatan Komunitas Cerithidea Spp. di Perairan Pengudang dan Dompak

Macrozoobenthos is a group of benthic organisms measuring more than 1 mm that plays a crucial role in the process of decomposition and mineralization of organic material in aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this observation was to determine the ecological index and density of macrozoobenthos in Pengudang and Dompak Waters. This observation was conducted from May 26-27, 2024 in the waters of Pengudang and Dompak using the survey method. Determination of sampling points is done by random sampling of 20 points each line transect. Macrozoobenthos measurements using 1x1m quadrant transect. The results showed that Pengudang waters had a higher species density with an average value of 13 (medium) compared to Dompak with an average of 0.03 (low). The diversity index ranged from 0.36-1.05, with Pengudang showing higher values. The uniformity index in Pengudang was 0.50 (medium), and in Dompak 0.17 (low). The dominance index was higher in Dompak (0.84) than Pengudang (0.40). Water quality parameters showed that temperature, salinity and pH were within safe limits, but TSS values in Dompak exceeded quality standards, indicating higher sedimentation levels.

The distribution of macroalgae in the Aceh north-western coastline

Abstract Macroalgae are polyphyletic multicellular plants that generally inhabit the littoral zone of the seashore. Aceh Province has a coastline stretching along the east, north and west ends of Sumatra Island; thus, various macroalga species may be found. This research aims to study the distribution of macroalga species at four locations on the north-western side of Aceh, including three sites in Aceh Besar District (Lhoknga, Lange, and Ujung Pancu Beaches) and one site in Banda Aceh City (Ulee Lheue Beach). Sampling was done across 50 meters of the seashore and 1 meter towards the sea. The sampling was conducted using a 1×1 meter quadrant transect method with sampling points every 10 meters. The morphology determination shows that five species of macroalga grew at Lhoknga Beach, namely Valoniopsis pachynema, Halimeda opuntia, Turbinaria decurrens, Sargassum plagiophyllum, and Padina australis. Lange Beach had three macroalgae species: Chaetomorpha linum, Laurencia obtusa, and Sargassum plagiophyllum. Meanwhile, Ujung Pancu Beach has four macroalga species: Halymenia durvillei, Turbinaria decurrens, Ulva lactuca and Sargassum plagiophyllum. At Ulee Lheue Beach, five species were found: Gracilaria edulis, Caulerpa taxifolia, Hypnea musciformis, Padina australis, and Acanthophora spicifera. In total, 13 macroalga species were distributed on Aceh’s north-western coast.

Abundance of Marine Debris on Satonda Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract Macro-sized marine debris is found not only on the coasts of densely populated islands but also on the coasts of small islands. The presence of marine debris on this small island is because there are tourist attractions that attract people’s attention or because currents around it carry it away. Therefore, this research aims to determine the abundance of marine debris on Satonda Island (a small island in the eastern part of Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia). Even though it is small, this island is an attractive tourist destination because it has a lake formed from the eruption of Mount Tambora. Marine debris data was collected using the quadrant transect method, carried out randomly along the coastline. Data collection time was carried out at high and low tides, with the parameters recorded being the amount and type of waste, size and shape of rubbish, coordinate points, transect length, and data collection time. The research results show that the marine debris on Satonda Island is diverse (393 items), with a total weight of 16,665.45 g. At high tide, it is dominated by rubber marine debris, such as shoes and sandals weighing 1,457 g (33 items), while at low tide, it is dominated by hard plastic marine debris weighing 3,972 g (147 items).

Macrozoobenthos Community Structure at Teluk Marunggai Beach, Nagari Sungai Nyalo, Pesisir Selatan District, West Sumatera Province

Teluk Marunggai Beach, Nagari Sungai Nyalo, is one of the new tourist areas in Pesisir Selatan Regency which, over time, will begin to be in demand by tourists, which will have an impact on the life of the biota on the beach, one of which is macrozoobenthos. This research was conducted in March 2023 in the Intertidal Zone of Teluk Marunggai Beach, Sungai Nyalo Village, Koto Ampek Tarusan District, Pesisir Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and abundance of macrozoobenthos species in the coastal waters of Marunggai Bay and to determine the diversity, uniformity, dominance and distribution patterns of macrozoobenthos in the coastal waters of Marunggai Bay. The research method used is the survey method, where the sampling using the quadrant transect method is carried out at three stations. The research results found 40 species of macrozoobenthos. The most common species found at all stations were Turbo cinereus from the Turbinidae family and the Gastropod class. The macrozoobenthos abundance values ​​obtained ranged from 6.44–6.67 ind/m2. Species diversity index values ​​ranged from 3.06–3.52, namely high. Uniformity index values ​​ranged from 3.02 to 3.14, high uniformity, dominance index values ​​ranged from 0.10 to 0.15; no species dominated, and the value of the distribution pattern ranged from 2.959 to 2.962 with a group distribution pattern

Assessing the mangrove community structure and aquatic environmental factors of the mangrove ecosystem in Jangkaran Village

Coastal areas have the potential for damage caused by abrasion, strong winds, and tsunamis. Seeing the high potential for damage that might occur, the appropriate approach is to conserve mangrove forests, one of which is found in Jangkaran Village, Temon District, Kulon Progo Regency. This study aims to identify mangrove community structure and aquatic environmental factors in Jangkaran Village. Mangrove community structure was analyzed using the importance value index and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Aquatic environmental factors were analyzed using temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity parameters. Data collection was carried out in three locations in Jangkaran Village. Mangrove vegetation data were taken from each transect using the 10 m x 10 m quadrat transect method. Data on aquatic environmental factors were taken directly at the location using a refractometer, DO meter, and pH meter. The results of this study are species with the highest importance index value in location 1, namely Rhizophora apiculata (117.094%), location 2, Avicennia marina (207.203%), and location 3, Avicennia marina (97.0362%). Shannon Wiener diversity indexes in the three locations are 0.6943, 0.4056, and 0.6841. The results of measurements of aquatic environmental factors are temperature 25.7-30.3 °C; pH 7.2-7.7; salinity 25-34; and dissolved oxygen 6.5-6.7. Thus mangrove diversity in Jangkaran village is included in the low category and the aquatic environmental factors is favorable for mangrove growth so that the mangrove ecosystem can be further developed.

Community structures of bivalves in the coastal area of Lungkap Village, Pinolosian, Bolaang Mongondow Selatan District

This research aims to identify the structure of the bivalve community on the coast of Langkat Village, Pinolosian, South Bolaang Mongondow District. Sampling was carried out from December 2020 to January 2021 at three stations, namely seagrass beds (station I), tourist attractions (Station II), and mangroves (Station III), using the quadrant transect method, where each observation station made a line transect from the mainland towards the sea. Line transects are placed at each station, while the distance between line transects is 50 m. Observation results show that the bivalves at the research location consist of five families (Arcidae, Asteridae, Cyprinidae, Cardiidae, Ostreidae) an six types of bivalves, where the diversity index is low and the uniformity index is moderate, indicating that the distribution of each type is relatively even.Keywords: Bivalve; coastal; community structure; Lungkap

Community Structure Of Seagrass In Southeast Waters Cempedak Island West Kalimantan

Cempedak Island is one of the Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas (KKP3K) in West Kalimantan has various marine biological resources and important ecosystems, including seagrass. Seagrass is used as the main food source for dugong, potential habitat for various types of organisms, and potential to be developed as marine ecotourism. On the other hand, seagrass ecosystems faced threats, such as high sedimentation and the influence of anthropogenic activities. It is unknown about the current status of seagrass on Cempedak Island. This research aimed to analyze the structure of seagrass in the southeastern waters of Cempedak Island. Seagrass data collection was carried out in the tidal zone using line transect of 70 m and a quadratic transect of 1x1 m2. Data collection on seagrass and water parameters was carried out in October 2023. Determination of research sites was done using an explorative method based on the presence of seagrass. The seagrass found consisted of 4 species, namely Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, and Halophila ovalis. Seagrass cover ranged from 9.17–16.74%, with an abundance of 1.4–373.3 ind/m2. The diversity index (H') is in the low to medium category, the uniformity index (E) is in the medium category and the dominance index (C) is in the low category. Conditions of water quality parameters were into the optimal range to support seagrass life.

Classification, composition, and sources of marine litter on beach sediment of Kondang Merak Coast, Malang, Indonesia

Marine litter pollution has been examined extensively as a significant environmental concern. Beaches are particularly vulnerable to this form of pollution since it is located between land and sea. Malang is one of the cities on Java Island, with a long coastline and numerous beautiful beaches facing the Indian Ocean. Kondang Merak Beach is a popular tourist destination among locals. However, it is under constant threat from marine litter pollution. The beach is divided into two distinct areas: the foreshore, which is influenced by sea waves and currents, and the backshore, which is significantly impacted by tourist activity. Therefore, this study aimed to examine marine litter on beach sediment and to distinguish the composition of marine litter between foreshore and backshore areas. Quadrat transects of 5 x 5 m and 50 x 50 cm were used to collect bigger and micro-size marine litter, respectively. Of the 895 litter items, 61 % were collected from the backshore and 39 % from the foreshore areas. Bigger-sized litter found in the backshore area was the result of tourism activities. On the other hand, micro-size litter in the foreshore area resulted from fragmentation from bigger-size litter.

Ecological potential of giant clams in Ambon Island waters, Eastern Indonesia

Giant clams are protected marine organisms universally, thus information on giant clams is important for management purposes. This research was conducted in July to August 2021 in Morella and Suli, Ambon Island Maluku Province to get information on ecological potential which consist of species composition, density, occurrence frequency and diversity of giant clams. Sample was collected by using linear quadrat transect line. As many as 25 quadrants (10x10m) were used in both locations. Every individual of giant clams found in the quadrant was identified, photographed and counted. There were three species of giant clams found in Morella namely Tridacna crocea, T. maxima, and T. squamosa while four species were found in Suli i.e. those three species mentions earlier and Hippopus Hippopus. Totally, T. crocea had more individuals followed by T. squamosa and then T. maxima while the lesser belonged to H. Hippopus with one individual. Density of giant clams in Morella (428 ind./ha) was much higher than density of giant clams in Suli (48 ind./ha). Giant clams in Morella can be found in 16 - 19 quadrants of 25 quadrants used while in Suli only found in 1 - 6 quadrants. Ecological indexes for diversity, evenness and dominance showed that giant clams in Morella and Suli had moderate diversity, high evenness and low dominance.