Quad Model Research Articles

An Estimation of the Requirements of the Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan, Valine, Isoleucine and Methionine on Young Pigs’ (Up to 50 kg) Feed Efficiency: A Meta-Regression Analysis

Currently, the NRC amino acid (AA) requirements for pigs published in 2012 are used as a reference in variable swine industries. However, recent results in several articles suggest that the standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA–lysine (Lys) ratio significantly evolved over the last two decades, while some publications report inconsistent outcomes. Therefore, the present study used a meta-regression analysis to assess the relative ratio to lysine to maximize the feed efficiency of four essential amino acids (tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and methionine) in pig diets. According to the PRISMA guidelines, articles examining the target AA requirement using a basal diet supplemented with varying levels of crystalline AA (tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, or methionine) were identified across Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct. As a result, 23, 22, 16, and 9 articles using tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and methionine were selected and categorized into experiments for inclusion in our meta-analysis. The results suggested that the requirements of tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and methionine in our meta-regression analysis were superior to NRC recommendations, regardless of the regression models and the growth phases with significant RSQ values (RSQ ≈ 1). Also, the QUAD and CLP regression models emphasized higher requirements than the LP model for the great majority of amino acids and growth phases. The results of the QUAD and CLP models were selected as estimations of the amino acid requirements for pigs under challenged conditions, whereas the LP model was chosen to estimate the amino acid requirements of genetically improved pigs under a modern housing system. The results of this meta-regression analysis could be used to refresh the information on the NRC amino acids (AA) requirements for swine.

Application of the Extended Log Quad Model to Municipal Life Tables

In this study, we improve on the research results of relational models that enable life table estimates from a small number of demographic indices, such as the Log Quad Model by Wilmoth et al. (Popul Stud 66(1):1–28, 2012) and the Extended Log Quad Model 1 by Horiguchi (J Popul Stud 58:13–28, 2022). Consequently, we propose the Extended Log Quad Model 2. This is a mortality rate model that reflects the remarkable improvement in old-age mortality rates in Japan since the 1970s. This is intended for application to the estimation of municipal life tables in Japan. The Extended Log Quad Model 2 is useful for municipal policymaking because it is possible to estimate future life tables with a high level of accuracy by projecting only life expectancy at the age of 65. It is also suggested that the Extended Log Quad Model 2 will be applicable to other developed countries, such as Australia, Canada, France, and New Zealand.

Improving the reliability and validity of the IAT with a dynamic model driven by similarity.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT), like many behavioral measures, seeks to quantify meaningful individual differences in cognitive processes that are difficult to assess with approaches like self-reports. However, much like other behavioral measures, many IATs appear to show low test-retest reliability and typical scoring methods fail to quantify all of the decision-making processes that generate the overt task performance. Here, we develop a new modeling approach for IATs based on the geometric similarity representation (GSR) model. This model leverages both response times and accuracy on IATs to make inferences about representational similarity between the stimuli and categories. The model disentangles processes related to response caution, stimulus encoding, similarities between concepts and categories, and response processes unrelated to the choice itself. This approach to analyzing IAT data illustrates that the unreliability in IATs is almost entirely attributable to the methods used to analyze data from the task: GSR model parameters show test-retest reliability around .80-.90, on par with reliable self-report measures. Furthermore, we demonstrate how model parameters result in greater validity compared to the IAT D-score, Quad model, and simple diffusion model contrasts, predicting outcomes related to intergroup contact and motivation. Finally, we present a simple point-and-click software tool for fitting the model, which uses a pre-trained neural network to estimate best-fit parameters of the GSR model. This approach allows easy and instantaneous fitting of IAT data with minimal demands on coding or technical expertise on the part of the user, making the new model accessible and effective.

Estimating the Reliability and Stability of Cognitive Processes Contributing to Responses on the Implicit Association Test.

Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models-the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure-to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test.

Quad Performances and Manoeuvrability of TWQH platf

Accurate dynamic modelling of the Tandem Wing Quadcopter Hybrid (TWQH) platform is becoming increasingly important, as strict requirements are progressively being imposed on the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) control system in the transition phase from vertical to level flight and vice versa. This work aims to present preliminary design performances in the steady and manoeuvring flight of the platform thrusted by only four rotors directed upward. The aerodynamic effects of tandem wings make a significant contribution to the evaluation of performance, controllability and manoeuvrability in hovering and low speed phase. More specifically, steady, level, symmetrical pull-up and coordinated turns approaches of the quad model are considered and the results obtained in the simulation study are presented and discussed.

FPGA-based Design of Multiple Models for Industry 4.0 Cyber Security

Industry 4.0 computing infrastructure depends on traditional processing platforms, and all these platforms perform well and achieving acceptable throughput. Two significant problems confront with these platforms are the delay in data processing and security hazard for potential threats. A design coding has been written using VHDL based on behaviour temporal parallelism for Industry 4.0 cybersecurity model. The models are divided into three namely, single, dual and quad models. Every model has three main components include UART, FIFO and DES algorithm for data encryption and decryption. Encryption is achieved more than one block at a time and over the number of designs to find the most suitable application for data processing. A DES algorithm based efficient implementing the design of 16-round multiple parallel models for low-cost, scalable, and robust encryption solution of a maximum clock frequency of 227MHz and it is capable of encrypting or decrypting data blocks at a rate of throughput 58,288Mbps.

Moving Beyond the Relative Assessment of Implicit Biases: Navigating the Complexities of Absolute Measurement

A relative assessment of implicit biases is limited because it produces a combined summary evaluation of two attitudinal beliefs while concealing the biases driving this evaluation. Similar limitations occur for relative explicit measures. Here, we will discuss the benefits and weaknesses of using relative versus absolute (individual/separate) assessments of implicit and explicit attitudes. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) will be the focal implicit measure discussed, and we will present a new perspective challenging the evidence that the IAT can only be utilized to measure relative, not absolute, implicit attitudes. Modeling techniques (i.e., Quad models) that can determine the separate biases behind the relative summary evaluation will also be considered. Accurately utilizing absolute implicit bias scores will enable academia and industry to answer more complex research questions. For implicit social cognition to maintain and expand its usefulness, we encourage researchers to further test and refine the measurement of absolute implicit biases.

Examining Antecedents and Consequences of Effective LIDs: The Quad Model Approach

This paper examines a relatively new contribution to board leadership, the Lead Independent Director (LID) which has not received much attention in the corporate governance literature. From an agency theory perspective, this leadership position should enhance board monitoring. However, according to symbolic management theory, LID may make no significant changes to the board’s monitoring mechanism. Using the quad model, we explore the antecedents and consequences of having an effective LID on the board. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, we found that underperforming firms were more likely to select an effective LID. We also found that when firms adopted effective LIDs, board meetings in the following year had higher attendance, and problem directors on boards were more likely to be dismissed.

Are Quad-Qualified Directors Effective Board Monitors? An Analysis of CEO Turnover

The extant board governance literature has generally examined the relationship between the characteristics of directors and their monitoring performance in isolation. To overcome the limitations of this approach, Hambrick, Misangyi and Park (2015, AMR) have proposed the board quad model, which combines the four individual directors’ attributes of independence, expertise, bandwidth and motivation. In this paper, we investigate the validity of model in the context of CEO turnover decisions. To define whether individual directors are quad-qualified, we create composite measures of each attribute based on director-level employment, stock ownership & social network data and then construct an encompassing quad-qualification score. Using logistic regression analysis, we find that a greater presence of quad-qualified directors leads to a greater CEO turnover sensitivity to stock performance. Furthermore, we show that the turnover-performance sensitivity increases in particular for boards with three or more quad-qualified members. Implications for practice and theory are discussed.

The impact of instruction- and experience-based evaluative learning on IAT performance: a Quad model perspective

ABSTRACTLearning procedures such as mere exposure, evaluative conditioning, and approach/avoidance training have been used to establish evaluative responses as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). In this paper, we used the Quad model to disentangle the processes driving IAT responses instantiated by these evaluative learning procedures. Half of the participants experienced one of these three procedures whereas the other half only received instructions about how the procedure would work. Across three experiments (total n = 4231), we examined the extent to which instruction-based versus experience-based evaluative learning impacted Quad estimates of the Activation of evaluative information in IAT responses. Relative to a control condition, both instruction- and experience-based evaluative learning procedures influenced Activation. Moreover, and contrary to what prevailing models of implicit evaluations would predict, in no instance did experience-based procedures influence (positive or negative) Activation more strongly than instruction-based procedures. This was true for analyses which combined procedures and also when testing all three procedures individually. Implications for the processes that mediate evaluative learning effects and the conditions under which those processes operate are discussed.

Modelling a quad-bike rollover mechanism when traversing an asymmetric bump

Experimental testing of a quad bike traversing a bump placed in-line with one of the vehicle’s wheel tracks showed that a passive rider could be displaced across the quad-bike seat resulting in the vehicle’s sudden unintentional steering. It was hypothesised that this ‘bump’ mechanism could result in a rollover. To determine whether such a bump mechanism can precipitate a rollover and under what conditions it occurs, an earlier developed quad bike FE model combined with a seated Anthropomorphic Test Device FE model was validated against experimental tests of the quad bike traversing a semi-cylindrical bump. A sensitivity analysis was then carried out varying the initial conditions of ground friction and approach angle on flat terrain. The FE simulations show that the bump mechanism, for a particular set of friction values and approach angle, resulted in a rollover. The identified bump-induced rollover mechanism could help explain some of the rollover-associated quad bike crashes on Australian farms where it was known that a fatality occurred as a result of rollover which happened due to traversing a bump from Coronial investigations carried out by the authors.

A configurational perspective on the role of the quad model and context for board engagement

Why are some boards of directors highly engaged in carrying out both their monitoring and service roles, while others are not? To examine this question, our study builds on Hambrick, Misangyi and Park’s (2015) theoretical quad model, which proposes that the likelihood of boards effectively fulfilling their monitoring duties depends upon directors having simultaneously four key attributes: independence, expertise in the area being monitored, eagerness, and bandwidth. Rather than just focus exclusively on a board’s monitoring role, we propose that the quad attributes will also affect the extent to which directors engage in their service role. We also, suggest that the saliency of the quad model for predicting the extent to which boards will be more likely to engage in their dual role will be greater if the four dimensions are considered from a configurational perspective. As such, consistent with the configurational perspective and the fsQCA technique, our findings show that the level of board engagement in our sample firms depends upon the overall configuration of quad model attributes and contextual elements. We show that there are multiple ways the quad board attributes bundle and combine with important elements of the context to lead to either high or low levels of board engagement. In contrast to previous research that has largely focused on how a particular board or contextual attribute has a net effect on governance outcomes, we show the importance of taking into account both equifinality and causal asymmetry.

A cost-sensitive method for wireless sensor network min beacon node set construction

Sensor placement problems need to take into account its performance, coverage, cost and other factors as well as practical applications. The location of the beacon nodes is important for reducing localization errors and avoid excessive deployment costs. In this paper, we present a framework named a cost sensitive minimum beacon set method based on constructing a quad tree-based model to place beacon nodes that is trade-off between high localization accuracy and node density. Specifically, we construct an alternative set using the indexing strategy to avoid the amount of computation becoming larger as the set becomes larger and then the set of beacon nodes is constructed by pruning. The set satisfies at least N unknown nodes can communicate with the beacon node set to determine their own location while at the same time satisfying the minimum number of nodes in the beacon node. Experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively solve the problem, and can provide the localization function as well as achieve the online inquiry very well.

Using implicit association tests in age-heterogeneous samples: The importance of cognitive abilities and quad model processes.

Implicit association tests (IATs) are increasingly used to indirectly assess people's traits, attitudes, or other characteristics. In addition to measuring traits or attitudes, IAT scores also reflect differences in cognitive abilities because scores are based on reaction times (RTs) and errors. As cognitive abilities change with age, questions arise concerning the usage and interpretation of IATs for people of different age. To address these questions, the current study examined how cognitive abilities and cognitive processes (i.e., quad model parameters) contribute to IAT results in a large age-heterogeneous sample. Participants (N = 549; 51% female) in an age-stratified sample (range = 12-88 years) completed different IATs and 2 tasks to assess cognitive processing speed and verbal ability. From the IAT data, D2-scores were computed based on RTs, and quad process parameters (activation of associations, overcoming bias, detection, guessing) were estimated from individual error rates. Substantial IAT scores and quad processes except guessing varied with age. Quad processes AC and D predicted D2-scores of the content-specific IAT. Importantly, the effects of cognitive abilities and quad processes on IAT scores were not significantly moderated by participants' age. These findings suggest that IATs seem suitable for age-heterogeneous studies from adolescence to old age when IATs are constructed and analyzed appropriately, for example with D-scores and process parameters. We offer further insight into how D-scoring controls for method effects in IATs and what IAT scores capture in addition to implicit representations of characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record

A Quad Model for Assessing Innovation Potential: Toward a Theory of Innovation Orchestration Quality

The study draws on the prevalent theories for orchestrating cross-organizational innovation and new knowledge development processes, and proposes a new, epistemic perspective for contextualizing innovation with two management dimensions, namely, innovation complexity and innovation orchestration preconditions. Innovation complexity concerns the indeterminacy or contingency of new knowledge, or new competence, to be pursued during the course of organizational innovation. Innovation orchestration preconditions refer to the contextual innovation prerequisites that should be well meshed with one another to provide a sufficiency for innovation success. The preconditions include innovation units’ structures and connectivity, behavior, and convenorship. The two dimensions describe a context map-an antithetic quad model-to imply four innovation orchestration qualities, namely, coherence, cohesiveness, congruence, and concordance. Based on the quad model, the study sets forth a measurement of the four qualities, which can assess innovation potential. To corroborate the quad model and the corresponding quality measurements, the study discursively observes a cross-sectoral innovation project. The observation results evidence the multi-finality of the four qualities for innovation success. The results reveal that it is necessary for these four qualities to be managed temporally and dynamically at different stages of innovation, and reject a fallacy that any one of these qualities is more necessary than the others. The study posits that if innovation units can be convened in accordance with the four qualities, the likelihood of innovation success will be sufficiently increased. The study finally discusses theoretical and practical implications of orchestration and convenorship.

Supplemental Material for Using Implicit Association Tests in Age-Heterogeneous Samples: The Importance of Cognitive Abilities and Quad Model Processes

Supplemental Material for Using Implicit Association Tests in Age-Heterogeneous Samples: The Importance of Cognitive Abilities and Quad Model Processes

Magnification relations of quad lenses and applications on Einstein crosses

In this work, we mainly study the magnification relations of quad lens models for cusp, fold and cross configurations. By dividing and ray-tracing in different image regions, we numerically derive the positions and magnifications of the four images for a point source lying inside of the astroid caustic. Then, based on the magnifications, we calculate the signed cusp and fold relations for the singular isothermal elliptical lenses. The signed fold relation map has positive and negative regions, and the positive region is usually larger than the negative region as has been confirmed before. It can also explain that for many observed fold image pairs, the fluxes of the Fermat minimum images are apt to be larger than those of the saddle images. We define a new quantity cross relation which describes the magnification discrepancy between two minimum images and two saddle images. Distance ratio is also defined as the ratio of the distance of two saddle images to that of two minimum images. We calculate the cross relations and distance ratios for nine observed Einstein crosses. In theory, for most of the quad lens models, the cross relations decrease as the distance ratios increase. In observation, the cross relations of the nine samples do not agree with the quad lens models very well, nevertheless, the cross relations of the nine samples do not give obvious evidence for anomalous flux ratio as the cusp and fold types do. Then, we discuss several reasons for the disagreement, and expect good consistencies for more precise observations and better lens models in the future.

Measures of Implicit Gender Attitudes May Exaggerate Differences in Underlying Associations among Chinese Urban and Rural Women.

The oppression of women in rural China is more severe than in urban China, not only because the two areas differ in terms of social hierarchy, but also because urban women are more likely to fight against their subordination, which is endorsed by conventional social views on gender. To independently assess these relationships, we applied the Quadruple Process model to measure the processes underlying implicit gender attitudes in a sample of urban and rural females. The results indicated that the urban women had higher in-group favoritism than did the rural women. Application of the Quad model, however, showed that pro-women associations were similarly activated among urban and rural women, but that women in rural settings more effectively inhibited activated associations. Differences in inhibition, rather than in activated associations, appear to account for the less favorable attitudes among rural women. Thus, the differences in attitudinal responses among urban and rural women exaggerate the differences in underlying evaluative associations with respect to gender and conceal differences in self-regulating the expression of those associations.

Identifying Directors Who Can Prevent Corporate Fraud: An Initial Test of the Quad Model

Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings includes abstracts of all papers and symposia presented at the annual conference, plus 6-page abridged versions of the “Best Papers” accepted for inclusion in the program (approximately 10%). Papers published in the Proceedings are abridged because presenting papers at their full length could preclude subsequent journal publication. Please contact the author(s) directly for the full papers. Identifying Directors Who Can Prevent Corporate Fraud: An Initial Test of the Quad ModelChuljin Albert Park, Vilmos F. Misangyi and Donald C. HambrickChuljin Albert ParkPennsylvania State U., Vilmos F. MisangyiPennsylvania State U. and Donald C. HambrickPennsylvania State U.Published Online:30 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.10896abstractAboutSections ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail AbstractWe conduct an initial empirical test of a new predictive theory, the "quad model" for assessing the monitoring effectiveness of corporate boards. According to the quad model, a corporate director needs four attributes in order to have a high likelihood of being an effective monitor: independence, expertise in the domain being monitored, bandwidth, and motivation. Extending to the board level, the presence of one quad-qualified director will reduce the likelihood of governance failures in a given domain, and the presence of two or more directors will have an especially great effect. We use the quad model to predict the incidence of corporate financial fraud, examining the boards of 66 fraud-committing firms and 66 matched- comparison firms. Using customary operationalizations of the four elements of the quad model, we do not find support for the model. However, after refining the operationalizations to reflect recent insights about director psychology, we find that the presence of two or more "tri-qualified" directors – who possess independence, bandwidth, and motivation – significantly reduces the incidence of fraud. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 2015, No. 1 Permissions Metrics in the past 12 months History Published online 30 November 2017 Published in print 1 January 2015 InformationCopyright of Academy of Management Journal is the property of Academy of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.Keywordsboard of directorsfraudmonitoring

Emotional Regulation of Implicitly Measured Stereotypes: Automatic and Controlled Processes

Emotion for a long time has been thought as the main reason causing the cognitive obstinacy of the stereotype and the stereotype expression. However, researches discussing directly how emotion regulates expression of implicitly measured stereotypes are few. Relevant researches so far only discussed the effect of diffuse moods and there were differences and disputes in specific experimental results and theoretical explanation. In the light of the deficiency of the previous researches this study improves the relevant theory of emotional regulation of implicitly measured stereotypes expression through two series of experiments based on the clarification of the definition and classification of the emotion.Experiment 1 employs music to awake different diffuse moods(sadness vs. cheer) of the participants and operates their real-time thoughts(stereotype consistent vs. stereotype inconsistent) thus to investigate their influence on implicitly measured stereotypes expression. Experiment 2 employs video to evoke participants' different directional emotions(sympathy vs. dislike), investigating how these regulate college students' implicitly measured stereotypes expression of AIDS patients and HIV carriers of different routes of infection. Series research leads in Quad Model analysis based on IAT paradigm to find out whether the effect of emotional regulation of implicitly measured stereotypes expression happens in automatic processes or controlled processes of cognitive process, and through which psychological elements(AC, OB, D, G) the different emotions regulate implicitly measured stereotypes expression. The results show:(1) When real-time thoughts and stereotype are consistent, positive diffuse moods promote implicitly measured stereotypes expression; Conversely, positive diffuse moods inhibit implicitly measured stereotypes expression;(2) Diffuse moods regulate implicitly measured stereotypes expression by adjusting the automatic processes(AC) of the cognitive process, but not involved in the regulation of controlled processes presented by D parameters;(3) Directional emotion valence and the route of inflection influence college students' implicitly measured stereotypes expression: directional emotions with positive valence inhibit participants' implicitly measured stereotypes expression of AIDS patients, while that with negative valence promote participants' implicitly measured stereotypes expression of AIDS patients.(4) Directional emotions regulate the automatic processes of implicitly measured stereotypes expression, that is, the regulation of implicitly measured stereotypes expression through automatic activation(AC) elements. It also involved in the regulation of controlled processes of implicitly measured stereotypes expression, that is, the regulation of implicitly measured stereotypes expression through detection(D) elements.