QoS Support Research Articles

Collective Scheme of Transmission of Video Packet to Develop Cross Layer to Support QOS for Manet

MANETs have become very predominant when it comes to wireless communications. Multimedia streaming is rapidly increasing over all social networks. In this part of multimedia communication, Mobile – Ad – Hoc network (MANET) has established its importance to deliver enhanced Quality of Service (QoS). However, it can be stated that when it comes to multimedia applications, MANETs still need some improvisation especially when it comes to video transmissions. There still exists few difficulties when it comes to MANETs that are such as limited physical security and resources, less detection of malicious nodes, lack of authorization facilities etc. To avoid all these and to improvise the network use of a new design approach known as cross-layer approach is being used extensively by various researchers.. The cross layer approach is used to efficiently make use of all the network resources in a communication channel and provide the best adaptability. In this paper, we have proposed a model that will avoid packet loss and will rebuild the video packets at the receiver end thereby improving the overall performance of the network.

STAG-Based QoS Support Routing Strategy for Multiple Missions Over the Satellite Networks

As the typical delay tolerant networks, the satellite networks possess the intermittent connections, the large-scale time delays and the time-varying topologies. Obviously, such features seriously affect the delivery of mission data with certain requirements on the traffic or latency. To decrease the delivery time, existing relay-based contact graph routing (CGR) method selects the earliest reachable path to forward mission data. However, this method cannot guarantee the transmission of a large amount data and wastes the rare contact opportunities. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on the transmission QoS problem of multiple missions over the satellite networks, and design a QoS support routing strategy to achieve multiple flow-maximizing paths with acceptable delivery delays. Especially, with the storage time aggregated graph (STAG), we construct an on-demand mission model to depict both the network dynamic characteristics and the different mission requirements, and then reduce the QoS support problem as a graph-based maximum flow problem. To solve this problem, one STAG-based multiple flow-maximizing routing scheme is proposed to ensure the mission QoS and match the rare network resources, which has low computation complexity. Finally, compared with CGR, simulation results demonstrate the proposed scheme can achieve a higher mission completion rate and resource utilization rate.

Optimal and Computationally Efficient Priority-Based Routing and Wavelength Allocation Strategy Supporting Qos for High-Speed Transport Networks

One of major optical network problem is to route and to assign the wavelength efficiently because of its wavelength reuse characteristics and information transparency. By utilizing the trade-off scheme between the blocking probability and setup time of the requested route, priority-based RWA (PRWA) approaches has been studied for WDM networks by introducing a priority criterion which depends on calculation of hop counts and volume of the traffic. The simulation result shows that PRWA technique reduces both the blocking probability (approx. 20%) as compare with non-priority based RWA scheme and the average end to end delay near about (10 msec.) as compare with Adaptive routing (AR) at various traffic load conditions. This approach also results in cost-effectiveness as well as reduction in the complexity of the network in comparison to earlier reported techniques

Comparative Research on Key Technologies from IPv4, IPv6 to IPV9

Abstract Since the United States developed the IPv4 protocol based on TCP/IP in the 1970s, it has been more than 30 years old. IPv4 is the “fourth edition of the Internet Protocol.” From a technical point of view, although IPv4 has a brilliant performance in the past, it seems to have revealed many drawbacks. With the addition of multimedia data streams and security considerations, IPv4’s address space is running out of crisis, and IPv4 is no longer sufficient. Under such circumstances, IPv6 was born as needed. When designing IPv6, not only the IPv4 address space was expanded, but also the parties to the original IPv4 protocol were reconsidered and a lot of improvements were made. In addition to the large number of addresses, there is higher security, better manageability, and better support for QoS and multicast technologies. It is an abbreviation for “6th Edition of Internet Protocol.” IPV9 was proposed in 1992 to replace the IPv4 with the ISO/OSI CLNP protocol, using the 20B NSAP address and the platform for the available OSI transport protocol. Later, DDNS was introduced and gradually developed into an IPV9 decimal network with a 256-bit address. IPV9 masters “the right to control the use of the Internet, the allocation of IP addresses, the initiative of information monitoring, the right to use routing protocols, and the ownership of technology patents.” Therefore, the research and application of a new generation of Internet Protocol Next Generation has become a worldwide hotspot.

On MAC Access Delay Distribution for IEEE 802.11p Broadcast in Vehicular Networks

The inter-vehicle safety communication is generally considered as a promising technology to significantly enhance road safety. In fact, a lot of communications about inter-vehicle safety have real-time, rigorous requirements on broadcast messages in order to make sure that drivers have sufficient time for reaction towards emergencies. The procedure of the control for medium access is of significance for the delay-constrained communication systems. Therefore, in-depth investigation should be conducted for IEEE 802.11p covering the MAC and PHY protocol. Nonetheless, most existing studies only focus on the average delay analysis that includes insufficient information of inter-vehicle communications' real capacity. So as to evaluate the single-hop broadcast's performance under 802.11p, an analytical model is put forward in this paper. Both of simulation and real-world experiment results indicate that our model accurately estimates the probability distribution, deviation and mean of the MAC access delay. In addition, it can be proved that exponential distribution can be a good approximation to the distribution of MAC access delay with the usage of the K-S test. With such observation, it is convenient for us to conduct an analysis on the queuing delay in the MAC layer. As shown by the numerical analysis, the support of QoS in 802.11p provides sound guarantee about performance for higher priority messages. However, it cannot meet the real-time requirement of the applications with lower priority.

Multi-objective cross layer approach for 802.11e over MANETs

The IEEE 802.11e protocol, which provides QoS support to real-time multimedia applications at the MAC layer, has not adequately addressed the issue of handling the data flows through congestion-based mobile ad hoc networks, which result in high data loss, link breakage and re-transmissions, causing performance deterioration. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Objective Cross-Layer Optimisation (MOCLO) between the PHY-MAC-Network layer over MANETs. First, we implement each of the queues in 802.11e as a priority queue scheduler to prioritise the transmission of the traffic flow. Next, we propose a congestion aware QoS metric-based disjoint multipath routing scheme to route the priority traffic through the most efficient path. Using the mapping function between the MAC and network layer, the traffic is split into a set of efficient paths based on priority. The performance of the proposed scheme highlights the advantages of our cross-layer mechanism.

Priority access for QoS support in distributed wireless networks

Priority access for QoS support in distributed wireless networks

Resource Allocation Scheme to Support QoS in Mobile Multimedia Networks

Resource Allocation Scheme to Support QoS in Mobile Multimedia Networks

Toward Massive Machine Type Communications in Ultra-Dense Cellular IoT Networks: Current Issues and Machine Learning-Assisted Solutions

The ever-increasing number of resource-constrained Machine-Type Communication (MTC) devices is leading to the critical challenge of fulfilling diverse communication requirements in dynamic and ultra-dense wireless environments. Among different application scenarios that the upcoming 5G and beyond cellular networks are expected to support, such as eMBB, mMTC and URLLC, mMTC brings the unique technical challenge of supporting a huge number of MTC devices, which is the main focus of this paper. The related challenges include QoS provisioning, handling highly dynamic and sporadic MTC traffic, huge signalling overhead and Radio Access Network (RAN) congestion. In this regard, this paper aims to identify and analyze the involved technical issues, to review recent advances, to highlight potential solutions and to propose new research directions. First, starting with an overview of mMTC features and QoS provisioning issues, we present the key enablers for mMTC in cellular networks. Along with the highlights on the inefficiency of the legacy Random Access (RA) procedure in the mMTC scenario, we then present the key features and channel access mechanisms in the emerging cellular IoT standards, namely, LTE-M and NB-IoT. Subsequently, we present a framework for the performance analysis of transmission scheduling with the QoS support along with the issues involved in short data packet transmission. Next, we provide a detailed overview of the existing and emerging solutions towards addressing RAN congestion problem, and then identify potential advantages, challenges and use cases for the applications of emerging Machine Learning (ML) techniques in ultra-dense cellular networks. Out of several ML techniques, we focus on the application of low-complexity Q-learning approach in the mMTC scenarios. Finally, we discuss some open research challenges and promising future research directions.

A Survey on Bandwidth Management in MANET

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) are self-configuring without any fixed infrastructure. In MANET the challenge of providing QoS support during multimedia application is an open problem. To enhance the network throughput adequate amount of bandwidth is required. Bandwidth management in MANET plays a vital role in improving the networks overall performance. In this paper a systematic study has been carried out about challenging issues associated with bandwidth management during routing in MANET and analysis has been done about different models of bandwidth management.

LTE-D2D for connected cars: a survey on radio resource management schemes

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a promising technology to be applied for different applications due to its high penetration, high data rate, reliability, and QoS support. One of the emerging applications for LTE is vehicular networks. Vehicular networks can raise traffic safety, improve traffic management, or provide infotainment services for road users. LTE device-to-device (LTE-D2D) communication which was proposed by 3GPP working group is also a good candidate to be applied for vehicle-to-vehicle communications (V2V). The V2V communication for traffic safety has strict QoS requirements in terms of latency and reliability. LTE-D2D may provide high reliability and low latency for such a communication. However, an efficient radio resource management for V2V communications in an LTE network is required to support such requirements. In the current article, we introduce vehicular networks, their requirements, and existing technologies to be employed in them and specially look at LTE-D2D to connect cars. Most recent works in radio resource management for V2V communications in LTE are reviewed in this work.

Reconfigurable Communication Wrapper for QOS Demand for Network On Chip

Efficient communication wrapper design is one of the important research issues in network on chip. A single wrapper with fixed design parameter will not be efficient one for the heterogeneous environmental network on chip scenario. The system on chip has many different computing and communication blocks with different data rate and data format. To interconnect such a heteronymous block a standard-based wrapper framework such as OCI wrapper are proposed. But such standard wrapper does not support the QoS demand of the every block. So this work proposes a framework of reconfigurable communication wrapper design with support of QoS. The proposed framework is simulated in LABVIEW software and tested on National Instruments FlexRIO 7845R FPGA hardware. The result shows that on the fly re-configurability is achievable with the framework.

BiPi-TMAC: A Bidirectional-Pipelined TDMA for Reliability and QoS Support in Tactical Unmanned Vehicle Systems

In tactical mobile ad hoc networks, unmanned vehicles such as ground maneuvering nodes or aircraft, are increasingly expected to be exploited for information collection in battlefields or dangerous areas on behalf of soldiers in consideration of their safety. The primary function of this networking system is to conduct military surveillance and reconnaissance through unmanned vehicles, which are teleoperated via a central node by sending command messages in real time. This requires simultaneous network traffic flow in both directions, i.e., uplink and downlink, both of which need to occur in real time with high reliability. In this paper, we propose a novel centralized time-division multiple access (TDMA) protocol to guarantee network reliability and quality of service regarding the bidirectional traffic. We develop a bidirectional-pipelined TDMA (BiPi-TMAC) protocol that consists of three parts: a slot-requesting procedure with bandwidth requirement, a depth-based pipelined slot allocation algorithm, and multiple MAC queue management for prioritized packet scheduling. We implement and evaluate the proposed scheme through the ns-3 simulator and show that it improves performance in terms of both uplink and downlink traffic.

Quality of Service Assurances in Multimedia Network: A Simulation Approach

QoS is not a consideration at the beginning of the development of IP networks. However, as its growth and support more services including critical and real-time services, QoS support is indispensable. Multimedia applications require different QoS requirements from simple network applications. Multimedia services need more bandwidth, lossless delivery, and strict delay. IP networks treat all traffic, in the same way, this will be a problem for real-time traffic likes multimedia applications. This project uses Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and DiffServ QoS management schemes to meet the quality of service requirement in multimedia networks. The aim of this study shows that two methods can improve network performance for multimedia type applications. An analysis to compare the quality of service guarantees provided by these models using a simulation approach. Based on simulation results and analysis shows that two methods improved network performance for multimedia type applications in massive traffic environments.

A game theoretic model and a distributed admission control scheme for quality of service routing

In this paper, we present an innovative distributed quality of service routing scheme suitable to operate in networks of general topology implementing a Diff-Serv service model for QoS support. The proposed scheme is based on a game theoretic non-cooperative model which exploits, on the one hand, the topological information distributed within the network by the current (non-QoS) link-state and distance-vector routing protocols and, on the other hand, the QoS information locally available at the node where the forwarding process takes place. In order to guarantee the satisfaction of a stability condition at each node, a distributed admission control (DAC) scheme is proposed to jointly operate with the non-cooperative routing scheme. The DAC decides if a new flow can be accepted without violating the nodes' stability constraints and provides each node with cumulative information about the status of the network downstream from its outgoing links.

QoS Support Analysis of LTE Device Using Four State Markov Model Based DRX with OTSC for Power Efficient Bearer Services

The battery endurance of the user equipment device is enhanced by using discontinuous reception mechanism (DRX) in the long term evolution (LTE) networks. Configuring the DRX parameters for the pow...

Delay-Aware ABS Adjustment to Support QoS for Real-Time Traffic in LTE-A HetNet

To solve interference in a heterogeneous network, LTE-A uses almost blank subframe (ABS) to improve channel quality of picocells at the expense of macrocell’s transmission. Many studies find the ABS ratio based on user number or traffic load. However, the issue of real-time (RT) packet delay is not well studied. We thus develop a delay-aware ABS adjustment (DA3) method to improve performance and lower packet dropping. DA3 estimates cells’ capacity to decide the ratio, and analyzes queue content to alleviate packet discard. Simulation results show that DA3 increases cells’ goodput while reducing RT packet dropping.

An efficient routing protocol for the QoS support of large‐scale MANETs

SummaryThe hierarchical routing algorithm is categorized as a kind of routing method using node clustering to create a hierarchical structure in large‐scale mobile ad hoc network (LMANET). In this paper, we proposed a new hierarchical clustering algorithm (HCAL) and a corresponded protocol for hierarchical routing in LMANET. The HCAL is designed based on a cost metric in the form of the link expiration time and node's relative degree. Correspondingly, the routing protocol for HCAL adopts a reactive protocol to control the existing cluster head (CH) nodes and handle proactive nodes to be considered as a cluster in LMANET. Hierarchical clustering algorithm jointly utilizes table‐driven and on‐demand routing by using a combined weight metric to search dominant set of nodes. This set is composed by link expiration time and node's relative degree to establish the intra/intercommunication paths in LMANET. The performance of the proposed algorithm and protocol is numerically evaluated in average end‐to‐end delay, number of CH per round, iteration count between the CHs, average CH keeping time, normalized routing overhead, and packet delivery ratio over a number of randomly generated benchmark scenarios. Furthermore, to corroborate the actual effectiveness of the HCAL algorithm, extensive performance comparisons are carried out with some state‐of‐the‐art routing algorithms, namely, Dynamic Doppler Velocity Clustering, Signal Characteristic‐Based Clustering, Dynamic Link Duration Clustering, and mobility‐based clustering algorithms.

A New Buffer and Energy Based Scheduling Scheme for Supporting QoS in MANETs

Today, the original IEEE 802.11 standard has several problems in providing Quality of Service in MANETs. A single FIFO queue is used in best effort manner and it does not support QoS. The upcoming IEEE 802.11e was drafted to overcome these drawbacks. In this paper we describe a new multiple queuing system with an adaptive scheduling taking into account the states of buffers and energy consumption in a mobile ad hoc network. The proposed scheduling scheme uses dynamic weights for each queue. We study the performance of this scheme and compare it with the original IEEE 802.11b and the upcoming IEEE 802.11e. We show through simulations that the proposedbuffer and energy based scheduling scheme improves overall end-to-end throughput, and gives better results than the original 802.11b and the Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF), in terms of delay and total received and lost packets, as well as support service differentiation over multi-hop ad hoc networks.

Inter-flow and intra-flow interference mitigation routing in wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we address the problem of QoS support in an heterogeneous single-radio single-channel multi-rate wireless mesh network. We propose a new routing metric that provides information about link quality, based on PHY and MAC characteristics, including the link availability, the loss rate and the available bandwidth. This metric allows to apprehend inter-flow interferences and avoid bottleneck formation by balancing traffic load on the links. Based on the conflict graph model and calculation of maximal cliques, we define a method to estimate the available bandwidth of a path which considers, in addition, intra-flow interferences. Finally, we propose a routing protocol that supports this metric and we study by simulation its performances compared to different existing routing metrics and protocols. The results revealed the ability of our protocol (LARM) to support the network scalability as well as its ability to choose routes with high throughput and limited delay.