QoS Support Research Articles

Supporting VoIP communication in IEEE 802.11ax networks: A new admission control and scheduling resource allocation scheme

The current IEEE 802.11ax standard enhances Wi-Fi networks with a series of new features, such as multi-user (MU) transmission, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) scheme and the ability to multiplex traffic from different access categories (ACs). These features can be utilized to enhance the QoS support for VoIP traffic and optimize the usage of IEEE 802.11ax network resources. This work proposes a new scheme to multiplex VoIP calls in IEEE 802.11ax MU frames and a new scheduler and resource allocation algorithm specifically designed for VoIP data traffic. Our scheduler allocates VoIP packets requiring longer transmission times into the same frame(s), minimizing the channel air-time assigned to VoIP transmission. In addition, unused radio resources in the MU frame are leveraged to transmit best-effort packets along with VoIP packets. For completeness, we also define a call admission control (CAC) algorithm that anticipates channel saturation conditions to ensure VoIP users can maintain a guaranteed level of QoS. Based on simulation results, our scheme is more efficient in reducing channel utilization than other schedulers such as multi-user round-robin (RR) (implemented by ns-3) or single-user FIFO. For example, for 30 VoIP stations using the G.711 codec under mixed channel conditions, our scheme reduces by 30% the air-time required to transmit VoIP packets. When coupled with the ability to also send best-effort packets along with VoIP packets, this translates into a higher throughput (i.e. 10 Mbit/s vs 4 Mbit/s) and more simultaneous VoIP users with guaranteed QoS (up to 46 VoIP users vs 26 and 28 users for the multi-user RR and single-user FIFO scheduling algorithms, respectively).

MIMO 시스템에서 QoS 지원을 위한 강화학습 기반 전력 할당 기법

MIMO 시스템에서 QoS 지원을 위한 강화학습 기반 전력 할당 기법

Efficient time-oriented latency-based secure data encryption for cloud storage

To ensure data security in the cloud, there exist several techniques proposed by various researchers. The most common method is the usage of data encryption techniques like profile, rule, and attribute-based encryption techniques. However, they struggle in achieving higher data security performance due to insufficient resistance to tampering. Also, the existing techniques are not good enough for achieving a higher quality of service performance. To handle this issue, an efficient time-oriented latency approximation-based data encryption technique (TLADE) has been presented in this article. The method focuses on the selection of optimal encryption techniques at different time stamps according to the latency approximation. Accordingly, the method would select an optimal technique for data encryption based on the QoS values. To perform this, different encryption schemes have been implemented and each of them is measured for their QoS support values (QoSV) based on latency. Based on the values of QoSV, an efficient approach for the current duty cycle has been selected and applied to the cloud service data. The proposed approach improves the performance of different QoS factors and also has reduced the latency factor.

Cross-Layer Optimization: Joint User Scheduling and Beamforming Design With QoS Support in Joint Transmission Networks

User scheduling and beamforming design are two crucial yet coupled topics for multiuser wireless communication systems. They are usually addressed separately with conventional optimization methods. In this paper, cross-layer optimization problem is considered, namely, the user scheduling and beamforming are jointly discussed, subjecting to the requirement of per-user quality of service and the maximum allowable transmit power for multicell multiuser joint transmission networks. To achieve the goal, a mixed discrete-continuous variables combinational optimization problem is investigated with aiming at maximizing the sum rate of the communication system. To circumvent the original non-convex problem with dynamic solution space, we first transform it into a 0-1 integer and continuous variables optimization problem, and then obtain a tractable form with continuous variables by exploiting the characteristics of the 0-1 integer constraints. Finally, the scheduled users and the optimized beamforming vectors are simultaneously calculated by an alternating optimization algorithm. We also theoretically prove that the base stations allocate zero power to the unscheduled users. Furthermore, two heuristic optimization algorithms are proposed respectively based on brute-force search and greedy search. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of our proposed methods, and the optimization approach gets relatively balanced results compared with the other two approaches.

RQAR: Location‐free reliable and QoS‐aware routing protocol for mobile sink underwater wireless sensor networks

SummaryUnderwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have attracted attention from academics and industries due to many applications such as pollution monitoring, military, tsunami warning, and underwater exploration. One of the effective factors in these applications is efficient communication between underwater sensors. But this process is very challenging in UWSNs due to special conditions and underwater harsh environments. Therefore, designing routing protocols for efficient communication between sensors and sink is an important issue in UWSNs. In this context, this paper proposed a location‐free Reliable and QoS‐Aware Routing (RQAR) protocol for mobile sink UWSNs. RQAR designed using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and does not require the position information of the sensor nodes, which is cumbersome and difficult to obtain. Proposed protocol considers multiple parameters including link quality, hop count, congestion, and residual energy for qos support, and reliable data delivery RQAR also minimizes the effects of hole occurrence by increasing the transmission range as much as possible and ensures communication stability. The simulation results using NS2 showed the superiority of RQAR in improving end‐to‐end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput compared to the previous methods.

Anticipating and Repairing Link Failures in AODV Protocol

Mobile ad hoc networks are wireless networks with particular characteristics: they are infrastructure-free, self-organizing, and self-configuring. MANETs represent an active research area with different problems. Several routing protocols are available to ensure data flow in MANETs. Due to the nature of MANETs, providing quality of service is a challenging issue that is often ignored in existing routing protocols. In general, on-demand routing protocols are characterized by higher latency and lower overhead. However, in this paper, the authors propose a new extension to the AODV routing protocol called AR-AODV. This approach provides QOS support in terms of packet loss, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. The proposed method aims to anticipate link failures by estimating when a link is likely to break, using Lagrange interpolation. Then the route is repaired a few seconds prior to the failure. The effects of mobility, congestion, and traffic load are explored and analyzed, and the results obtained confirm that the proposed AR-AODV protocol outperforms the basic AODV.

Design, modeling and optimization using hybrid virtual topology for QoS provision over all-optical switched networks

All-optical switched networks (AOSN), mainly optical label switching (OLS), guaranteed fast data transfer QoS support and network resource supervision. However, the emergence of new applications and services, having variable and various requirements, are produced new demands, notably in terms of QoS support and resource control. To meet these demands, a hybrid virtual topology (HVT), with multiple core node architectures employing wavelength converters (WC), fiber delay line (FDL), and deflection path (DP), is proposed. This HVT enables various node architectures to manage the availability and usage of the components, covering fixed, limited, and full range converters (FXWC, LRWC, and FRWC) also FDL. An advanced DP improves signaling and switching to supervise the potential HVT and AOSN resources while assuring QoS support. A lightpath cost is formulated to determine the potential lightpaths utilized to build the HVT guaranteeing AOSN resources and advanced traffic management. The obtained results of the conducted simulation and comparative study show that the optimized (O-HVT) approach performed better than the enhanced (E-HVT) and initial (I-HVT) approaches. Moreover, the O-HVT method optimizes AOSN resources, mainly core node architecture range, while providing QoS support for high load traffic with variable demands.

Wireless Communication Technologies for IoT in 5G: Vision, Applications, and Challenges

Communication technologies are developing very rapidly and achieving many breakthrough results. The advent of 5th generation mobile communication networks, the so-called 5G, has become one of the most exciting and challenging topics in the wireless study area. The power of 5G enables it to connect to hundreds of billions of devices with extreme-high throughput and extreme-low latency. The 5G realizing a true digital society where everything can be connected via the Internet, well known as the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is a technology of technologies where humans, devices, software, solutions, and platforms can connect based on the Internet. The formation of IoT technology leads to the birth of a series of applications and solutions serving humanity, such as smart cities, smart agriculture, smart retail, intelligent transportation systems, and IoT ecosystems. Although IoT is considered a revolution in the evolution of the Internet, it still faces a series of challenges such as saving energy, security, performance, and QoS support. In this study, we provide a vision of the Internet of Things that will be the main force driving the comprehensive digital revolution in the future. The communication technologies in the IoT system are discussed comprehensively and in detail. Furthermore, we also indicated indepth challenges of existing common communication technologies in IoT systems and future research directions of IoT. We hope the results of this work can provide a vital guide for future studies on communication technologies for IoT in 5G.

State Feedback H Control for a Class of Switched Fuzzy Systems

This paper presents a novel overview in intelligent multi-access QoS mobile edge computing (MEC) for beyond 5G networks and services. There are many challenges faced by the expansion of Cloud networks and Mobile networks, which can be solved by providing connectivity at the edge of the network, i.e. with Mobile Edge Computing networks. The MEC improves overall network performance and reduces end-to-end service delay. Also, the improved advanced QoS model including Machine Learning (ML) algorithm within for next generation of mobile networks and services are proposed. The purpose of the ML algorithm is to understand the traffic activity and determine how the traffic schedule should be made. Given a set of machines and a set of jobs, the model should compute the processing schedule that minimizes specified metrics. The proposed model combines the most powerful features of both Cloud and Edge computing, independent from any existing and future Radio Access Technology, leading to possible better performance utility networks, lower service delay with high QoS provisioning for many used multimedia service. Finally, this paper gives an overview of the existing Mobile Edge Computing technologies and several existing use cases. Undoubtedly, MEC with QoS support is an innovative network paradigm going in 6G, which can essentially answer many of the existing Mobile Networks’ challenges.

EVALUATION OF VOICE TRANSMISSION QUALITY IN THE LTE NETWORKS

Background. LTE mobile networks combine packet network technology and radio technology. Parameters of packet and radio subsystems significantly affects the quality of all traffic types transmission, especially telephone traffic, as the most demanding to such parameters of network transmission as delay, jitter and packet loss rate. The recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union and the documents of the partner organization of telecommunications operators (3GPP) contain hypothetical reference models, targets for end-to-end connection quality, and lists the factors that affect the quality (QoS) of VoLTE services. In addition, the network points are shown where you need to measure the quality of telephone traffic and tools for quality assessment. The quality of telephony services is assessed according to the E-model using the method of determining the mean opinion score (MOS). However, this technique is intended primarily to determine the MOS during the network planning. To calculate the MOS in a working network, you have to measure such network performance first such as voice delay and packet loss rate. This article presents the method of calculating MOS in the LTE network based on the E-model and presents the results of practical quality studies.
 Objective. The purpose of this article is research the impact of delay and packet loss ratio and voice codec characteristics in the real LTE network on quality of telephone services.
 Methods. Analysis of factors affecting on telephone services quality and analysis MOS assessment methods. Practical studies of the delay and packet loss ratio affect the MOS level in various conditions of radio coverage and network load.
 Results. Practical results of delay and packet loss ratio influence on the telephone services quality in the LTE network. Calculated MOS based on the practically measured delay and packet loss ratio.
 Conclusions. The combination of packet technologies, modern AMR-WB codecs and QoS support mechanisms in the LTE networks provides high quality perception of voice messages at the level of not less than 4 on the MOS scale. With a delay not exceeding 180 ms, a sufficiently high quality of voice transmission is ensured (MOS ≈ 4). VoLTE technology using the AMR-WB codec is quite resistant to packet loss and provides high quality perception of voice messages at a packet loss ratio of up to 1%.

Optimized Gaming based Multipath Routing Protocol with QoS Support for High-Speed MANET

Mobile ad hoc (MANET) network is a multitude of adaptable nodes communicating without a set physical structure. MANET nodes usually have processing, partial power and memory capabilities as well as great degrees of mobility. Because of the low contact rate, several wireless network nodes are normally required for a server to share data with any other network node. Therefore, routing is a key challenge for the building of a MANET. In this article, we explicitly address multipath routing difficulties in MANETs. In addition, MANETs can also be built into upcoming technologies, such as IoT and machine-learning to fulfil Industry 4.0 vision. All delicate real-time requests based on MANET need secure and dependable data transfer to deliver the quality of service required (QoS). A safe and energy efficient transfer of data is an extremely difficult task in MANET. To achieve this difficult goal, a safe multi-way routing protocol must be designed to improve the QoS of the MANET. We have proposed in this article the optimized multi-way gaming-driven protocol to improve the overall performance of MANET. It addresses several elements such as congestion control, the loss of packets, malicious detection of nodes, and safe data transfer to strengthen the MANET QoS as the key strength of the projected protocol. Simulation in the NS2 evaluates the performance of the suggested protocol.

Swarm intelligence inspired meta-heuristics for solving multi-constraint QoS path problem in vehicular ad hoc networks

Applications and services which run on top of vehicular ad hoc networks range from human safety and traffic management to assisted driving and real time battlefield communication. Many of these applications may have low-elasticity QoS requirements. Characteristics like high mobility of vehicles, dynamic topology, inherent distributed nature and consequent lack of central coordination make it challenging to provide QoS support in such networks. Since, QoS provisioning and path finding can be potentially handled together, this work aims at exploiting such a possibility. Consequently, an attempt has been made to solve the multi-constraint QoS optimal path problem by using an innovative combination of swarm intelligence based optimization strategies and an especially designed cost function. This work also presents a detailed theoretical as well as experimental analysis of the proposed algorithms, probably first of its kind. Additionally, the analysis part also investigates the applicability issues and related solutions considering select algorithms in view of solving the given problem for vehicular ad hoc networks. Meta-heuristics derived in this process have been applied on realistic modelled vehicular ad hoc network topology and as the presented analysis would indicate results are encouraging.

Toward 5G High Utilizations: A survey on OFDMA-based Resource Allocation Techniques in Next-Generation Broadband Wireless Access Networks

LTE is marketed as 4G standard for wireless communication services. LTE network technologies provide a high speed triple play services like data, voice, and video with QoS provision. The resource allocation techniques primary concerns are the QoS support that aims to sat

Prioritized Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a MAC protocol that provides energy efficiency and QoS for wireless sensor networks. Because it does not classify the data according to the characteristics, traditional MAC protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks cannot provide service differentiations for different traffic classes. For the purpose of QoS support, the input data to the node is divided into priority classes according to the transmission emergency. Depending on the urgency of the data, the protocol can provide time slots for nodes and take different contention window sizes for different traffic classes. Nodes use the reinforcement learning-based control mechanism to actively infer the status of other nodes to classify effectively under various kinds of traffic conditions. The proposed protocol can meet the QoS requirements of delay-sensitive applications and can effectively deal with the problem of a multi-channel hidden terminal with the use of multi-queue. For the next purpose, the proposed protocol is energy efficient because it is based on sleep mode. To improve the energy efficiency, each node has a short non-overlapping listening interval, saving energy in idle listening intervals. This is one of the ways to efficiently use the energy of a node to extend the life of the entire network. This achieves low power consumption by increasing the throughput of data processed across the network and enabling efficient transmission. The classified data can be further improved by rearranging the data according to the nature of the transmitted data in the queue.

An Evaluation of Routing Algorithms in Traffic Engineering and Quality of Service Provision of Network on Chips

Nowadays the number of cores that are integrated into NoC (Network on Chip) systems is steadily increasing, and real application traffic, running in such multi-core environments requires more and more bandwidth. In that sense, NoC architectures should be properly designed so as to provide efficient traffic engineering, as well as QoS support. Routing algorithm choice in conjunction with other parameters, such as network size and topology, traffic features (time and spatial distribution), as well as packet injection rate, packet size, and buffering capability, are all equivalently critical for designing a robust NoC architecture, on the grounds of traffic engineering and QoS provision. In this paper, a thorough numerical investigation is achieved by taking into consideration the criticality of selecting the proper routing algorithm, in conjunction with all the other aforementioned parameters. This is done via implementation of four routing evaluation traffic scenarios varying each parameter either individually, or as a set, thus exhausting all possible combinations, and making compact decisions on proper routing algorithm selection in NoC architectures. It has been shown that the simplicity of a deterministic routing algorithm such as XY, seems to be a reasonable choice, not only for random traffic patterns but also for non-uniform distributed traffic patterns, in terms of delay and throughput for 2D mesh NoC systems.

A Network QoS Model for Joint Integrated C4I Structure

NCW which is shaping favorable conditions with obtaining initiative through superiority in C2 and information sharing is critical to the result of the war in a modern warfare. An important requirement to attain superiority through an effective networking in a war-environment is to apply QoS to ensure priority in supporting critical mission and services. In order to obtain an effective NCOE through JCS-led QoS support, standard doucments have been reviewed and analyzed to understand the current level of technology and development. In addition, QoS-related policy documents which is currently being applied by the ROK armed forces have been analyzed to substantiated the JCS-led QoS model and propose the directions of development and enhancement required in the realm of technology, policy and system. Keywords: QoS, IntServ, DiffServ, MPLS, SDN(Software Defined Network), JCNC(합동사이버-네트워크 í†µì œì¬íƒ€); 통합망, JTL(í•©ë™ê³¼ì œëª©ë¡), MLPP, NR-KPP

Future of Communication~Next Generation Network (NGN Network)

The Next Generation Network is not a overnight transformation, it brings the architectural change in telecommunication network, which has been elaborate in this paper. The basic idea behind this network is to transfer all PSTN, Internet, Mobile & other information services into IP packets.NGN based on four layers: Access Layer, Core Layer, Control Layer & Service Layer. And is based on IP (Internet Protocol) & MPLS (Multiprotocol Level Switching) internet technology. The technological advancements in telecommunication is forcing a trend towards unification of network & services, setting up a stage for the emergence of Next Generation Network -NGN. The Relocation to NGN diminishes arrange and operational multifaceted nature bringing about better and dependable assistance. NGN is a Self network& is used for future generation for better transport technologies, systematic service creation, High modularity, high reliability, security & QoS support. To discuss the fundamental of NGN for future aspect is the aim of this paper.

Evaluation of QoS Support of AODV and its Multicast Extension for Multimedia over MANETs

Evaluation of QoS Support of AODV and its Multicast Extension for Multimedia over MANETs

Implementation of Random Direction-3D Mobility Model to Achieve Better QoS Support in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) provides changing network topology due to the mobility of nodes. The complexity of the network increases because of dynamic topology of nodes. In a MANET, nodes communicate with each other without the help of any infrastructure. Therefore, achieving QoS in MANET becomes a little difficult. The movement of mobile nodes is represented through mobility models. These models have great impact on QoS in MANET. We have proposed a mobility model which is a 3D implementation of existing Random Direction (RD) mobility model. We have done a simulation on AODV with QoS metrics throughput, delay and PDR, using NS-3 and performed analysis of the proposed mobility models with other 3D mobility models, namely Random Way Point (RWP) and Gauss Markov (GM). It is concluded that our proposed model gives better throughput, delay and PDR for AODV routing protocol in comparing to RWP and GM mobility models. This paper is for students and researchers who are involved in wireless technology and MANET. It will help them to understand how a mobility model impacts the entire network and how its enhancement improves the QoS in MANET.

LNR-PP: Leaf Node Count and RSSI Based Parent Prediction Scheme to Support QoS in Presence of Mobility in 6LoWPAN

6LoWPAN network consists of embedded devices and sensors that senses environmental data and passes it to a root called as a 6LBR (6LoWPAN Border Router) which further transfers it to an Internet server for aggregation and processing. Earlier definition of 6LoWPAN consists of devices which are static with constrained resources such as computing power, memory, battery power and communication bandwidth. Recent additions such as mobile devices which are part of the 6LoWPAN network often cause frequent topology changes and disconnections, leading to degraded performance of the network. Handover delay, data loss rate, number of control messages, energy utilization are some of the performance metrics that has been focused and improved by recent works in the literature. But the proposed approaches work well when the number of mobile nodes and mobility rate are moderate. We identify the issues that arise in the 6LoWPAN RPL based network due to higher number of mobile nodes and higher mobility rate which causes problems like delay in data transmission and degraded parent node performance. In this paper we study, analyse and propose modifications in the popular protocols that support mobility in 6LoWPAN such as EC-MRPL. We propose a best-effort scheme called LNR-PP (Leaf node count and RSSI based Parent Prediction) to identify affected Static Nodes (SN) to whom large number of Mobile Nodes (MN) are connected. We call this scheme as a best effort since the parent prediction depends upon the number of neighbours available within the reach of MN in mobility. LNR-PP performs balanced leaf node (Mobile Node) allocation to SN in an effort to minimize the number of RPL control message packets, delay in forwarding data from the MN and power required to transmit control and data packets through SN. This enables the mobile nodes (MN) to communicate with DODAG-ROOT with guaranteed QoS measures under high mobility scenario. We developed a mathematical model to realize the benefits of the proposed scheme which can be incorporated into EC-MRPL and simulated with sample network parameters in MATLAB. The results obtained through simulation shows a significant improvement in term of number of RPL control message packets such as DIS and DIO, power requirement to transfer control and data packets through SN and delay encountered by SN while forwarding large volume of data from MN.