QoS Of Transmission Research Articles

Machine learning based novel frameworks developments and architectures for secured communication in VANETs for smart transportation

Vehicle ad hoc networks have made intelligent transportation systems that significantly increase road safety as well as management possible. Vehicles can now communicate and share information about the road using this new technology. However, malicious users might inject fake emergency alerts into vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), making it impossible for nodes to access accurate road information. In vehicular ad hoc networks, assessing credibility of nodes has become a crucial task to ensure reliability as well as trustworthiness of data. Using machine learning methods, this study proposes a novel security technique that improves communication and intruder detection in VANET for smart transportation. Ciphertext-policy game theory encryption analysis for smart transportation is used here to improve the security of the VANET. Fuzzy rule-based encoder perceptron neural networks are utilized in the detection of the VANET intruder. For a variety of network datasets, the experimental analysis is conducted in terms of throughput, QoS, latency, computational cost, and data transmission rate.

Effective Energy Efficiency and Statistical QoS Provisioning Under Markovian Arrivals and Finite Blocklength Regime

In this article, we evaluate the effective energy efficiency (EEE) and propose delay-outage aware resource allocation strategies for energy-limited Internet of Things (IoT) devices under the finite blocklength (FBL) regime. The EEE is a cross-layer model, measured by the ratio of effective capacity to the total consumed power. To maximize the EEE, there is a need to optimize transmission parameters, such as transmission power and rate efficiently. Whereas it is quite complex to study the impact of transmission power, or rate alone, the complexity is aggravated by the simultaneous consideration of both variables. Hence, we formulate power allocation (PA) and rate allocation (RA) optimization problems individually and jointly to maximize EEE. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of the EEE under constant and random arrivals, where statistical QoS constraints are imposed on buffer overflow probability. Using effective bandwidth and effective capacity theories, we determine the arrival rate and the required service rate that satisfy the QoS constraints. After that, we compare the performance of different iterative algorithms, such as Dinkelbach’s and cross entropy, which guarantee the convergence for the optimal solution. By numerical analysis, the influence of source characteristics, fixed transmission rate, error probability, coding blocklength, and QoS constraints on the throughput are identified. Our analysis reveals that the joint PA and RA is the optimal resources allocation strategy for maximizing the EEE in the presence of constant and random data arrivals. Finally, the results illustrate that modified Dinkelbach’s algorithm has high performance and low complexity compared to others.

Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Sensor Jarak HC-SR04 dan GP2Y0A21YK Dengan Menggunakan Thingspeak dan Wireshark

Until now, Internet of Things (IoT) is a very interesting topic to research. This is due to the wide role that IoT can play in human life. This study aims to compare the performance of two sensors in an IoT-based distance detection system with the focus of the parameters being tested: sensor readings, Qos of data transmission, and power requirements. The two sensors that are the subject of comparison are HC-SR04 and GP2YA21YK. As an analytical tool, this research uses two tools, namely Thingspeak and Wireshak. The performance test results show that in terms of accuracy in determining distance, the HC-SR04 has a much better performance than the GP2YA21YK. On HC SR04, the average reading error is 0.82 cm, while on GP2YA21YK it is 14.40 cm. Meanwhile, in terms of QoS parameters, the two sensor systems show almost commensurate performance, the packet loss is both 0%, the throughput value is 37.01 kbps on HC-SR04 and 38.12 kbps on GP2YA21YK. As for the delay, the HC-SR04 sensor gives a value of 33.55 ms, and on GP2YA21YK it is 26.1 ms. Furthermore, based on power requirements, sensor systems using the HC-SR04 consume 14.36% less power than the system that use GP2YA21YK. By referring to the results of measurements and visualizations using Wireshark and Thingspeak, it can be concluded that the distance detection system using the HC-SR04 sensor is better than the system with the GP2YA21YK.

An Adaptive Channel Hopping and Dynamic Superframe Selection Scheme With QoS Considerations for Emergency Traffic Transmission in IEEE 802.15.6-Based Wireless Body Area Networks

In modern days, as medical technology advances and the world’s population grows, healthcare has been undergoing crucial changes. The common practice of clinical treatment is gradually being overhauled by ubiquitous healthcare systems. The wireless body area networks (WBANs) are becoming increasingly important for future healthcare applications. According to the human physiological information, WBAN not only sends the real-time notification to the user but also decreases the transmission delay of patient information to the physician for the medical decision. As medical emergency information must be transmitted after a disaster occurrence, the number of WBANs and emergency traffic increase in the particular area. In the situations, a large number of WBANs may be close to each other, thus causing inter-WBAN interference and increasing the transmission delay. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a dynamic channel and superframe selection scheme (DCSSS) in IEEE 802.15.6 WBANs. DCSSS records the channel interference degree which is used to adaptively select different superframe structures and to effectively transmit data. It mitigates the inter-WBAN interference to improve the transmission delay and QoS violation. Additionally, it increases the chance of successful data transmission before the deadline of the data as well as reduces power consumption.

Application of Time-Varying Graph Theory over the Space Information Networks

SIN is constructed to support real-time data acquisition, massive data transmission and processing, and systematized information services. Different from static networks, both the network topologies and the available network resources are dynamic in SIN. However, the existing networking technologies treat SIN as segmented static networks, and ignore the relationship among different segmented subnetworks, which results in low resource utilization and poor transmission QoS. This article exploits the time-varying graph theory to characterize and allocate the dynamic resources of SIN. We first introduce the overall SIN architecture, and discuss its key technologies in terms of network slicing and dynamic routing. Then, we construct a novel STAG to precisely depict the multi-dimensional time-varying resources and reveal their connection relationships in SIN. With STAG, we propose the dynamic network slicing strategy to build the dedicated network slices for different services, and design the intra-slice routing scheme to guarantee the service transmission QoS. Simulation results demonstrate our methods can complete more space missions with higher resource utilization. Finally, we discuss the promising future of the time-varying graph theory.

Energy Efficient and Quality of Service Compromise Techniques for Wireless Body Area Networks

In the present era the use of e-health plays a major role in the field of medical science. Today a significant attraction interest is towards Wireless Body area network (WBAN). The major challenges of Wireless Body area network (WBAN) technique are to maintain the quality service and to track the network stability for a longer time, e.g., probability of delivery, and latency. The main important issue is to maintain the energy efficiency within the formed network. Here we propose a protocol for WBANs based on MAC using the multi-dimension (MD) graph optimization to compromise the energy consumption and QoS in data transmission. In WBANs, low battery performing on-body or inculcate biomedical sensor nodes are applicable to observe and gathers the physiological signals like body temperature, blood pressure, ECG and EEG. The MAC protocol design utilizes an optimization algorithm to optimize the scheduled traffic and channel of WBAN. The proposed protocol simulation results will be better than TDMA, CA-MAC and IEEE 802.15.6 MAC in terms of energy efficiency and QoS for large network conditions.

STAG-Based QoS Support Routing Strategy for Multiple Missions Over the Satellite Networks

As the typical delay tolerant networks, the satellite networks possess the intermittent connections, the large-scale time delays and the time-varying topologies. Obviously, such features seriously affect the delivery of mission data with certain requirements on the traffic or latency. To decrease the delivery time, existing relay-based contact graph routing (CGR) method selects the earliest reachable path to forward mission data. However, this method cannot guarantee the transmission of a large amount data and wastes the rare contact opportunities. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on the transmission QoS problem of multiple missions over the satellite networks, and design a QoS support routing strategy to achieve multiple flow-maximizing paths with acceptable delivery delays. Especially, with the storage time aggregated graph (STAG), we construct an on-demand mission model to depict both the network dynamic characteristics and the different mission requirements, and then reduce the QoS support problem as a graph-based maximum flow problem. To solve this problem, one STAG-based multiple flow-maximizing routing scheme is proposed to ensure the mission QoS and match the rare network resources, which has low computation complexity. Finally, compared with CGR, simulation results demonstrate the proposed scheme can achieve a higher mission completion rate and resource utilization rate.

QoS adaptive and energy aware cross‐layer opportunistic routing protocol in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) can reduce human labour and monitoring difficulties in forest fire prevention and environment monitoring due to its low power consumption, small size, self-organising, flexible setting, and unattended operation. However, the limited WSN hardware resources and power capacity, the practical application requirements such as real-time monitoring and timely warning of emergencies, pose higher challenges to WSN on its lifespan, reliability, and real-time performance. This paper proposes a QoS adaptive and energy aware cross-layer opportunistic routing protocol (QE-COR). The protocol sets an adaptive QoS function Q i comprehensively considering multiple metrics, through which the best forwarding node can be selected, and the QoS of transmission can adaptively adjust according to the data's needs. The protocol can also select a standby node to start retransmission when forwarding errors occur. A RTS-QACK and an ASS-DATA-SACK response mechanisms are designed to improve the transmission efficiency and avoid message conflicts. The sleep mechanism of MAC layer related with node's working state enables dynamical switching between active and sleep modes, which improves the energy utilisation and the flexibility of the network. Compared with similar opportunistic routing protocols, QE-COR can improve energy utilisation and extend network lifetime, while ensuring transmission reliability and end-to-end delay performance.

Energy-aware clustering of CoMP-DPS transmission points

The main idea behind CoMP operation is to efficiently coordinate multiple transmission points to provide better transmission quality and QoS, while improving spectral efficiency. This concept can be extended to the heterogeneous networking environment of 5G systems and is expected to be one of the key technologies of the future. In this work, we focus on the CoMP transmission with Dynamic Point Selection (DPS) due to its low complexity and the gains it can offer to the reduction of the size of the clusters and to the network’s power consumption. Therefore, in this paper, we present an Energy-Aware Clustering (EnAC) scheme to be utilized with CoMP-DPS in LTE-A. The goal of the proposed scheme is to reduce, as much as possible, the power consumption at each BS of a cluster without compromising the CoMP operation. In other words, we incorporate energy-related parameters into the CoMP clustering procedure aiming to raise the energy awareness of the overall system. These parameters are thoroughly studied and fine-tuned through simulation results which prove the energy efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Deep Learning Based Cooperative Resource Allocation in 5G Wireless Networks

Wireless personal communication has become popular with the rapid development of 5G communication systems. Critical demands on transmission speed and QoS make it difficult to upgrade current wireless personal communication systems. In this paper, we develop a novel resource allocation method using deep learning to squeeze the benefits of resource utilization. By generating the convolutional neural network using channel information, resource allocation is to be optimized. The deep learning method could help make full use of the small scale channel information instead of traditional resource optimization, especially when the channel environment is changing fast. Simulation results indicate the fact that the performance of our proposed method is close to MMSE method and better than ZF method, and the time consumption of computation is smaller than traditional method.

웨어러블 WBANs를 위한 에너지 효율적인 채널할당 MAC

웨어러블 WBAN을 설계하는데 있어서 중요한 문제는 한정된 전지의 동력을 가지는 노드들의 저-전력 제약사항을 갖는 네트워크에서 QoS 요구사항의 균형을 보장하는 것이다. 인체에 이식된 저-전력 장치들은 그들의 한정된 전지수명으로 인해 최소한의 요구사항으로 제한되고 쉽게 착용할 수 있도록 적고 슬림해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 IEEE 802.15.6과 호환이 가능하고 휴지사이클 동안 에너지를 최대한 충전하며 WBAN의 QoS를 보장하고 네트워크 노드와 허브 들 간에 성공적인 패킷들의 수신을 제공하는 채널할당최적기법을 제안하고자 한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해서 제안된 방법은 패킷 전달과정에서 QoS를 극대화 하며 전송률과 에너지 효율 측면에서 향상됨을 보인다. The main challenge in designing wearable WBANs is to guarantee the balance of QoS demands in the network with the low power constraints of limited battery powered nodes. Low power devices implanted in or attached to the body should be designed to meet minimum energy requirements due to their limited battery life and be small in size to be easily wearable. In this paper, we propose a method for optimizing channel allocation method that is compatible with the IEEE 802.15.6 standard, enables the maximum amount of power charge at idle, guarantees the QoS of a WBAN, and provides the reliable date transmission between nodes and hubs in the network. Our extensive simulations will show that the method we propose not only maximizes the QoS in packet transmission but also improves the level of energy efficiency.

A Multi-Custodians Distributed Storage Mechanism for DTN Storage-based Congestion Problem

Nowadays, distributed storage is adopted to alleviate Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) congestion, but reliability transmission during the congestion period remains an issue. In this paper, we propose a multi-custodians distributed storage (MCDS) framework that includes a set of algorithms to determine when should appropriate bundles be migrated (or retrieved) to (or from) the suitable custodians, so that we can solve DTN congestion and improve reliability transmission simultaneously. MCDS adopts multiple custodians to temporarily store the duplications of migrated bundle for releasing DTN congestion. Thus, MCDS has more opportunities to retrieve the migrated bundles when network congestion is mitigated. Two performance metrics are used to evaluate the simulation results: the goodput ratio (GR) that represents QoS of data transmission, and the retrieved loss ratio (RLR) that reflects the performance of reliability transmission. We also use another distributed storage mechanism based on single-custodian distributed storage (SCDS) to evaluate MCDS. Simulation results show that MCDS has better GR and RLR in almost all simulation cases. For various scenarios, the GR and RLR of MCDS are in the range of 10.6%-18.4% and 23.2%-36.8%, respectively, which are higher than those of SCDS.

Cross-layer-based adaptive TCP algorithm for cloud computing services in 4G LTE-A relaying communication

Cloud computing provides various diverse services for users accessing big data through high data rate cellular networks, e.g., LTE-A, IEEE 802.11ac, etc. Although LTE-A supports very high data rate, multi-hop relaying, and cooperative transmission, LTE-A suffers from high interference, path loss, high mobility, etc. Additionally, the accesses of cloud computing services need the transport layer protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP, and streaming) for achieving end-to-end transmissions. Clearly, the transmission QoS is significantly degraded when the big data transmissions are done through the TCP protocol over a high interference LTE-A environment. The issue of providing high data rate and high reliability transmissions in cloud computing needs to be addressed completely. Thus, this paper proposes a cross-layer-based adaptive TCP algorithm to gather the LTE-A network states (e.g., AMC, CQI, relay link state, available bandwidth, etc.), and then feeds the state information back to the TCP sender for accurately executing the network congestion control of TCP. As a result, by using the accurate TCP congestion window (cwnd) under a high interference LTE-A, the number of timeouts and packet losses are significantly decreased. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the compared approaches in goodput and fairness, especially in high interference environment. Especially, the goodput of the proposed approach is 139.42 % higher than that of NewReno when the wireless loss increases up to 4 %. Furthermore, the throughput and the response functions are mathematically analyzed. The analysis results can justify the claims of the proposed approach.

Resource Management and QoS Provisioning for Duplex Services in IEEE 802.16

Duplex services are multimedia services that requires good connectivity in both uplink and downlink such as VoIP, video conferencing and interactive gaming. A weak connection in either direction may cause degradation of performances and dissatisfaction of user experience. Most researchers do not consider this issue and treat resource allocations in uplink and downlink independently. For this reason, the conventional resource management schemes do not guarantee a good duplex connectivity. Generally, duplex schemes require some relation or information to be exchanged between uplink and downlink resource allocation processes. The existing duplex resource allocation schemes, however, have high complexity and do not adhere to the IEEE 802.16 standard. In this paper, we propose a duplex resource management scheme for IEEE 802.16 network to enhance the user experience and to improve the network performances. The proposed resource management scheme is a MAC layer function that co-relates the uplink and downlink allocation processes using a newly proposed duplex variable. Simulation studies show that the proposed scheme brings significant benefit to duplex services in the IEEE 802.16 networks and outperforms the conventional and existing schemes in terms of uplink and downlink transmission gap, QoS performances and fairness.

MPLS와 멀티캐스트 융합을 통한 Video Stream 방송 전송 최적화

QoS techniques and transmitted in real-time communication with the advancement of technology a variety of applications and services are available these days, mobile devices bogeuphwa LTE technology to the development of multimedia services with high quality can be realized. In order to satisfy this condition simply with a router with an increased bandwidth expansion by considering the increase in the routing table of the network scalability problems included. Burst traffic data to be distributed according to the environment is to be centered . To do this, the destination -based routing method to transmit the current paper -based (Source routing) routing settings are required. In this paper, published by the IETF , IP switching system based on standardized protocol Label Switching Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network by using the existing Best Effect is difficult to guarantee QoS for multimedia transmission in MPLS network environment using optimized QoS guarantees to transmit the multicast.

Link Budget Design with Performance Evaluation of Tunable Impulse-Based Ultra Wideband to Support the Integration of Wireless Sensing and Identifications Infrastructures

Recently, many studies propose the use of ultra-wideband technology for passive and active radio frequency identification systems as well as for wireless sensor networks due to its numerous advantages. By harvesting these advantages of IR-UWB technology at the physical-layer design, this paper proposes that a cross layer architecture platform can be considered as a good integrator for different wireless short-ranges indoor protocols into a universal smart wireless-tagged architecture with new promising applications in cognitive radio for future applications. Adaptive transmission algorithms have been studied to show the trade-off between different specific QoS requirements, transmission rates and distances at the physical layer level and this type of dynamic optimization and reconfiguration leads to the cross-layer design proposal in the paper. Studies from both theoretical simulation and statistical indoor environments experiments are considered as a proof of concept for the proposed architecture.

QoS aware transmission control scheme for multihop WiMAX network

SUMMARYThe IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR) WiMAX network allows the number of hops between the end user and the base station to be more than two hops. It supports non‐real‐time Polling Service, which considers the minimum reserved rate and the maximum sustained rate as a QoS requirements. The reliability of sending the data over MMR WiMAX is achieved by using Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in transport layer and automatic repeat request in the link layer. However, the use of automatic repeat request in the link layer makes the round trip time fluctuate rapidly, which increases the possibility of retransmission timeout (RTO) expiration. TCP performance degrades because of frequent timeout, and hence the QoS transmission rates cannot be satisfied. Therefore, this paper presents an RTO smoothing scheme and QoS aware transmission control to enhance the performance of data transmission over MMR WiMAX networks. The RTO smoothing scheme aims to reduce the frequent timeout occurrences. The slow start threshold and maximum congestion window are adjusted to satisfy the required QoS and it provides transmission rate fairness for the users at different hops. The results showed that, the proposed schemes reduce the timeout, and improve the utilization of the allocated resources and TCP throughput. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

UWB 기반 Distributed MAC 시스템을 위한 SoQ 기반 협력 통신 프로토콜 설계

본 논문에서는 UWB 기술 기반 WiMedia Distributed Medium Access Control (D-MAC) 무선 USB 표준 프로토콜에 적용할 수 있는 Satisfaction of QoS (SoQ) 기반 협력 통신 프로토콜을 제안한다. 이를 위해 UWB 링크 전송 속도와 QoS 척도에 따른 릴레이 노드 선정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 SoQ 기반 협력 통신 프로토콜은 분산적인 D-MAC 무선 USB 표준 기술과 호환성을 갖고, 각 디바이스에서 독립적으로 실행되는 SoQ 기반 Relay Node Selection (RNS) 기준에 따라 실행된다. The WiMedia Alliance has specified a Distributed Medium Access Control (D-MAC)/WUSB protocol based on UWB for high speed wireless home networks and WPANs. In this paper, we propose a novel SoQ-based cooperative communication protocol adaptive to current UWB link transmission rate and QoS measure. The proposed SoQ-based cooperative communication protocol has compatibility with current WiMedia D-MAC/Wireless USB standard and is executed at each device according to a SoQ-based Relay Node Selection (RNS) criterion.

Resource Control Model for QoS in the Trustworthy and Controllable Network

基于前期工作——可信可控网络体系结构TCNA(trustworthy and controllable network architecture),提出了一种QoS 资源控制模型(resource control model for QoS,简称RCMQ).该模型从网络可控角度将QoS 控制分为4层: QoS 决策层面、QoS 观测层面、QoS 接口层面和QoS 资源层面,模型部署包括独立集中的域内控制和一致性分布式控制.RCMQ 模型闭环控制结构保证了QoS 控制的有效性,而独立集中的QoS 决策层面使得模型具有可扩展性.最后,通过仿真实验验证了RCMQ 资源控制模型与InterServ 模型相比,能够提供更为稳定的QoS 传输,并且极大地减少了QoS 状态维护,同时也从侧面说明可信可控网络体系比传统TCP/IP 网络具有更高的可控性.;In this article, a Resource Control Model for QoS (RCMQ) is presented, based on the former work on Trustworthy and Controllable Network Architecture (TCNA). The QoS mechanisms are distributed into four logical planes in RCMQ: QoS decision plane, QoS discovery plane, QoS data plane, and QoS interface plane. Deployment of RCMQ includes independent and centralized resource control within an Autonomous System and consensus distributed control among ASes. RCMQ is scalable because it decouples all network level QoS control mechanisms from the data plane, and it is robust because RCMQ is a simple and effective close loop control structure. Finally RCMQ in SSFNet environment are implemented, and experimental results show that RCMQ can provide a more stable QoS transmission and maintain fewer flow states than InterServ, which from the other point of view proves that TCNA is more controllable.

A Bi-directional Energy Splitable Model for Energy Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks is a budding prototype of networking and computing, where a node may be self powered and individual node have the capability to sense and compute and communicate. Wireless Sensor Networks have been proposed for variety of applications such as Industrial control and monitoring and home automation and consumer electronics and security andMilitary sensing, Asset tracking and supply chain management, Intelligent Agriculture, Missile directing, Fire alarming, Landslide Warning, Environmental monitoring and health monitoring and commercial applications. In Wireless Sensor Network large number of nodes are deployed randomly. Depends on the network architecture the application may be personalized such as Energy Efficiency, Routing and Power Management and data dissemination. Energy Optimization involves in minimizing an energy expenditure and maximizing the lifetime of the complete network. In the proposed work, the placement of nodes are directly involved with residual energy. Energy Optimization in sensor network is very difficult task to achieve it. The optimization of energy is performed through Bidirectional Energy Splitable Model. The data flow in both forward and backward directions are considered, In order to achieve the best QOS in transmission, some parameters such as load, delay and direction of individual nodes are considered. A mathematical model is developed to determine the data flow of individual node based on the residual energy.