PZT Powder Research Articles

Significance of Micro and Nano PZT Particles on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of PZT-PVDF Composites

PZT-PVDF composites were prepared using different particle size of PZT and a hot press apparatus has been used for making samples. The structural and compositional analysis of the composite sample was done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) respectively. The grain size of the ball milled PZT powder was analyzed using powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The samples were poled at a fixed temperature for about an hour under different poling fields. The dielectric constant (?r) and the piezoelectric properties like piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) and voltage coefficient (g33) of composite have been analyzed.

The Effect of using Different Bed Powder in PZT Synthesis

In this study, different bedswhich are alumina and PZT powder were used, and their effect on Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3, (PZT)based ceramics sample was investigated. The mixed powder was pressed by using a hand press at 200MPa, followed by sintering at 1150°C for 1 hour. The sintered sample was then characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysisand impedance analyzer in order to determine the phase of the element, microstructure and dielectric properties, respectively. The observed microstructure showed that when the alumina was used as the bed powder, the surface of sintered sample that was in contact with alumina powder contained flake structure which represented the alumina element. However, the sample that was sintered with PZT as a bed powder only showed the present of PZT element. From the Archimedes method, the density obtained from the sample that used PZT as bed powder is higher (8.06g/cm3) compared to the sample that used alumina bed powder (7.9g/cm3). The dielectric constant measured at 1kHz is high (2890)and the loss factor islower (0.0852) for the sample used PZT bed powder compared to the sample that used alumina bed powder shows the lower dielectric constant (2715) and high loss factor (0.875). The results showed that PZT powder as the bedpowder wasbeneficialin improvingthe dielectric properties of PZT sample.

Effect of Nb doping on sintering and dielectric properties of PZT ceramics

The extensive use of piezoelectric ceramics such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) in different applications became possible with the development of donor or acceptor dopants. Therefore, studies on the effect of dopants on the properties of PZT ceramics are highly demanded. In this study undoped and 2.4mol% Nb-doped PZT (PZTN) powders were successfully obtained by a solid-state reaction and calcination at 850?C for 2h. Crystallinity and phase formation of the prepared powders were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). In order to study morphology of powders, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. The crystalline PZT and Nb-doped PZT powders were pelleted into discs and sintered at 1100, 1150 and 1200?C, with a heating rate of 10?C/min, and holding time of 1-6 h to find the optimum combination of temperature and time to produce high density ceramics. Microstructural characterization was conducted on the fractured ceramic surfaces using SEM. Density measurements showed that maximal density of 95% of the theoretical density was achieved after sintering of PZT and PZTN ceramics at 1200?C for 2 h and 4 h, respectively. However, the results of dielectric measurements showed that PZTN ceramics have higher relative permittivity (?r ~17960) with lower Curie temperature (~358?C) relative to PZT (?r = 16000 at ~363?C) as a result of fine PZTN structure as well as presence of vacancies. In addition, dielectric loss (at 1 kHz) of PZT and PZTN ceramics with 95% theoretical density was 0.0087 and 0.02, respectively. The higher dielectric loss in PZTN was due to easier domain wall motions in PZTN ceramics.

Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline PZT powders: From sol to dense ceramics

In this study ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate PZT (0.523/0.477) nanocrystalline powders have been successfully synthesized by an alkoxide based sol-gel process. Crystallinity of the prepared ceramic powders was studied using X-ray diffractometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were performed to study morphology of the calcined powders. EDX analysis was employed to demonstrate purity of the synthesized powders. Surface nature of the powders was studied by using FTIR technique. TGA/DTA analysis was employed to study thermal behaviour of powders. Spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and XRD) results indicated that the as-dried amorphous powders can be completely crystallized at 600?C. In order to investigate the densification behaviour of the calcined powders, the crystalline PZT powders were pelletized into discs and sintered at various temperatures from 900?C to 1150?C, with a heating rate of 10?C/min and holding time of 2 h to find the optimum combination of temperature and time to produce high density ceramics. Microstructural characterization was conducted on the fractured surface of the samples using SEM. It was found that the PZT ceramics calcined at 600?C for 4 h then sintered at 1050?C for 2 h had maximal density (98% of the theoretically density).

에어로졸 증착법에 의한 압전 PZT 후막의 전기적 특성

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films with thickness of were fabricated on silicon substrate by aerosol deposition method. As-deposited films on silicon were annealed at the temperatures of . The electrical properties of films deposited by PZT powders were characterized using impedance analyzer and Sawyer-Tower circuit. The PZT powder was prepared by both conventional solid reaction process and sol-gel process. The remanent polarization, coercive field, and dielectric constant of the thick film with solid reaction process were , 30 kV/cm and 1320, respectively. On the other hand, the PZT films by sol-gel process showed a poor dielectric constant of 635. The reason was probably due to the presence of pores produced from organic residue during annealing.

Ferroelectromagnetic solid solutions on the base piezoelectric ceramic materials for components of micromechatronics

In the presented work, a ferroelectromagnetic solid solutions based on PZT and ferrite powders have been obtained. The main aim of combination of ferroelectric and magnetic powders was to obtain material showing both electric and magnetic properties. Ferroelectric ceramic powder (in amount of 90%) was based on the doped PZT type solid solution while magnetic component was nickel–zinc ferrite Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 (in amount of 10%). The synthesis of components of ferroelectromagnetic solid solutions was performed using the solid phase sintering. Final densification of synthesized powder has been done using free sintering. The aim of the work was to obtain and examine in the first multicomponent PZT type ceramics admixed with chromium with the following chemical composition Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.46Ti0.54)O3+0.25at% Cr2O3 and next ferroelectromagnetic solid solution based on a PZT type ferroelectric powder (Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.46Ti0.54)O3+0.25at% Cr2O3) and nickel–zinc ferrite (Ni0.64Zn0.36Fe2O4), from the point of view of their mechanical and electric properties, such as: electric permittivity, ε; dielectric loss, tanδ; mechanical losses, Q−1; and Young modulus, E.

The influence of β-PbO<sub>2</sub> on PZT phase formation

The reactional mechanism of the formation of solid solution lead-zircono-titanate PZT has been studied using β-PbO 2 , TiO 2 and ZrO 2 as starting materials. PZT ceramics were prepared by solid state reaction between oxides at different temperatures. After calcination samples are characterized by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning, Infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Using lead dioxide (β-PbO 2 ) allows PZT powder to be sintered at a temperature as low as 700°C. Keywords: Ceramic; PZT; synthesis; calcinations; thermal analysis; X-ray; IR.

Electromechanical Displacement of Soft/Hard PZT Bi-Layer Composite Actuator

PZTs can be classified into two types, i.e., soft and hard PZTs, which are categorized by the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties such as coercive field, piezoelectric strain, mechanical quality factor etc. It is known that the combination effect of the soft/hard PZT composites can generate large strain/actuation compared to monolithic PZT ceramics. In this study, soft and hard PZT powders were co-pressed into bi-layer disks with various ratios between soft and hard PZT powders, ranging from 0:100~100:0 vol. % (with 10 % increments) and then they were co-sintered. Due to the difference in the planar shrinkage of the two layers and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch, dome-shaped bi-layer composites with various dome heights were obtained. It was shown that the constrained layer either soft PZT or hard PZT affected various properties including the dome geometry, the strain-E-field response, and the displacement hysteresis loop. The electromechanical properties and actuation performance of such bi-layer composite actuators have been investigated and compared to the soft and hard PZT single layer counterparts.

THE INFLUENCE OF Β-PBO2 ON PZT PHASE FORMATION

The reactional mechanism of the formation of solid solution lead-zircono-titanate PZT has been studied using β-PbO 2 , TiO 2 and ZrO 2 as starting materials. PZT ceramics were prepared by solid state reaction between oxides at different temperatures. After calcination samples are characterized by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning, Infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Using lead dioxide (β-PbO 2 ) allows PZT powder to be sintered at a temperature as low as 700°C.

Curie temperature and high temperature behavior of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 sol–gel composites

The Curie temperature of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT/PZT) sol–gel composites was investigated empirically in order to determine the maximum operation temperature of PZT/PZT ultrasonic transducers. A PZT/PZT film was fabricated on a stainless steel substrate and the piezoelectric constant d33 and ultrasonic response were measured after 1 h heating at a specified temperature in a furnace in order to investigate the Curie temperature indirectly. It was found that the Curie temperature of PZT/PZT was between 770 and 870 K. Second, real-time monitoring of the capacitance at various temperatures was attempted in order to measure the Curie temperature directly. A PZT/PZT film was fabricated on a stainless steel substrate and the sample was placed in a furnace and then heated from RT to 870 K. Peaks in the capacitance appeared around 670 and 820 K; thus, it was concluded that a Curie temperature shift of PZT/PZT occurred around 820 K, which was 250 K higher than that of PZT powder made from the bulk material. The high-temperature ultrasonic performance was also monitored and clear reflected echoes were clearly observed at ∼724 K.

Electrohydrodynamic jet printing of PZT thick film micro-scale structures

This paper reports the use of a printing technique, called electrohydrodynamic jet printing, for producing PZT thick film micro-scale structures without additional material removing processes. The PZT powder was ball-milled and the effect of milling time on the particle size was examined. This ball-milling process can significantly reduce the PZT particle size and help to prepare stable composite slurry suitable for the E-Jet printing. The PZT micro-scale structures with different features were produced. The PZT lines with different widths and separations were fabricated through the control of the E-Jet printing parameters. The widths of the PZT lines were varied from 80μm to 200μm and the separations were changed from 5μm to 200μm. In addition, PZT walled structures were obtained by multi-layer E-Jet printing. The E-Jet printed PZT thick films exhibited a relative permittivity (ɛr) of ∼233 and a piezoelectric constant (d33, f) of ∼66pCN−1.

Electromechanical properties of PZT/P(VDF-TrFE) composite ink printed on a flexible organic substrate

The fabrication and electromechanical properties of composite inks consisting of 30–70 vol.% of piezoceramic PZT powder and piezoelectric co-polymer P(VDF-TrFE) are presented. Samples were stencil-printed on a commercial PET film and printable silver ink was used for the electrodes thus allowing a maximum process temperature of 130 °C. The relative permittivity at 1 kHz varied between 33 and 69 depending on poling and composite composition. The highest remanent polarization, up to 4.8 μC/cm2, with 34 MV/m electric field and piezoelectric coefficient d31 up to 17 pm/V, was obtained with a 50 vol.% PZT loading level. The mechanical and electrical results indicate that the developed composite ink enables fully printable and flexible sensor applications with an increased level of integration.

The conductivity mechanism and an improved C−V model of ferroelectric PZT thin film

A dense, homogeneous and crack-free ferroelectric PZT thin film with 〈100〉-preferred orientation was produced using the sol-gel method. The volume fraction α(100) of 〈100〉-oriented grains in the PZT film was calculated [α(100) ≈ 80%] from XRD of the PZT thin film and powder. The PZT thin film exhibits an open polarization vs. electric field loop and a low leakage current density from 10−8 A/cm2 to 10−7 A/cm2. The electrical conduction data were fit to a Schottky-emission model with deep traps from 100 kV/cm to 250 kV/cm. A modified capacitance model was introduced that adds electrical domain capacitance based on a metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) system with Schottky contacts. The model reproduces the observed non-linear capacitance vs. voltage behavior of the film.

The influence of pH dependent ion leaching on the processing of lead-zirconate-titanate ceramics

The chemical stability of a powder with the nominal composition Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) in water at pH 3, 7, and 10 for 14 days was studied to evaluate the effect of the pH on the subsequent sintering and properties of the ceramic. The concentrations of the Pb, Zr and Ti ions were 5.4, 0.09 and 0.02mol.%, respectively, measured in the supernatants at pH 3 by inductively coupled-plasma mass spectroscopy. The PZT powder dissolved incongruently in acidic pHs. After sintering the ceramic was porous and contained a perovskite phase as well as traces of ZrO2. At pH 7 and 10 the amounts of leached ions were 10,000-times lower than that at pH 3. After sintering the single-phase ceramic was dense, with piezoelectric properties similar to those of PZT ceramics prepared from the non-aged powder. This study reveals that the neutral and alkaline regions are suitable for suspension preparation and subsequent processing.

Sol-Gel 법에 의한 압전 PZT 후막의 제조

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films with thicknesses of 20-100 ㎛ were fabricated on silicon substrates using an aerosol deposition method. A PZT powder solution was prepared using a sol-gel process. The average diameters (d50) obtained were 1.67, 1.98, and 2.40 μm when the pyrolysis temperatures were 300°C, 350° C, and 450°C respectively. The as-deposited film had a uniform microstructure without any cracks or pores. The as-deposited films on silicon were annealed at a temperature of 700°C. The 20-㎛ -thick PZT film showed good adherence between the PZT film and substrate, with no tearing observed in the conventional solid phase process. This was probably because the presence of pores produced from organic residue during annealing relieved the residual stresses in the deposited film.

Gelation behavior and mechanical properties of gelcast lead zirconate titanate ceramics

Gelcasting is a novel forming method in fabricating complex ceramic parts. A low-toxicity gelling system with excellent properties based on Hydantion epoxy resin and 3,3′-Diaminodipropylamine (DPTA) was developed for gelcasting PZT ceramics. Effects of solid loading on the rheological properties, gelation behaviors and mechanical properties were investigated. The solid loading of PZT suspension which was suitable for the gelcasting reached as high as 55.0 vol%. The presence of PZT powder exhibited a catalytic effect of the polymerization reaction of the suspension calculated by the activation energy Ea. The mean flexural strength, the characteristic strength and Weibull modulus of the green bodies reached the maximum of 34.1±3.3MPa, 35.6MPa and 11.1, respectively, when the solid loading was 55.0 vol%. After sintering at 1120°C, excellent irregular shaped pillar accurately reproduced the form of the mold and the structural integrity maintained well over a large area.

A review on piezoelectric material as a source of generating electricity and its possibility to fabricate devices for daily uses of army personnel

Energy harvesting, a process of capturing ambient waste energy and converting it into usable electricity, has been attracting more and more researchers' interest because of the limitations of traditional power sources. In this study, fabrication of flexible piezo composite material was investigated using lead zirconate titanate PZT powder 3 µ and 1 µ particle size, multiwalled carbon nano tubes MWCNT diameter 5-20 nm, length up to 10 µ, polydimethyl siloxane PDMS synthetic silicone rubber and solvents THF, chloroform. These materials have been tested for their peak performance, lifetime and durability under different conditions. The foremost aim will be to extract usable power which can run various devices having low power requirement such as mobile devices and wireless sensor networks and the recent advent of the extremely low power electrical and mechanical devices such as micro electromechanical systems MEMS.

A Novel Co-casting Process for Piezoelectric Multilayer Ceramics with Silver Inner Electrodes

The presented process offers a simplified method for manufacturing multilayer ceramics (MC) in comparison to the conventional multilayer ceramics technology (MCT). It combines the tape casting of ceramic green tapes and the subsequent screen printing of electrodes into one single co-casting process. Since the co-casting process circumvents also the stacking and laminating of single ceramic green tapes, MC with layer thicknesses as thin as 20μm could be manufactured by this technique. To create an easy contacting of the inner electrode in the MC, the generation of an interdigital electrode structures has been aspired. By means of the specific innovation, to fix a shadow mask by magnetic forces on top of the ceramic green tape, this was realized. With the intention to manufacture piezo generators for vibration energy harvesting, triple-layered bending transducers have been manufactured successfully from a hard-doped PZT powder and inner electrodes made of pure silver via this new co-casting process. The material compatibility for the co-firing step of PZT and the cost-effective base metal silver was achieved by means of the liquid phase sintering technology, using a combination of Li2CO3·Bi2O3·CuO (LBCu) as sintering additives.

Low Temperature Sintering of PZT

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films fired in a liquid-phase sintering process at 900 °C in air. In detail the manufacturing of piezoelectric multilayers with internal pure silver (Tm = 961 °C) electrodes are reported. The feasibility of ten sintering aids in two different volume fractions was investigated for a commercial hard PZT powder (PIC 181, PI Ceramics) with respect to density, microstructure, mechanical behaviour, and piezoelectric properties. Li2O, Li2CO3, PbO, MnO2, V2O5, CuO, Bi2O3, the eutectic mixtures Cu2O·PbO and PbO·WO3 and the ternary system Li2CO3·Bi2O3·CuO (LBCu) have been tested as liquid phase sintering aids. The combination of PZT with LBCu showed the best results. With 5 vol.% LBCu an average relative density of 97% and a characteristic breaking strength of 77 MPa was achieved. Composition of PZT with 2 vol.% LBCu exhibits the highest averaged piezoelectrical charge constant (d33) of 181 pC/N.

Parameters Optimization of Heat Treatment for Obtaining Luminescent PZT Powders

Low crystalline PZT powder samples were successfully synthesized using polymeric precursor method and slow decomposition steps. The polymeric resin precursor was thermal treated in a muffle type oven varying the temperature from 250 °C to 700 °C and the time from 3 to 24 hours in order to investigate the order/disorder mechanism toward the amorphous powders. Powder samples with low crystalline phases were obtained at lower temperatures and long time of thermal treatment, demonstrating a kinetic dependence for organic removal and a thermodynamic barrier for crystallization processes. Through XRD and FTIR spectroscopy characterizations the long time thermal treated samples showed to be composed of the solid solution of metal oxides in absent of organic matter, originating broad XRD peaks profiles and no carbonaceous bands in FTIR spectra. A Photoluminescence characterization showed that the peak emission is higher for disordered and homogeneous phases, which only can be reached through the long time of thermal treatment.