Pyruvic Aldehyde Research Articles

Reproducible passive hemagglutination procedure with high sensitivity using the double aldehyde treated cells.

The sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination reaction was increased considerably by repeated freezing and thawing of antigen-coated erythrocytes. Cells were stabilized by pyruvic aldehyde followed by formaldehyde and then coated with antigen at low pH. After the desired HA titer was attained, the cells were stored in liquid nitrogen. Antigen-coated cells stored at 20° gradually deteriorated during the course of 18 months.

Passive Hemagglutination Procedures for Protein and Polysaccharide Antigens Using Erythrocytes Stabilized by Aldehydes

Summary Chicken, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes were stabilized with formaldehyde, pyruvic aldehyde or both, for use in passive hemagglutination reactions. Bovine serum albumin, insoluble BSA, ovalbumin, rabbit γ-globulin, chicken γ-globulin, bovine γ-globulin, E. coli endotoxin, acetylated endotoxin, de-esterified endotoxin, de-esterified and bromacetylated endotoxin, succinylated endotoxin and synthetic polyglucose were found to adsorb firmly on the stabilized cells. For optimal coating of stabilized cells with antigens, critical factors included pH, antigen concentration and the duration of contact with antigen. These conditions differed somewhat from one antigen to another. Coated cells could be stored frozen or lyophilized. Approximately 1 × 10-7 to 1 × 10-8 mg of anti-BSA antibody were detected by using rabbit erythrocytes coated with BSA. This level of sensitivity compares favorably with tannic acid or BDB procedure for cell coating. Antiglobulin tests were applicable in all of the cases tested and were found to increase the hemagglutination titers 10- to 30-fold.

Bräunungsreaktionen und fragmentierungen von kohlenhydraten : Teil III. über reaktionen des dihydroxyacetons mit aminen und áminosäuren

Dihydroxyacetone reacts with primary amines at low temperature to form dimeric ketosylamines, which are stable only in the crystalline state at low temperatures. In the reaction of dihydroxyacetone with amino acids pyruvic aldehyde seems to be an important intermediate. This causes the Strecker degradation of amino acids to aldehydes. In contrast to other amino acids, glycine reacts with dihydroxyacetone to give small proportions of volatile carbonyl compounds, in which diacetyl predominates. Allomaltol is isolated as a by-product from the reaction of dihydroxyacetone with glycine, which leads primarily to melanoidins. In this case, the precursor of allomaltol, which is N-(2-methylpyron-4-yl-5)glycine, has been isolated. This compound was synthesised by melting allomaltol and glycine, and its structure proved by the preparation of derivatives.

α-Ketoaldehydeの一新合成法

When α-picoline 1-oxide and phenacyl bromide are mixed under cooling and the solidified crystals are washed with anhydrous ether and benzene, O-phenacyl compound (I), m.p. 70°, of α-picoline 1-oxide is obtained. Basification of this product (I) with sodium carbonate gives phenylglyoxal easily in ca. 50% yield. If a solvent is used and the mixture is heated, this yield becomes lower. The use of acetone produces α-picoline 1-oxide 1/2hydrobromide (II), m.p. 142°. Reaction of α-picoline 1-oxide and α-bromoacetone in benzene gave pyruvic aldehyde in 26% yield.

Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation.

THE ALDEHYDES INTRODUCED IN THIS PAPER AND THE MORE APPROPRIATE CONCENTRATIONS FOR THEIR GENERAL USE AS FIXATIVES ARE: 4 to 6.5 per cent glutaraldehyde, 4 per cent glyoxal, 12.5 per cent hydroxyadipaldehyde, 10 per cent crotonaldehyde, 5 per cent pyruvic aldehyde, 10 per cent acetaldehyde, and 5 per cent methacrolein. These were prepared as cacodylate- or phosphate-buffered solutions (0.1 to 0.2 M, pH 6.5 to 7.6) that, with the exception of glutaraldehyde, contained sucrose (0.22 to 0.55 M). After fixation of from 0.5 hour to 24 hours, the blocks were stored in cold (4 degrees C) buffer (0.1 M) plus sucrose (0.22 M). This material was used for enzyme histochemistry, for electron microscopy (both with and without a second fixation with 1 or 2 per cent osmium tetroxide) after Epon embedding, and for the combination of the two techniques. After fixation in aldehyde, membranous differentiations of the cell were not apparent and the nuclear structure differed from that commonly observed with osmium tetroxide. A postfixation in osmium tetroxide, even after long periods of storage, developed an image that-notable in the case of glutaraldehyde-was largely indistinguishable from that of tissues fixed under optimal conditions with osmium tetroxide alone. Aliesterase, acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase, and DPNH and TPNH diaphorase activities were demonstrable histochemically after most of the fixatives. Cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphatase were retained after hydroxyaldipaldehyde and, to a lesser extent, after glyoxal fixation. The final product of the activity of several of the above-mentioned enzymes was localized in relation to the fine structure. For this purpose the double fixation procedure was used, selecting in each case the appropriate aldehyde.

Glycolysis inhibitors among compounds containing aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids

Nearly 800 compounds have been studied for ability to inhibit glycolysis of salivary sediment. These compounds possessed aldehyde, ketone and/or carboxyl groups as a part of the organic structure. The compounds were tested mainly at 1% concentration or half-saturation, in water or in 10% propylene glycol. The most active aldehydes were formaldehyde, succinaldehyde, pyruvic aldehyde, mucochloric acid, 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde and m-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Inhibition can be attributed to the aldehyde group of the first three compounds. Nearly all active aldehydes possessed a high degree of specificity. Among ketones there were nine organic structures which were capable of producing inhibition amounting to 50 per cent or more, but only for one substance, dioleyl ketone, could inhibition be attributed definitely to the keto group. Among others, such as pyruvic aldehyde, 2,3-butanedione-2-methoxime, Rose Bengal, 2-(dibutylamino)-ethylphenylketone and 2,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone, the inhibitory action was attributable to some group other than ketone. The three remaining inhibitory chemicals, verbenone, benzoquinone and 2,5-dimethyl paraquinone possessed ketone as the sole functional group. Among the eight organic acids showing inhibitory activity, there was a high degree of specificity. One group, bromacetate, mucochlorate and alphabromopropionate, was related to iodoacetate, but all were less inhibitory. Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate was inhibitory, but few similar structures were available for comparison. The 3,5-di-iodosalicylic acid probably owes its activity to the presence of the two halogens since loss of one of these produces an inactive structure, but 2-butyl-x-chlorophenoxyacetic has activity which is not possessed by closely related compounds. The two substances, 2- cyclopentene-1-valeric acid and cyclohexanebutyric acid are the only structures whose activity could apparently be attributed to the carboxyl group.

REVIEW OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES

Yahres, Herbert. Your teethhow to save them.Sandler, H. C., and Struscer, Harry. Studies in public health dentistry: dental treatment needs of 3,282 children aged 2 to 16 years, in New York City.American Dental Association. Compulsory health insurance is not the answer.Wisan, J. M. and Gruebbel, A. O. Dental health habits: a questionnaire survey.Entine, Martin. A survey of dental diseases as a diagnostic aid in rheumatic fever.Lawrence, J. D. American dentistry.Scott, D. B., Kaplan, Harry and Wyckoff, R.W.G. Replica studies of changes in tooth surface with age.Fosdick, L. W., and Ludwick, W. E. Ammonia content of dental plaque in relation to dental caries.Engel, M. B. Glycogen and carbohydrate‐protein complex in developing teeth of the rat.Becks, Hermann, and Jensen, A. Dental caries prevention service.Dretsen, Samuel, Green, H. I., Carson, Bess C., and Speis, T. D. The in vitro production of a “yellow‐brown melanin‐like pigment” in organic matrix of noncarious human tooth crowns by methylgiyoxal (pyruvic aldehyde) and acetol (acetyl carbinol).

The in Vitro Production of a "Yellow-Brown Melanin-Like Pigment" in the Organic Matrix of Noncarious Human Tooth Crowns By Methylglyoxal (Pyruvic Aldehyde) and Acetol (Acetyl Carbinol)

The in Vitro Production of a "Yellow-Brown Melanin-Like Pigment" in the Organic Matrix of Noncarious Human Tooth Crowns By Methylglyoxal (Pyruvic Aldehyde) and Acetol (Acetyl Carbinol)

The Transformation of Dihydroxyacetone Derivatives into Pyruvic Aldehyde Derivatives1

The Transformation of Dihydroxyacetone Derivatives into Pyruvic Aldehyde Derivatives¹

Concerning antiketogenesis

It is a well-known fact that the withdrawal of carbohydrates from the diet of normal individuals is followed by the appearance of ketone bodies in the urine. Individuals that have interference with their power to utilize carbohydrates, as diabetics, develop degrees of ketonuria that are proportional to the severity of the disturbances in their carbohydrate metabolism. It is also established definitely that these ketone bodies are formed normally in the intermediary metabolism of fat and of certain amino acids, and that with the oxidation of carbohydrates the ketone bodies suffer oxidation. The carbohydrates therefore are known as antiketogenetic. For a number of years we have been engaged in trying to solve the problem how the carbohydrates exercise their antiketogenetic powers, and to find a chemical explanation for it. We fed to diabetic animals every known chemical compound that may play a röcle in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, and we found that they may be divided into two classes. The first consisting of those substances like glyceric aldehyde, dioxyacetone, pyruvic aldehyde, pyruvic acid and lactic acid, which when given to diabetic animals are completely and directly converted into glucose. They all possess the power of reversible reaction in the body, i.e., they all can be converted from one into the other, and possess but slight antiketogenetic properties because when given to diabetics the main force of the reaction is upwards towards the glucose stage, and as such they become excreted in the urine. Practically none of these are burnt in the body of the diabetic animal. The second consisting of substances like acetaldehyde and perhaps also ethylalcohol. The reaction towards these from glucose and its intermediary products is irreversible, when given to diabetics, they possess marked antiketogenetic powers.