Microwave catalytic pyrolysis of Mengdong lignite by Fe-modified ZSM-5 catalysts was studied. The effects of pyrolysis method and the ZSM-5 molecular sieves loading different amounts of Fe2O3 on the total tar yield were investigated. The results show that the microwave heating technology could effectively improve the yield of lignite pyrolysis tar; In the conventional pyrolysis, the total yield of raw coal pyrolysis oil was 2.19%. When the Fe2O3 loading was 5%, the catalyst had the best effect with the yield of 3.56%, and the increase rate was 62.56%; Under microwave condition, the pyrolysis oil yield of raw coal is 6.43%. When the Fe2O3 loading increased from 0 to 10%, the total yield of tar increased from 7.02% to 9.47%. When the Fe2O3 loading was 10%, the catalyst had the best effect with the increase rate of 62.56%.