Abstract The use of power generated by constructed wetland–microbial fuel cells (CW‐MFCs) has recently attracted considerable attention. This study is the first to investigate the use of electricity generated by CW‐MFCs to power constructed wetland microbial electrolysis cells (CW‐MECs) for enhanced pollutant removal from tailwater with a low C/N ratio. Substrate optimization strategies to improve the electricity‐generation performance of CW‐MFCs were systematically investigated, and the performance of the CW‐MFC and CW‐MEC coupled system for advanced tailwater treatment was evaluated. The results demonstrated that CW‐MFCs with a pyrite (PY) anode substrate exhibited higher voltage and current density than those with activated carbon (AC) or mixed pyrite–activated carbon (PA) substrates. The PY system achieved a 4.4‐fold higher power density (93.98 mW/m 3 ) than the AC system (21.29 mW/m 3 ). Substrate optimization also influenced the microbial community structure and abundance in the CW‐MFC anode zone. Specifically, the PA and PY systems showed a significantly ( p < 0.05) higher relative abundance of electroactive bacteria (EAB) than the AC group, while the AC and PA systems harbored a higher relative abundance of denitrification‐associated bacteria. Substrate type is a key environmental determinant driving microbial community differentiation. The CW‐MFC and CW‐MEC coupled system achieved removal efficiencies of 89.20 ± 1.80% for COD, 61.03 ± 0.60% for NH₄ + ‐N, 94.82 ± 1.87% for NO₃ − ‐N, and 83.60 ± 3.35% for total phosphorus (TP) from low C/N ratio tailwater. The self‐powered CW‐MFC and CW‐MEC coupled system presents a transformative pathway toward energy‐neutral advanced wastewater treatment, effectively addressing key challenges in sustainable water management.

Iron pyrite (FeS2) is a promising photovoltaic due to its strong light absorption, low-toxicity constituents, and low cost, yet pyrite devices suffer from poor open-circuit voltage and efficiency. The role of excited-state electron-phonon coupling (EPC), which drives structural distortion and energy loss following photoexcitation, remains underexplored in pyrite. Here, we use resonance Raman intensity analysis (RRIA) to quantify excited-state EPC in pristine, electron-doped, and hole-doped pyrite single crystals by determining the Huang-Rhys factors for three phonon modes. We find exceptionally strong excited-state EPC in pristine pyrite, dominated by the 347 cm-1 mode. Sulfur vacancies and phosphorus doping reduce the EPC strength for this mode, while cobalt doping significantly suppresses the EPC for all modes. Correlation analysis further reveals that higher doping systematically weakens EPC through electronic screening. These results demonstrate that excited-state EPC varies substantially with doping and impacts nonradiative energy loss, directly informing strategies to suppress vibrational losses in pyrite photovoltaics.

Iron pyrite (FeS2) is a promising material for next-generation photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. However, the origin of p-type conductivity in thin films, unlike the n-type behavior of bulk FeS2, remains unknown and is often attributed to unintentional impurity incorporation, particularly oxygen. This study explores the role of oxygen in tuning the electrical and optical properties of FeS2 thin films. Phase-pure FeS2 thin film is deposited on glass substrates via single-step co-sputtering using FeS2 and S8 targets at 430°C substrate temperature. The resulting films exhibit p-type conductivity with a carrier concentration and mobility of 4.18 × 1019 cm-3 and 5.06 cm2 V-1 s-1 respectively. Controlled oxygen incorporation is achieved through negative ion implantation at fluences ranging from 9 × 1014 to 1 × 1016 ions cm-2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry confirm successful oxygen doping, with oxygen atoms preferentially occupying sulfur vacancies for higher doses. This incorporation enhances p-type conductivity and induces direct bandgap widening up to 1.48 eV. The results demonstrate a pathway to fabricate FeS2 thin films with high hole concentration and offer a strategy for optimizing the optoelectronic properties for advanced semiconductor applications.

Superior degradation of endocrine disruptors over defective iron pyrites assisted by vacancy-induced disassociation of hydrogen peroxide

Granular biofilms used in anaerobic digester systems contain diverse microbial populations that interact to hydrolyze organic matter and produce methane within controlled environments. Prior research investigated the feasibility of utilizing granular biofilms obtained from an anaerobic digester to remove nitrate without the addition of exogenous electron donors. These granules possessed a unique structure of alternating light and dark iron sulfide and pyrite rich layers that potentially served as both an electron source and sink, linking carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and iron cycles. To characterize the functional roles of diverse microbial populations enriched within these layered biofilms, we analyzed metagenomes obtained from three different granules. Comparisons between the functional gene content of forty metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) identified phylogenetically cohesive functional guilds. Each of these functional MAG clusters was assigned to specific steps in anaerobic digestion (hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis) and anaerobic respiration (denitrification and sulfate reduction). Comparisons with metagenomes derived from a variety of natural and engineered ecosystems confirmed that the enriched denitrifying bacteria were similar to populations typically found in wetlands and biological nitrogen removal systems. Analysis of read alignments to individual genes within the forty MAGs identified conserved genomic features that were representative of the functions that distinguished functional guilds. Overall, this research illustrates the utility of functional based classification of microorganisms for characterizing ecosystem functions and highlights the potential application of engineered ecosystems to serve as experimental models for complex natural ecosystems.

Upcycling scrap iron into ultrafine iron sulphide nanostructures and their application in electrochemical hydrogen production.

ABSTRACT In this study, poly ɛ‐caprolactone (PCL)/poly vinyl chloride (PVC) blend nanocomposite films reinforced with microwave‐assisted synthesized iron pyrite (FeS 2 ) nanospheres were obtained by the solvent casting method. Characterization of the composites was carried out using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gamma‐ray shielding properties, including mass attenuation coefficients (MAC), mean free path (MFP), half‐value layer (HVL), and effective atomic numbers (Z eff ), were determined experimentally using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a ULEGe detector. The results indicate that increasing FeS 2 content enhances the gamma shielding performance, with PCL/PVC/10% FeS 2 exhibiting the highest attenuation capacity. Additionally, fast neutron shielding was evaluated through neutron equivalent dose measurements, confirming the potential of FeS 2 to improve neutron absorption. Theoretical calculations of exposure buildup factors (EBF), fast neutron removal cross‐section (ΣR), mass stopping power (MSP), and projected range (PR) were also computed. Furthermore, anti‐reflective properties were assessed by determining albedo parameters, revealing that FeS 2 effectively reduces gamma‐ray reflection by approximately 12.10%. The results suggest that FeS 2 doped PCL/PVC composites have significant potential for use in radiation shielding and anti‐reflective coatings in various industrial and biomedical applications.

Pyrite nanocrystals (PNCs) is a potential alternative to conventional quantum dots due to their favorable properties such as sustainability, cost-effectiveness, low toxicity and tunable luminescence. In this work, we explored peroxidase-like activity of FeS2 PNCs, synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. Nanozymic properties of PNCs were studied with TMB as a substrate. The reaction mechanism was evaluated by Michaelis-Menten equation and the radical scavengers. Utilizing the great enzyme-mimic activity of PNCs we were developed a sensitive colorimetric sensor for determination of ceftriaxone in the range of 0.5–20 nM, and detection limit was 0.13 nM. On the basis of clear color change in the solution, a simple but sensitive smartphone-based platform in the range 10–40 nM with the detection limit of 7.8 nM was also developed. Applicability of these sensors was studied for analysis of various water samples, demonstrating their great potential for real analytical applications.

The meniscus-confined electrochemical 3D printing (MC-E3DP) process has emerged as a novel approach for fabricating sub-micron complex structures through localized electrochemical deposition from salt solutions of desired materials. This study reports, for the first time, the MC-E3DP fabrication of iron oxide (Fe3O4) thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates. The Fe3O4 films are characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis pectroscopy, confirming phase purity. Subsequently, the Fe3O4 thin films are subjected to sulfurization under varying conditions to synthesize iron pyrite (FeS2) thin films, a promising solar absorber material for photovoltaic applications. The sulfurized FeS2 thin films are analyzed for phase purity using XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy, while FESEM was employed to study their morphology. UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy reveals high absorption coefficients (∼105cm-1 for wavelengths below 700nm) and indirect bandgaps ranging from 0.78 to 0.86eV. All films exhibited n-type conductivity with a charge carrier density of ∼1019cm-3. Photoelectrochemical studies demonstrated a stable photocurrent response, indicating their suitability for solar cell applications. The MC-E3DP process offers exceptional control over structure and growth, making it a promising technique for creating device architectures tailored for specific applications.

Iron pyrite (FeS2) has emerged as a promising photovoltaic material due to its high absorption coefficient, earth abundance, and non-toxicity. However, its low power conversion efficiency, largely attributed to structural defects and phase impurities, has limited its application in solar cells. This study explores the solvothermal synthesis of iron pyrite under varying reaction conditions to optimize its phase purity and optical properties. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirm that phase-pure pyrite is obtained at 180 °C with a stoichiometric sulfur ratio, while higher temperatures and non-stoichiometric sulfur concentrations lead to the formation of secondary phases such as pyrrhotite and marcasite. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to determine the optical properties, revealing a direct band gap of 2.8 eV and an indirect band gap of 0.95 eV for phase-pure pyrite. The presence of secondary phases significantly alters the band structure and optical properties, leading to defect-related recombination highlighting the importance of precise synthesis control to achieve phase-pure pyrite with desirable optical characteristics, providing valuable insights into its potential for photovoltaic applications.

Anoxygenic phototrophic sulfur bacteria flourish in contemporary and ancient euxinic environments, driving the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur. However, it is unclear how these strict anaerobes meet their high demand for iron in iron-depleted environments. Here, we report that pyrite, a widespread and highly stable iron sulfide mineral in anoxic, low-temperature environments, can support the growth and metabolic activity of anoxygenic phototrophic sulfur bacteria by serving as the sole iron source under iron-depleted conditions. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that pyrite addition substantially up-regulated genes and protein expression involved in photosynthesis, sulfur metabolism, and biosynthesis of organics. Anoxic microbial oxidation of pyritic sulfur and consequent destabilization of the pyrite structure were postulated to facilitate microbial iron acquisition. These findings advance our understanding of the survival strategies of anaerobes in iron-depleted environments and are important for revealing the previously underappreciated bioavailability of pyritic iron in anoxic environments and anoxic weathering of pyrite.

Purpose. The purpose of this research is to investigate the potential formation of contaminants in abandoned mining areas due to the interaction between rocks, water, and air, as well as their impact on surface water quality around the mine area. Methods. Mineralogical analysis using an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on iron ore samples obtained from the stockpiles and chemical analysis of water obtained from the mining site and downstream river. Findings. Iron ore at the study site is dominated by iron oxide minerals such as magnetite, hematite, and goethite. Additionally, quartz, birnessite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite minerals were also found. The mineral content indicates the presence of two sulfide minerals that have the potential to form acid mine drainage, namely; pyrite (FeS2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). The pH measurement results of the water flowing from the iron ore stockpile have a pH of 2.9, while the void and surrounding river vary from 6.4 to 8.2. Originality. Identifying iron ore minerals by combining polarized light microscopy and XRD can enhance the reliability of the observation results. Both methods showed the same results in identifying sulfide minerals, with chalcopyrite in the excavated iron ore stockpile and pyrite in the crushed iron ore stockpile. The formation of acid mine drainage at abandoned mine sites is only a local phenomenon, and after being diluted by other water flows, the water's pH returns to neutral. Practical implications. This research activity was conducted during the rainy season when overflow occurred, with water spilling from the mine pit lake to the surrounding areas. The results show that the formation of acid mine drainage and the high concentration of total Fe that occurred in one of the stockpiles did not affect the change in water quality around the mine, and there is potential for water in the mine void to be used as a water source for the surrounding community.

Sedimentary pyrite iron and sulphur isotope compositions (δ56FePYR, δ34SPYR, Δ33SPYR) are commonly used to reconstruct global ocean properties and the evolving oxidation state of Earth’s surface, motivating exploration of impacts of diagenesis on pyrite-based proxies. Along with auxiliary petrographic and porewater data, we present coupled microscale δ56FePYR-δ34SPYR-Δ33SPYR in accumulating sediments on the oxic margin of the Black Sea. The coevolution of microscale δ56FePYR-δ34SPYR-Δ33SPYR distributions provides insight into porewater S species production, consumption, and buildup on pyritization pathways. “Early” pyrite is characterized by low δ56FePYR and δ34SPYR values consistent with microbially-mediated iron and sulphate reduction and iron (oxyhydr)oxide sulphidization at low sulphide-to-iron ratios. In contrast, “sulphidic zone” pyrite displays distinct late-stage morphologies and higher δ56FePYR and δ34SPYR, which reflect sulphide accumulation at the sulphate-methane transition zone and direct sulphidization of residual iron phases. We propose that coupled δ56FePYR-δ34SPYR-Δ33SPYR distributions constrain pyritization pathways and microbial and physico-chemical aspects of the depositional environment.

The Jiepailing deposit in southern Hunan is a typical large to super-large polymetallic tin deposit enriched in beryllium and other rare metals. To enhance the understanding of the mineralization processes of the Jiepailing deposit, detailed mineralogical, in situ geochemical, and sulfur isotopic analyses were conducted on pyrite closely associated with tin–polymetallic mineralization. Five types of pyrite have been identified in the deposit: (1) euhedral to subhedral medium- to coarse-grained pyrite (PyI) in tungsten–tin ore; anhedral fine-grained pyrite (PyII) in tin polymetallic–fluorite ore; anhedral fine-grained or aggregate pyrite (PyIII) in lead–zinc ore; euhedral to subhedral coarse-grained pyrite (PyIV) in beryllium–fluorite mineralization; and subhedral to anhedral fine-grained pyrite (PyV) in carbonate veinlets developed in the wall rock. Backscattered electron imaging indicates consistent structural features across the five types of pyrite. In situ trace element analysis reveals differences in trace element concentrations among the pyrite types. PyI is relatively enriched in Sn, Cu, and Co. In contrast, PyIII is enriched in Pb, Zn, Sn, and Ti, while PyIV and PyV are enriched in Ag and Sb. PyI has a Co/Ni ratio more than 1, while the Co/Ni ratios in the other four types of pyrite are less than 1. LA-MC-ICP-MS in situ sulfur isotope analysis shows δ34S values ranging from 2.5‰ to 5.8‰ (average 4.3‰, PyI), 2.5‰ to 5.8‰ (average 4.3‰, PyII), −7.6‰ to 9.5‰ (average 3.9‰, PyIII), −3.7‰ to 10.6‰ (average 3.6‰, PyIV), and 6.8‰ to 14.1‰ (average 9.2‰, PyV). Based on previous studies, regional geological background, deposit characteristics, and the in situ trace element and sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite, it is inferred that the various ore bodies in the Jiepailing deposit are products of Late Cretaceous magmatic–hydrothermal activity. The early ore-forming fluid originated from magmatic sources and during the migration into the wall rock and shallow formations, mixed with fluids primarily derived from atmospheric precipitation. Temperature, pressure, and composition changed of the ore-forming fluid which carried a large amount of substances, leading to tungsten–tin, tin polymetallic–fluorite, lead–zinc, and beryllium–fluorite mineralization, followed by carbonation during the late-stage mineralization.

Differences in the efficiency and mechanisms of different iron-based materials driving synchronous nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

India has 6.73 million ha of salt-affected soils, of which 3.77 million ha is sodic soil. Sodicity is a serious issue in agriculture, and it prevents to meet the properties of fertile soil. Sodicity alters its physical and chemical properties, including soil structure and hydraulic conductivity. High exchangeable sodium and pH decrease soil permeability, available water capacity and infiltration rates through swelling and dispersion of clays as well as slaking of soil aggregates. Gypsum is one of the sources used for sodic soil reclamation, and the cheaper and alternative source is marine gypsum which is recovered from salt pans during production of common salt in coastal region, particularly in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The recovery of by-product gypsum and marine gypsum together is substantial and is comparable with the production of mineral gypsum.The amendments generally used for sodic soil reclamation should be a source of sulphates such as elemental sulphur, iron pyrite, mineral gypsum, phospho gypsum and marine gypsum. Characterization of sources by SEM–EDAX is rapid and elementary. The elemental composition revealed by the spectra of the bentonite sulphur for weight percentage and atomic percentage of sulphur is quantified as 34.04% and 18.59%, respectively, in the ZAF matrix. In iron pyrite spectra the weight percentage and atomic percentage of sulphur are 4.89% and 2.31%,respectively, in the ZAF matrix, while in mineral gypsum, the calcium weight percentage is 10.14% and atomic percentage is 04.04% while sulphur weight percentage is 6.52%, atomic percentage is 3.50%. The calcium composition in phosphogypsum is weight percentage is 14.69%; Atomic percentage is 34%, and the sulphur composition in phosphogypsum is weight percentage 10.40%, atomic percentage 5.60%, whereas in marine gypsum the calcium (weight percentage 09.10%, atomic percentage 03.58%) and sulphur (weight percentage 06.28%, atomic percentage 03.09%) proportions dominate as like two other above-mentioned gypsums, the element which makes difference in the marine gypsum from others is sodium (Weight percentage 00.18%, atomic percentage 00.12%). This helps to confirm that marine gypsum is an economic and alternate source available for sodic soil reclamation.

Soil salinity and alkali problems are becoming serious in irrigated area due to indiscriminate use of irrigation water. Accumulation of salts in the soil due to water quality and poor drainage disturbs the physical, biological and chemical properties of soil that reduce the crop productivity. Soil and agronomic management practices in saline and alkali soils like sub-soiling, selection of salt tolerant sugarcane varieties, proper cropping sequence, irrigation water management, nutrient management etc. Field research was conducted at Vasantdada Sugar Institute; Pune revealed that cross sub-soiling practice with one meter distance proved useful for breaking the hard pan beneath the surface of field and leaching of the salts from the soil. Selection of salt tolerant sugarcane varieties like CoM 0265 and sugarcane based cropping sequence with salt tolerant crops like sugar beet, spinach, radish, carrot and dhaincha were found to be beneficial in saline sodic condition. Irrigation water management through drip, application of acid forming chemical fertilizers and soil amelioration with gypsum, iron pyrite and sulphur were also found important agronomical strategies to sustain the sugarcane productivity.

Understanding the Phase Changes and Optical Properties in the Solvothermal Synthesis of Iron Pyrite

Pyrite is considered the major gold-bearing, in which gold is often finely disseminated throughout the matrix of refractory sulfide ores. To improve the gold extraction, pyrite oxidation is required in order to destroy the refractoriness behavior. This study investigated the use of four oxidizing agents, S_2 O_8^(2-), H_2 O_2, 〖ClO〗_4^- and 〖Cr〗_2 O_7^(2-), to oxidize pyrite. The objective was to enhance the oxidation efficiency of pyrite by optimizing the pH and reaction time conditions. Experimental results showed that the most efficient oxidant for pyrite oxidation was peroxydisulfate S_2 O_8^(2-), and the oxidation efficiency of iron in pyrite varies in the following order: S_2 O_8^(2-) > H_2 O_2 >〖 ClO〗_4^- > 〖Cr〗_2 O_7^(2-). The optimum pH for the studied oxidizing agents were pH = 6 for S_2 O_8^(2-), H_2 O_2, and 〖ClO〗_4^-, and pH = 2 for 〖Cr〗_2 O_7^(2-), for which the oxidation efficiency reached respectively 76.51%, 20.19%, 16.83%, and 15.40% after 6 hours of reaction. The high oxidation efficiency of pyrite by S_2 O_8^(2-) at pH = 6 is explained by the formation of sulfate radical (〖SO〗_4^(•-)) produced by the activation of S_2 O_8^(2-) with Fe2+ released from pyrite. The mechanistic insights of the studied oxidizing agents have been elucidated by analyzing the product species after the oxidation reaction in the filtrate by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and characterizing the solid residue by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The obtained results suggest that S_2 O_8^(2-) is a promising oxidizing agent for the oxidative pretreatment of refractory pyritic gold ores.

When arranged in a metasurface, enhancing field interactions within scattering elements enables precise control over incident light phase and amplitude. This arrangement induces scattering waves in each element, which then interact with neighboring elements, leading to lattice resonances. The scatterer materials can be categorized into lossy ones, including transition metal dichalcogenides and titanium, and high-refractive-index ones, such as silicon. Periodic lattice arrays support strong localized resonances through the collective response of individual antennas [1]. High-refractive-index antennas exhibit strong resonances and field enhancement, enabling photonic devices, emitters, and absorbers. By manipulating metasurface parameters such as antenna geometry and periodicity, we can engineer multipolar resonances in high-refractive-index metasurfaces.We engineer multipolar resonances across the visible to mid-infrared wavelength spectrum, and the excitation of these resonances is inherent in the scattering elements of the metasurface. Our approach employs disk nanoantennas specifically engineered to exhibit electric dipole and electric quadrupole resonances. We analyze multipolar resonances in high-refractive-index materials, particularly in truncated-cone iron pyrite antennas in the mid-infrared region [2]. Our study reveals the excitation of electric dipole and magnetic dipole lattice resonances (Figure). The in-phase and equal amplitude relationship between these polarizabilities leads to a higher forward-to-backward scattering ratio in an isolated truncated-cone iron pyrite antenna, known as the Kerker effect. Varying periodicity leads to electric-magnetic lattice resonance coupling, known as Rabi splitting. In iron pyrite, multipolar resonances shift with oblique incidence, revealing an out-of-plane magnetic dipole resonance. We also enhance resonances in the proximity to symmetry-protected bound states in a continuum at normal light incidence on truncated-cone iron pyrite antenna metasurfaces. Breaking antenna symmetry causes an additional out-of-plane magnetic dipole resonance shift to shorter wavelengths. Introducing oblique incidences with transverse electric or magnetic polarization induces distinct shifts in lattice resonances and Rayleigh anomalies. The deviations from normal incidence result in the shift of the electric quadrupole lattice resonance when subjected to oblique incidence.Electron-beam deposition techniques emerge as a pivotal approach for the accurate and controlled realization of thin coatings covering a wide range of materials easily undergoing vaporization. The realm of high-refractive-index nanoantennas and metasurface Mie resonances is growing, covering periodic arrays, metalenses, and beam-steering applications, with a preference for high-refractive-index materials, such as silicon, for confined modes [3]. Nevertheless, silicon, a frequently used photonic material, is prone to oxidation during the deposition process due to moisture and oxygen within the chamber. To overcome this obstacle, we utilize a systematic approach that involves regulating deposition conditions, specifically, the base pressure within the chamber and the rate of deposition. We effectively overcome silicon oxidation through parameter adjustment, yielding accomplished refractive index values similar to those achieved via alternative deposition methods for amorphous silicon. Furthermore, our study illustrates the potential of controlling deposition conditions to finely adjust the refractive index, providing flexibility in achieving desired optical properties. We study a high-refractive-index metasurface with the potential for nanoscale light manipulation. Our analysis unveiled multimode coupling and bound states in the continuum, leading to narrow Fano resonances. Through reflection and transmission spectrum analysis from experiments, we observed various mode excitations and the generalized Kerker effect within the nanoantenna array.Figure: Multipolar modes of the iron pyrite antenna array. The modes overlap and do not couple with each other. The periodicity px is chosen for the analysis of the modes right before their overlap, where their interaction is expected to be the strongest. The disk antenna has a height of 0.38 um, a diameter of 1.5 um, periodicity in the x-direction px changes, and periodicity in the y-direction is fixed at 1.6 um. The solid magenta line shows the Rayleigh anomaly wavelengths. Mode A1 is a predominantly electric dipole, and mode A2(e) is a predominantly magnetic dipole. Due to periodicity changes, magnetic dipole shifts towards the longer wavelength along with the Rayleigh anomaly. The modes A1 and A2(e) in the multipolar decomposition for the disk array agree well with the multipolar spectral profiles in panel b.This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science by Los Alamos National Laboratory (Contract 89233218CNA000001) and Sandia National Laboratories (Contract DE-NA-0003525).[1] V. Karimi,V. Babicheva, “MXene-antenna electrode with collective multipole resonances,” Nanoscale 16, 4656 (2024).[2] M.S. Islam, V. Babicheva, “Lattice Mie resonances and emissivity enhancement in mid-infrared iron pyrite metasurfaces,” Optics Express 31, 40380 (2023).[3] D. Bosomtwi, V. Babicheva, “Beyond conventional sensing: Hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces and bound states in the continuum,” Nanomaterials 13, 1261 (2023). Figure 1