Pyridinone Derivatives Research Articles

Regioselective Syntheses of Functionalized 2-Aminopyridines and 2-Pyridinones through Nucleophile-Induced Ring Transformation Reactions

An efficient one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-6-aryl-4-methylsulfanylpyridines and 6-aryl-3-cyano-4-methylsulfanyl-2(1H)-pyridinone has been illustrated through ring transformation of 6-aryl-3-cyano-4-methylsulfanyl-2H-pyran-2-ones by urea through different reaction conditions. Various solvents and bases were employed to selectively prepare either 2-aminopyridines or 2-pyridinones. In case of direct fusion of 2H-pyran-2-one with urea in solvent-free conditions, both the products were obtained in 1:1 ratio, while the reaction in pyridine at reflux temperature exclusively afforded 2-aminopyridine in 80-90% yield. The reaction of 6-aryl-3-carbomethoxy-4-methylsulfanyl-2H-pyran-2-ones with urea at 150 °C afforded 2-pyridinone derivatives in good yield (70-80%).

Topochemical Models for Prediction of Anti-HIV Activity of 4-Benzyl Pyridinone Derivatives

ABSTRACTRelationship between topochemical indices and anti-HIV activity of 4-Benzyl pyridinone derivatives has been investigated. The values of molecular connectivity topochemical index (an adjacency based topochemical descriptor) Wiener's topochemical index (a distance based topochemical descriptor) and superadjacency topochemical index (an adjacency cum distance based topochemical descriptor) were calculated for each of the 32 compounds comprising the data set using an in-house computer program. The resultant data was analyzed and suitable models were developed after identification of the active ranges. Subsequently, a biological activity was assigned using these models to each of the compounds involved in the dataset which was then compared with the reported anti-HIV activity. Exceptionally high accuracy of prediction was observed using these models. These models offer vast potential for providing lead structures for the development of potent anti-HIV agents.

Flexible docking of pyridinone derivatives into the non-nucleoside inhibitor binding site of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of the pyridinone derivative type were docked into nine NNRTIs binding pockets of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) structures. The docking results indicate that pyridinone analogues adopt a butterfly conformation and share the same binding mode as the crystal inhibitors in the pocket geometries of nevirapine, 1051U91, 9-Cl-TIBO, Cl-α-APA, efavirenz, UC-781, and S-1153. The results are in agreement with the data concerning mutational and structure–activity relationships available for pyridinone analogues and aid in the understanding, at the molecular level, of the biological response of published hybrid pyridinone molecules. Strategies to design further pyridinone derivatives active against RT containing mutations are discussed.

Docking-based CoMFA and CoMSIA studies of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of the pyridinone derivative type

Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on a set of pyridinone derivatives. A molecular alignment obtained by docking of compounds into the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding site of HIV-1 was used. Good correlations between the calculated binding free energies and experimental inhibitory activities suggest that the binding conformations of these inhibitors are reasonable. Robust and predictive 3D-QSAR models were obtained with q2 values of 0.706 and 0.723 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The models were validated by an external test set obtaining r2 pred values of 0.720 and 0.750 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The CoMFA, CoMSIA and docking results help to understand the type of interactions that occur between pyridinone derivatives with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding pocket, and explain the viral resistance to pyridinone derivatives upon mutation of amino acids Tyr181 and Tyr188. The results obtained provide information for a better understanding of the drug resistant mechanisms. The 3D-QSAR models derived will be used to guide the design of pyridinone derivatives active against mutant strains of reverse transcriptase.

Dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes containing 1-alkyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridin-4(1H)-ones

Dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes derived from ethyl maltol (2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyrone) and 1-alkyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridin-4(1H)-ones have been prepared and characterized using physical methods including 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, i.r., elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction for the pyrone and 3-methylpyridine pyridinone derivatives. The octahedral complexes have the general formula cis-MoO2L2 where L = the deprotonated pyrone or pyridinone ligand.

New analgesic and antiinflammatory agents 4(1H)-pyridinone derivatives

A series of 1,2,5-trisubstituted 4(1H)-pyridinone derivatives ( 7– 14) were synthesised by using 4-pyrone derivatives with primary amines in ethanol. The structures of the synthesised compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectral data (UV, IR and 1H-NMR and microanalysis). Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the synthesised compounds were investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome and carrageenan rat paw edema tests. All of the test compounds exhibited higher analgesic activities than acetyl salicylic acid and showed higher antiinflammatory activities than indomethacin. The anti-inflammatory activity and gastric ulceration potential of the compounds were tested using indomethacin as reference drug.

Synthesis of Some Glycosides of Pyridinone Derivatives.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Unexpected thermal rearrangement of N-alkoxycarbonyl imidazole acryl azides to imidazo[1,5- c]pyrimidinone or imidazo[4,5- c]pyridinone

Rearrangement of alkoxycarbonyl imidazole acryl azides in phenyl ether at 200°C yields imidazo[1,5- c]pyrimidinone or imidazo[4,5- c]pyridinone derivatives, depending on the size of the alkoxy substituent.

ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Method for the Synthesis of Novel Pyridinone Derivatives via Ketene N,S‐Acetals.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4(1H)‐Pyridinone Derivatives and Investigation of Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activities.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Synthesis of 4(1 H)-pyridinone derivatives and investigation of analgesic and antiinflammatory activities

This paper describes recent results of a research program aimed at the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new 4(1 H)-pyridinone derivatives belonging to the 1,3-disubstituted series ( 4– 11). These compounds were structurally planned by applying the molecular hybridization strategy on previously described 1,2-disubstituted-4(1 H)-pyridinone derivatives, considered as lead compounds, which present potent analgesic properties (M.D. Aytemir, T. Uzbay, D.D. Erol, Arzneim. Forsch. (Drug Res.) 49 (1999) 250). Their chemical structures have been proved by means of their IR and 1H NMR data and by elemental analysis. The analgesic profile of the title compounds ( 4– 11), evaluated by the model of abdominal constrictions induced by acetic acid, showed that all the 4(1 H)-pyridinone derivatives were active, exhibiting an analgesic activity comparable with that of aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) used as a standard. The antiinflammatory profile of the synthesized compounds, evaluated by the model of carrageenan rat paw edema, showed that all compounds were active and were comparable with indomethacin used as a standard.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 4‐Benzyl Pyridinone Derivatives as Potent and Selective Non‐Nucleoside Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

A FACILE METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL PYRIDINONE DERIVATIVES VIA KETENE N,S-ACETALS

A simple and easy method is provided for the synthesis of the novel pyridinone derivatives (3a–e), (8a–c) and (10a–c) by the reaction of ketene acetals (2a–e), (7a–c) and (9a–c) with ethyl cyanoacetate respectively. Compounds (3b–d) reacted with triethyl orthoformate to afford the pyridinone derivatives (4-6) respectively. Compound 7a reacted with ethyl acetoacetate or diethyl malonate to give thiazolopyridinone derivative 11 or 12 respectively.

Utility of (p‐Sulfonamidophenyl)azomalononitrile, and Ethyl Acetoacetate in Synthesis of Fused Azole and Azines Derivatives II

Abstract[(p‐Sulfonamidophenyl)azo]malononitrile (1a,b) reacted with N‐cyclohexanemethylidene‐2‐cyanoacetohydrazide, N'‐arylmethylidene‐2‐cyanoacetohydrazide (3a‐c), S‐methylthiourea and hydrazine hydrate to afford [1,2,4]triazolo‐[1,5‐a]pyridinone derivatives (2a,b) & (4a‐c), substituted pyrimidines 5a,b and 6a,b. The corresponding pyridazinones 7a,b were synthesized from the reaction of 1c,d with ethyl cyanoacetate. Compound 7a,b reacted with elemental sulfur to yield 8a,b. Compound 6a underwent cycloaddition with α‐cinnamonitrile 9a‐e to yield 11a‐c, 14 and 15. Also, compound 6a reacted with β‐ketoester and 1,3‐diketones to give 16, 17 and 18.

Synthesis and antiviral activity of 4-benzyl pyridinone derivatives as potent and selective non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Several 4-benzyl analogues of 5-ethyl-6-methyl-4-(phenylthio)pyridin-2(1H)-ones were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV-l activities. Key transformations include metalation at the 4-C-position of 5-ethyl-2-methoxy-6-methyl-3-pivaloylaminopyridine (5) and its coupling with benzyl bromide or benzaldehyde derivatives. Biological studies revealed that some of the new 4-benzylpyridinones show potent HIV-1 specific reverse transcriptase inhibitory properties. Compounds 14, 19, and 27, which inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in CEM-SS cells, with IC(50) values ranging from 0.2 to 6 nM are the most active compounds in this series. Biochemical studies showed that compound 27 strongly inhibited the activity of a recombinant HIV-1 RT. Moreover, the infectivity of isolated HIV-1 particles was severely decreased after exposure to compound 27. Although cross resistance is frequently observed between non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, compound 27 was capable of inhibiting a virus resistant to nevirapine with an IC(50) of 40 nM.

Activity of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against HIV-2 and SIV.

After the initial discovery of 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT) and tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1H)-one and thione (TIBO) derivatives, several other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTI), including nevirapine (BI-RG-587), pyridinone derivatives (L-696,229 and L-697,661), delavirdine (U-90152), alpha-anilinophenylacetamides (alpha-APA) and various other classes of NNRTI have been described. The hallmark of NNRTI has been based on their ability to interact with a specific site ('pocket') of HIV-1 RT. To investigate whether, in addition to HIV-1, different strains of HIV-2 (ROD and EHO) and SIV (mac251, agm3 and mndGB1) are sensitive to a selection of NNRTI i.e. delavirdine, the HEPT derivative I-EBU (MKC-442), 8-chloro-TIBO (tivirapine), alpha-APA (loviride), nevirapine and the pyridinone derivative L-697,661. The NNRTI tested inhibited the replication of the different strains of HIV-2 and SIV at micromolar concentrations. The inhibitory effects of the NNRTI on HIV-2-induced cytopathicity correlated well with their inhibitory effects on HIV-2 RT activity. Drug-resistant HIV-2 (EHO) variants containing the Ser102Leu and/or Glu219Asp mutations in their RT were selected after passaging the virus in MT-4 cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of delavirdine. The EHO virus mutants were at least 20-fold less susceptible to the antiviral effects of delavirdine. Some cross-resistance, depending on the mutant strain, was observed with the other NNRTI tested (i.e. MKC-442, tivirapine, loviride and pyridinone L-697,661). Our data demonstrate that NNRTI are not exclusively specific for HIV-1 but are also inhibitory to different HIV-2 and SIV strains. These observations will have important implications for the development of new NNRTI with higher activity against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Furthermore, in view of their anti-SIV activity, NNRTI could be evaluated further for their in vivo anti-retrovirus efficacy in non-human primate models.

ChemInform Abstract: New 4(1H)‐Pyridinone Derivatives as Analgesic Agents.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Microwave-Mediated Domino Reactions in Dry Medium. Preparation of Dihydropyridinones and Pyridinones Structurally Related to Hantzsch Esters.

Microwave irradiation of mixtures of 4-arylmethylene-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-ones and enaminocarbonyl compounds, in the absence of solvent, affords dihydropyridinone derivatives in quantitative yields. From 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)one and enaminocarbonyl compounds, pyridinone derivatives are obtained.

Design, Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of New Pyridinone Derivatives

A molecular modelling study was carried out in order to compare the structural and electronic properties of the pyridinone L-696,229 and the HEPT derivative EBPU. This comparison led to a hybrid structure, 3-(benzyloxymethyl)-5-ethyl-6-methylpyridin-2-one [18a], which revealed a good structural correlation with the models. A series of 2-[(arylmethyl)oxymethyl]pyridin-2-ones related to [18a] was synthesized and tested for antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Compound [18a] and four other derivatives showed anti-HIV-1 activity.

ChemInform Abstract: A New Series of Pyridinone Derivatives as Potent Non‐Nucleoside Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.