Nicotinic Acid Research Articles

Combined Analysis of Metabolomics and Transcriptome Revealed the Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on the 5th Instar Larvae of Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura

Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura (D. kikuchii) is a serious pest of coniferous trees. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely studied and applied as a biological control agent for a variety of pests. Here, we found that the mortality rate of D. kikuchii larvae after being fed Bt reached 95.33% at 24 h; the midgut membrane tissue was ulcerated and liquefied, the MDA content in the midgut tissue decreased and the SOD, CAT and GPx enzyme activities increased, indicating that Bt has toxic effects on D. kikuchii larvae. In addition, transmission electron microscopy showed that Bt infection caused severe deformation of the nucleus of the midgut tissue of D. kikuchii larvae, vacuoles in the nucleolus, swelling and shedding of microvilli, severe degradation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and decreased number. Surprisingly, metabolomics and transcriptome association analysis revealed that four metabolic-related signaling pathways, Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, Longevity regulating pathway—worm, Vitamin digestion and absorption and Lysine degradation, were co-annotated in larvae. More surprisingly, Niacinamide was a common differential metabolite in the first three signaling pathways, and both Niacinamide and L-2-Aminoadipic acid were reduced. The differentially expressed genes involved in the four signaling pathways, including NNT, ALDH, PNLIP, SETMAR, GST and RNASEK, were significantly down-regulated, but only SLC23A1 gene expression was up-regulated. Our results illustrate the effects of Bt on the 5th instar larvae of D. kikuchii at the tissue, cell and molecular levels, and provide theoretical support for the study of Bt as a new biological control agent for D. kikuchii.

Coprecipitation of nicotinic acid in PVP by gas antisolvent technique using Box-Behnken design

Nicotinic acid is a water-soluble compound recognized in the medical field for its ability to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Additionally, nicotinic acid is used to alleviate the effects of heat stress in ruminant animals. The supercritical gas antisolvent technique was employed using carbon dioxide to encapsulate nicotinic acid in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using ethanol + acetone. Encapsulation efficiency, process yield and crystallite size data were evaluated using the Box-Behnken design. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantified the encapsulation efficiency at (13.1 to 66.9)%, and the same technique was used to determine that the encapsulation of nicotinic acid increased the dissolution rate compared to the pure compound. A residual solvent level was quantified at least 33 times lower than the maximum permitted level. The encapsulation was shown to protect the active ingredient in thermal degradation tests in a climatic chamber. XRPD showed the stability of the crystalline structure of niacin after encapsulation, and the effects on its microstructure were evaluated using Rietveld analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed evidence of intermolecular bonding between nicotinic acid particles and PVP. An average particle size of (80.4 to 238.9) µm was obtained by SEM analysis.

Molecular docking study of modified isoniazid compounds on mycolic acid synthase in the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis

Using the isoniazid in antituberculosis therapy can lead to mutations in the KatG and inhA genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resulting in the development of resistance and necessitating modifications to the isoniazid compound. This study aims to assess the potential and level of toxicity of modified compounds, namely 4-pyridine carboxylic acid, pyridine aldehyde, and methyl pyridine, on the mycolic acid receptor through a molecular docking approach. PyRx was employed for the docking process using a protocol with an exhaustiveness of 106 and a center grid box at X=42.424, Y=22.4321, and Z=46.6391. Additionally, the ProTox-II website was used to determine the toxicity level of the test compounds. The results obtained from this research consist of the respective affinity values of the test compounds: -6, -5.4, and -5.2 kcal/mol. The toxicity levels of the test compounds are as follows: class 5, class 4, and class 4. All test compounds interact with amino acids on the target protein, specifically with residue numbers Histidine (HIS A:8), Phenylalanine (PHE A:142) through hydrogen bonding, Leucine (LEU A:95) through pi-Sigma (π) bonding, and Valine (VAL A:12) through pi-Alkyl (π) bonding. In conclusion, the 4-pyridine carboxylic acid compound exhibits potential as a promising drug candidate but comes with a high level of toxicity

The Molecular Design of a Macrocycle Descaling Agent Based on Azacrown and the Mechanism of Barium Sulfate Scale Removal

The formation of barium sulfate scale is a persistent and formidable challenge across various industrial processes. In order to effectively mitigate this problem, this study proposed the development of an innovative azacrown ether-based macrocycle descaling agent. Using density functional theory, an in-depth analysis of the surface energy of different barium sulfate crystal facets was carried out, together with a detailed investigation into the adsorption properties of the functional groups on the (001) surface. A further comprehensive investigation was carried out to determine how changes in the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the crown ether framework influence its adsorption affinity to barium ions. In addition, a detailed analysis was carried out to elucidate the molecular interactions between crown ethers with pyridine carboxylic acid side chains and barium sulfate. The newly developed decalcifying macrocycle descaling agent exhibited superior adsorption performance, achieving an adsorption energy for barium ions approximately −4.1512 ev higher than that of conventional DTPA decalcifiers. This remarkable improvement is mainly attributed to the pivotal role of electrostatic forces in the coordination process between the macrocycle descaling agent and barium ions, with an electrostatic potential value reaching −143.37 kcal/mol. This discovery not only introduces a novel approach to the removal of barium sulfate scale but also highlights the significant potential of macrocycle chemistry in industrial applications.

Characterizing the gut microbiome of diarrheal mink under farmed conditions: A metagenomic analysis.

This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the gut microbiota in diarrheal mink. We conducted Shotgun metagenomic sequencing on samples from five groups of diarrheal mink and five groups of healthy mink. The microbiota α-diversity and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology did not show significant differences between the groups. However, significant differences were observed in microbiota β-diversity and the function of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) between diarrheal and healthy mink. Specifically, The relative abundance of Firmicutes was lower, whereas that of Bacteroidetes was higher in diarrheal mink. Fusobacteria were enriched as invasive bacteria in the gut of diarrheal mink compared with healthy mink. In addition, Escherichia albertii was identified as a new bacterium in diarrheal mink. Regarding functions, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and glycoside hydrolases 2 (GH2) family were the enhanced KEGG orthology and CAZymes in diarrheal mink. Furthermore, the diversity and number of antibiotic-resistant genes were significantly higher in the diarrheal mink group than in the healthy group. These findings enhance our understanding of the gut microbiota of adult mink and may lead to new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of mink diarrhea.

A systematic evaluation of quenching, extraction and analysis procedures for metabolomics study of the mechanism of QYSLD intervention in A549 cells.

The preparation of cellular metabolomics samples and how to achieve comprehensive coverage of different polar metabolites in cell samples in the analysis pose a challenge for cellular metabolomics. In this study, we optimized a metabolomics protocol based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS) for theextraction and detection of metabolites in A549 cells and exploration of the intervention effect of Qi-Yu-San-Long decoction (QYSLD) on A549 cells. The results indicate that the lowest level of ATP leakage was observed when A549 cells were quenched under liquid nitrogen. MeOH/chloroform/H2O (1:2:1) extraction yielded more chromatographic peaks and excellent reproducibility, and the relative extraction efficiency of most target metabolites was also high. And we optimized thechromatographic separation conditions in both HILIC and RPLC modes, enabling comprehensive detection and analysis of metabolites with varying polarities. Then, we applied the optimized method to UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics of A549 cells to study the mechanism of QYSLD intervention in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The CCK-8, EdU staining, and cell cycle assay showed that QYSLD inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells by interfering with the cell cycle and blocking them in theG1 phase. A total of 36 differential metabolites associated with the antitumor effects of QYSLD on NSCLC were identified, mainly involving nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. And western blotting confirmed that thechange in 1-methylnicotinamide levels after QYSLD intervention was associated with theinhibition of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression in A549 cells.

Candida tropicalis-derived vitamin B3 exerts protective effects against intestinal inflammation by promoting IL-17A/IL-22-dependent epithelial barrier function

ABSTRACT Candida tropicalis-a prevalent gut commensal fungus in healthy individuals – contributes to intestinal health and disease. However, how commensal C. tropicalis influences intestinal homeostasis and barrier function is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that the reference strain of C. tropicalis (MYA-3404) ameliorated intestinal inflammation in murine models of chemically induced colitis and bacterial infection. Intestinal colonization of C. tropicalis robustly upregulated the expression of IL-17A and IL-22 to increase barrier function and promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells in the mouse colon. Metabolomics analysis of fecal samples from mice colonized with C. tropicalis revealed alterations in vitamin B3 metabolism, promoting conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid. Although nicotinamide worsened colitis, treatment with nicotinic acid alleviated disease symptoms and enhanced epithelial proliferation and Th17 cell differentiation. Oral gavage of C. tropicalis mitigated nicotinamide-induced intestinal dysfunction in experimental colitis. Blockade of nicotinic acid production with nicotinamidase inhibitors lowered the protective effects against colitis in mice treated with C. tropicalis. Notably, a clinical C. tropicalis strain isolated from patients with candidemia lacked the protective effects against murine colitis observed with the reference strain. Together, our results highlight a novel role for C. tropicalis in resolving intestinal inflammation through the modulation of vitamin B3 metabolism.

Analysis of volatile compound metabolic profiles during the fermentation of filler tobacco leaves through integrated E-nose, GC–MS, GC-IMS, and sensory evaluation

Tobacco is an agricultural commodity with great economic significance. Producers recognize that the flavor characteristics of filler tobacco clear-out (FTLs) affect the quality of cigar tobacco items. To identify the major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) responsible for differences in FTLs, E-nose, HS-SPME-GC–MS, and HS-GC-IMS were employed for multi-dimensional analysis of nine groups of FTLs at various fermentation stages. The E-nose results indicated a progressive increase in nitrogen-oxygen compounds during fermentation. Coupled with these findings, HS-SPME-GC–MS identified 56 VOCs, and HS-GC-IMS revealed 55 VOCs in the FTLs. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that FTLs from various fermentation stages of the Yunxue No 39 tobacco plant exhibit significant differences. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), along with the variable importance in projection (VIP) method for feature selection, pinpointed 12 VOCs as the essential unmistakable metabolites embroiled within the agrarian fermenting prepare of matured FTLs. During the fermentation process, these crucial metabolites are predominantly enriched in pathways including pyruvate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, as well as nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. The study provides insights into the differences and diversity of FTLs at agricultural fermentation stages. It offers valuable information for optimizing the quality of agricultural fermentation and guiding the directional fermentation of tobacco leaves.

The associations between gut microbiota and fecal metabolites with intelligence quotient in preschoolers

BackgroundThe awareness of the association between the gut microbiota and human intelligence levels is increasing, but the findings are inconsistent. Furthermore, few research have explored the potential role of gut microbial metabolites in this association. This study aimed to investigate the associations of the gut microbiota and fecal metabolome with intelligence quotient (IQ) in preschoolers.MethodsThe 16 S rRNA sequencing and widely targeted metabolomics were applied to analyze the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites of 150 children aged 3–6 years. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV) was used to assess the cognitive competence.ResultsThe observed species index, gut microbiome health index, and microbial dysbiosis index presented significant differences between children with full-scale IQ (FSIQ) below the borderline (G1) and those with average or above-average (all P < 0.05). The abundance of Acinetobacter, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella_9, Subdoligranulum, Collinsella, Dialister, Holdemanella, and Methanobrevibacter was significantly associated with preschooler’s WPPSI-IV scores (P < 0.05). In all, 87 differential metabolites were identified, mainly including amino acid and its metabolites, fatty acyl, and benzene and substituted derivatives. The differential fecal metabolites carnitine C20:1-OH, 4-hydroxydebrisoquine, pantothenol, creatine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide, FFA(20:5), zerumbone, (R)-(-)-2-phenylpropionic acid, M-toluene acetic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, isonicotinic acid, val-arg, traumatin, and 3-methyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were significantly associated with the preschooler’s WPPSI-IV scores (P < 0.05). The combination of Acinetobacter, Isonicotinic acid, and 3-methyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehydenine may demonstrate increased discriminatory power for preschoolers in G1.ConclusionThis study reveals a potential association between gut microbiome and metabolites with IQ in preschoolers, providing new directions for future research and practical applications. However, due to limitations such as the small sample size, unclear causality, and the complexity of metabolites, more validation studies are still needed to further elucidate the mechanisms and stability of these associations.

Synthesis, and spectroscopic characterizations of gold(III) complexes containing nitrogen-heterocycle based pyridine derivatives as a biomolecular chelates

Three gold(III) nanostructured complexes of nicotinamide (nta), picolinic acid (pica), and isonicotinic acid (inta) were synthesized by the reacted of AuCl3 salt with nta, pica, and inta with 1:2 stoichiometry in the alcoholic medium. The solid products obtained were formulated by comparing experimental and calculated data for microanalytical (C, H, N) and metal. Both produce 1:2 compounds with metal ions. The prepared complexes were characterized by different physico-spectroscopic techniques. The FTIR, and 1H NMR spectral analysis, morphological analysis (scanning electron microscopy SEM, transmittance TEM, and X-ray powder diffraction XRD) of these complexes have been discussed. The conductive behavior of the complexes indicates that all of them behave as electrolytic behavior. The mononuclear gold(III) complexes have formulated as [Au(nta)2(Cl)2].Cl, [Au(pica)2].Cl and [Au(inta)2].Cl. The shifts of the ν(N–H) amino, ν(C=N) pyridine, and ν(C=O) carboxylic stretches have been monitored to find out the donor sites of the ligands. According to the experimental data, the three complexes can be characterized in the solid state as mononuclear, with a four-coordinate stereochemistry. KEY WORDS: Gold complex, Nicotinamide, Picolinic acid, Isonicotinic acid, Nanostructure, Spectroscopic Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(1), 111-121. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i1.9

Wheat bran oil ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats with alterations in gut microbiota and liver metabolite profile

BackgroundObesity is one of the public health issues that seriously threatens human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wheat bran oil (WBO) on body weight and fat/lipid accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats and further explore the possible mechanisms by microbiome and metabolome analyses.MethodsFifty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed either a normal chow diet (B group, n = 10) or HFD (n = 40) for 14 weeks to establish an obesity model. The HFD-induced obese rats were further divided into four groups and given WBO at 0 mL/kg (M group), 1.25 mL/kg (WBO-L group), 2.5 mL/kg (WBO-M group), and 5 mL/kg (WBO-H group) by oral gavage for 9 weeks. The body weight of rats was weighed weekly. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed using 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The liver metabolite profile was determined using UHPLC-QE-MS non-target metabolomics technology.ResultsIn this study, WBO treatment reduced body weight gain, fat and lipid accumulation, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. WBO treatment increased the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Allobaculum and decreased that of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Alloprevotella, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, UCG-005, Helicobacter, Colidextribacter, and Parasutterella compared with the M group. A total of 22 liver metabolites were significantly altered by WBO treatment, which were mainly involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotunamide metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism.ConclusionsWBO alleviated body weight gain and fat/lipid accumulation in HFD-induced obese rats, which may be related to altered gut microbiota and liver metabolites.

Nutrient Consumption Patterns of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Their Application in Fruit Wine Fermentation

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional requirements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to improve low ethanol production in some fruit wines. The growth kinetics, ethanol production and nutrient requirements of S. cerevisiae were analyzed in chemically defined media. The results revealed that Ca2⁺, Fe2⁺, Co2⁺, Mo2⁺, Cu2⁺ and BO₃3− were predominantly utilized during the late lag phase, whereas free amino acids, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, Na⁺ and Mg2⁺ were mainly consumed during the logarithmic phase. Compared with the control medium, supplementation with threonine, inositol, calcium pantothenate, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, biotin, MgSO4 or KH2PO4 significantly increased the ethanol content by 1.10-fold (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, adding key nutrients to noni-, guava- and mango juice significantly shortened the fermentation time and increased the final alcohol content of the fruit wines (p &lt; 0.05). This study provides scientific insights and effective methods for shortening fermentation time and increasing alcohol content with S. cerevisiae in some fruit wines.

Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of New Nicotinoyl Amides

The article presents the results of a study of the amination reaction of nicotinic acid chlorohydride with amines morpholine, cytisine, and 1-aminoadamantane, which are often used in the search and creation of drugs for respiratory and circulatory stimulants. The study was conducted to search for new biologically active compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. The synthesis of new aminoamides was carried out by the interaction of nicotinic acid with molecules of morpholine, cytisine, and adamantane in anhydrous ethanol. As a result of the conducted studies, new amides of nicotinic acid with high yields (90.7–93.1%) were obtained. The structures of the new compounds were determined using NMR 1H and 13C spectroscopy methods, as well as data from two-dimensional spectra of COSY (1H-1H), HMQC (1H-13C), HMBC (1H-13C) and mass spectrometry. The results of an experimental study of the anti-inflammatory activity of synthesized new amides are presented. The anti-inflammatory effect of nicotinic acid N-adamantylamide was established, other new amides were ineffective compared with ibuprofen (p2 &lt; 0.05).

Metabolic Response to Small Molecule Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Tracked with Raman Spectroscopy and Metabolomics.

Despite numerous screening tools for colorectal cancer (CRC), 25 % of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. Novel diagnostic technologies that are early, accurate, and rapid are imperative to assess the therapeutic efficacy of clinical drugs and identify new biomarkers of treatment response. Here Raman spectroscopy (RS) was used to track metabolic reprogramming in KRAS-mutant HCT116 and SW837 cells, and KRAS wild-type CC cells. RS combined with multivariate analysis methods distinguished nonresponsive, partially responsive, and responsive cells treated with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody for EGFR inhibition, sotorasib, a clinically approved KRAS inhibitor, and various doses of trametinib, an inhibitor of the MAPK pathway. Cells treated with a combination of subtoxic doses of trametinib and BKM120, an inhibitor of the PI3K pathway, showed a synergistic response between the two pathways. Using a supervised machine learning regression model, we established a scoring methodology trained to a priori predict therapeutic response to new treatment combinations. RS metabolites were verified with mass spectrometry, and enrichment pathways were identified, including amino acid, purine, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism that differentiated monotherapy from combination therapy. Our approach may ultimately be applicable to patient-derived primary cells and cultures of patient tumors to predict effective drugs for individualized care.

Application of Fluorescent Composite Materials as a Sustained Release System in Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by oxidative stress and follicular dysfunction, leading to menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and infertility. Traditional drug delivery methods often result in drug loss and side effects on normal tissues. To address these issues, we synthesized two novel Co(II)-containing coordination polymers (CPs), {[Co(L)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (1) and {[Co(L)(H2O)2]·1.5H2O}n (2), through the reaction of the T-shaped ligand (4 - 3'-pyridyl-,6 - 4'-carboxylphenyl)picolinic acid (H2L) with Co(NO3)2·6H2O via a solvothermal process. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the fluorescence emission of the CPs originates from the ligand, indicating their potential application as blue fluorescence materials. Subsequently, we encapsulated these CPs with hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) hydrogels to create two types of metal gel particles carrying spironolactone (HA/CMCS-CPs@spironolactone). SEM and TEM analyses showed that the material consists of tightly stacked sheet-like structures with an average size of approximately 100nm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the material begins to decompose at around 115°C, demonstrating good thermal stability. We assessed the inhibitory effects of these materials on oxidative stress induced by PCOS. The results showed that both types of spironolactone-loaded metal gel particles significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, particularly the particles constructed with CP2. HA/CMCS-CP1@spironolactone reduced MDA levels by approximately 17% and 46% at low and high concentrations, respectively, while HA/CMCS-CP2@spironolactone decreased MDA levels by about 55% and 39% at high and low concentrations, respectively. Therefore, the novel drug delivery system reported in this study has the potential to become a safe and effective option for the localized treatment of PCOS.

Nicotinate-Modified Lanthanide-Substituted Selenotungstate and Its Catalase-like Activity for the Detection of H2O2 and Ascorbic Acid.

A rigid nicotinate-modified lanthanide-substituted selenotungstate [H2N(CH3)2]6Na3H[La4SeW8(H2O)16(nica)2O28][SeW9O33]2·32H2O (1, Hnica = nicotinic acid) was synthesized and consists of two trivacant Keggin [B-α-SeW9O33]8- fragments and one unusual [SeW4O18]8- fragment bridged by a heterometallic [La4W4(H2O)16(nica)2O28]18- cluster. In the heterometallic cluster, two carboxyl O atoms in two nicotinate ligands directly coordinate with two W atoms in a stable C-O-W-O-W-O six-membered ring fashion. According to its catalase-like activity, 1 was utilized to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 to produce blue oxidized TMB (ox-TMB), which can be used to establish a colorimetric sensing method for the detection of ascorbic acid. This work not only provides a promising platform for detecting H2O2 and ascorbic acid but also expands the application potential of polyoxometalate-based materials in biological and clinical analyses.

Characterization and monitoring of changes during lactation in the profile of multiple bioactive compounds of milk from grazing mares.

Mare milk has often been considered a food product with potential functional properties. However, the bioactive compound composition of mare milk, including vitamins and other minor bioactive compounds, as well as factors affecting this composition have scarcely been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the changes during lactation in the content of water- and fat-soluble vitamins and total polyphenols, and the total antioxidant capacity of mare milk from semi-extensive farms. A total of 310 individual milk samples from 18 mares belonging to three commercial farms and 12 lactation times were analyzed. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), nicotinic acid and niacinamide (vitamins B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxal and pyridoxine (vitamins B6), folic acid (vitamin B9), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E) and retinol and retinyl esters (vitamin A) were quantified using liquid chromatography. Total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity assays were analyzed using spectrophotometry. The concentration of most bioactive compounds tended to decline as lactation progressed, with the exception of polyphenols and the total antioxidant capacity that oscillated during lactation. On the other hand, the effect of the different semi-extensive management of the farms was only significant for vitamin B3 content. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the most in-depth description of the vitamin profile of mare milk as well as new insights into polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of mare milk. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Copper(II)-Catalyzed Regioselective H/D Exchange Based on Reversible C-H Activation.

Despite the increasing use of copper in C-H functionalizations, the Cu-catalyzed direct deuteration of C-H bonds remains a significant challenge due to its inherent low reactivity in inverse C-H bond reconstruction. In this paper, a novel strategy had been developed to reverse the copper-catalyzed concerted metalation-deprotonation process by inhibiting the unexpected disproportionation of Cu(II) to Cu(III). Picolinic acid was identified as a powerful ligand for facilitating this H/D exchange with D2O as deuterium source, and its inhibition activity was supported by preliminary control experiments and DFT studies.

Dietary niacin supplementation improves meat quality, muscle fiber type, and mitochondrial function in heat-stressed Taihe black-bone silky fowls.

A recent study has shown that niacin supplementation induces the conversion of type II to type I muscle fibres, thereby promoting a phenotypic shift in oxidative metabolism in porcine skeletal muscle. These effects may be mediated by modulation of the AMPK1/SIRT1 pathway, which activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a key regulator of fibre conversion, thereby promoting skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and myofibre conversion. In this study, we explored how niacin (NA) supplementation impacts the quality of meat and the characteristics of muscle fibers in Taihe Black-bone Silky Fowls (TBsf) exposed to heat conditions. Chickens were rationally assigned to five different treatment groups with five replicates of six chickens each: thermophilic (TN), heat stress (HS) and HS + NA (HN) groups, with the HN group being supplemented with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg (HS + NA0.02, HS + NA0.04 and HS + NA0.08) NA in the premix, respectively. The results of the experiment showed that addition of 800 mg/kg NA to the diet significantly improved TBsf muscle tenderness compared to HS. Dietary enrichment with 200-800 mg/kg NA significantly increased total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, while significantly decreasing malondialdehyde compared to HS. Incorporation of 200-800 mg/kg NA into the diet significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity and myosin heavy chain (MyHC-IIB) gene expression. Furthermore, adding 800 mg/kg NA can significantly enhance the mRNA expression of mitochondrial transcription factors (TFAM and TFB1M) in TBsf skeletal muscle. Adding 400 and 800 mg/kg of NA significantly increased the mRNA expression of AMP-activated protein kinase 1 (AMPK1), PGC-1α, cytochrome c oxidase (Cytc), and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1) in the skeletal muscle of TBsf. Supplementing NA at 200-400 mg/kg significantly increased the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA in TBsf skeletal muscle. The experimental results showed that the addition of NA to the diet reduced the shear force of TBsf muscle under heat exposure conditions. It increased the proportion of type I muscle fibres by increasing the antioxidant capacity of the muscle and by promoting mitochondr fibreial biogenesis. Considering the results of this study, it is recommended that TBsf be supplemented with 400-800 mg/kg of NA in the diet to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress on meat quality.

Chemotherapy Options in New Patients with Drug Susceptible Tuberculosis and Concurrent HIV Infection

The objective: to compare effectiveness and safety of isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dihydrate with the drug of isonicotinic acid hydrazide group in the complex therapy of patients with drug susceptible tuberculosis and HIV infection.Subjects and Methods. In 2020-2021, 40 patients with HIV infection and drug susceptible respiratory tuberculosis with a positive sputum test were examined in Moscow Regional Clinical TB Dispensary as a part of the post-registration observational study. The subjects were randomized into two groups – Main Group (MG) and Comparison Group (CG). Isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dihydrate was administered to the patients from MG as a part of regimen 1 of chemotherapy (instead of isoniazid). The effectiveness and safety of the investigational drug and comparator were evaluated. The primary effectiveness criteria included resolution of clinical symptoms of intoxication and sputum conversion. The secondary effectiveness criterion was positive X-ray changes. The safety criterion was the absence of adverse reactions.Results. During the study period, no adverse reactions were registered when isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dehydrate was used, as well as isoniazid. Good tolerability was noted as well as high compliance to treatment by patients. Thus, both in terms of effectiveness and safety, isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dihydrate is comparable to isoniazid as part of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy for patients with drug susceptible tuberculosis and concurrent HIV infection.