Pyrexia In Rats Research Articles

Antipyretic Effect on LPS-Induced Pyrexia in Rats by Bupleurum Chinense

Bupleurum chinense is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been investigated for its potential therapeutic effects, including its antipyretic properties. Kang and colleagues focused on the antipyretic effect of Bupleurum chinense in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pyrexia and found that it exerted a mild antipyretic effect. Pyrexia refers to an elevated body temperature or fever. LPS, a component of the cell wall of certain bacteria, is commonly used to induce an inflammatory response and fever in experimental animal models. The study investigated the potential antipyretic effect of Bupleurum chinense in LPS-induced pyrexia rats. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses. In the study, Bupleurum chinense was found to inhibit the production of TNF-α in the peripheral tissues of LPS-induced pyrexia rats. The inhibition of peripheral TNF-α production by Bupleurum chinense resulted in a mild antipyretic effect, reducing the elevated body temperature in the LPS-induced pyrexia rats. The specific mechanisms by which Bupleurum chinense inhibits peripheral TNF-α production were not described in the study. However, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of Bupleurum chinense compounds may contribute to this effect. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Jun 28;310:116375. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116375.

Investigations of Phytochemical, Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Effects of Ixora Pavetta Andrews Leaf

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of I.pavetta Andrews leaf on acute toxicity, anti-inflammation, antipyretic and analgesic effect in albino rats. Methodology: The plant leaves I.pavetta were taken and obtained materials were washed, shade dried into coarse powder using a mechanical grinder and then to prepare ethanol extract. The different phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins were present in the ethanol extracts. The total number of rats was 30 which included male and female albino rats. The age range was 160-240g. All data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: The results indicated that the extract's LD50 is greater than 3000 mg/kg, p.o., and that no mortality was seen at this dose for 14 days. In terms of analgesic activity, the use of different doses of ethanol extract (600, 800mg/kg) show significantly reduced; p<0.0001*** the number of writhes and caused the highest analgesic effect than compared to the reference drug group (Aspirin 100mg/kg). The carrageenan induced hind-paw oedema in rats were used to explore the anti-inflammatory effects, and the study's findings showed that the use of different dose of extract at (600 and 800 mg/kg) had shown significantly; p<0.001** reduced inflammatory and pain effects in rats as compared to reference drug (phenylbutazone 100mg/kg). The yeast-induced pyrexia in rats was used to test the antipyretic efficacy, and the different dose of extract significantly; p<0.001** decreased body temperature at doses of (600 and 800 mg/kg) than compared to the acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg). Conclusions: The ethanol extract of plant leaf I. pavetta have shown greater analgesic efficacy, anti-inflammation and antipyretic activities. Keywords: Acetic acid, analgesic effect, anti-inflammation.

In vitro antiviral, antioxidant and in vivo antipyretic activity of three South Africa medicinal plants crude extracts

This study investigated anti-viral, antioxidant activity and anti-pyretic of crude extract from Artemisia afra, Artemisia absinthium and Pittiosporum viridflorum leaves. The crude extracts were prepared by maceration using aqueous, methanol and dichloromethane respectively. Antiviral studies were evaluated with influenza virus using Fluorescence based -Neuraminidase inhibitors. Antioxidant activities determined with DPPH, Nitric oxide, hydroxyl and super oxide anion radicals’ Anti-pyretic activities were evaluated using rats with yeast induced pyrexia. Total phenol, flavonoids, and pro-anthocyanin contents of the plants samples were evaluated using standard protocols. The crude extracts exhibited neuraminidase inhibitory activity against the influenza virus at different thresholds. Artemisia absinthium aqueous extract showed the best activity against A/Sydney/5/97. Whereas Artemisia afra methanol crude extract displayed highest antioxidant potential against the tested antioxidant parameters. All the crude extracts significantly reversed yeast induced pyrexia in rats, similar to paracetamol. Thus, they could serve as natural remedy for respiratory diseases such as Influenza.

Antioxidant and antipyretic studies on methanolic extraction of flaveria trinervia leaves

The aim of the present study was to perform antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Flaveria trinervia Methanolic leaves extract by different in-vivo and in-vitro models. The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally, antipyretic (Brewer’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (Hydroxyl Radaical scavenging activity, determination of Reducing Power, Metal chelating activity, Carbon tetrachloride (ccl4) induced lipid peroxidation, Inhibitory Test on Protein Oxidative Modification, Lipid peroxidation assay, Catalase assay and Reduced glutathione assay) was evaluated by adopting different methods. The extracts showed a marked antipyretic effect by causing a reduction in yeast-induced fever. Methanolic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed the effect to the same degree as paracetamol (50mg/kg, i.p.). The experimentally induced laboratory model was employed in evaluating the antipyretic activities of Methanolic extracts of Flaveria trinervia. The extract caused a better hypothermal activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Free radical scavenging activity of Flaveria trinervia. was found because polyphenolic compounds present in plant contribute significantly to the total antioxidant capacity of the leaves. Flavonoids play some important pharmacological roles against diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation and allergy.

Pharmacological studies of anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-pyretic compounds found in chromatographic fractions of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC). Guill. & Perr. leaves

Context: The anti-nociceptive and anti-pyretic properties of the crude aqueous extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC). Guill. & Perr. leaves have been reported. Aims: To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic properties of aqueous extract of A. leiocarpa leaves (AEAL) and its fractions to identify the bioactive compound(s). Methods: AEAL was fractionated successively and eluted in gradients of solvent mixture (n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol). Eluates, which showed similar TLC profiles were pooled to afford 5 fractions (F1-F5). AEAL and the fractions were subjected to phytochemical analysis and investigated for anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic effects using carrageenan-induced paw edema and Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats, and acetic acid-induced writhing in mouse models, respectively. Results: Phytochemical analysis indicated presence of terpenoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. At 200 mg/kg b.w, AEAL and F1-F5 recorded significant (p<0.05) improvements in paw edema, abdominal constrictions and pyrexia, which is comparable to the standard (ketoprofen or Aspirin), relative to the control groups, with F4 observed to be the most potent fraction. GC-MS analysis of F4 reveal the presence of hexadecenoic acid, 15-methyl-, methylester, 9-oxabicyclo (6.1.0) nonane, cis-, cholest-4-en-3-one, cholesterol and 3-diazo-1-methyl-1, 3-dihydro-indol-2-one. Conclusions: The results indicate that identified compounds, particularly 3-dihydro-indol-2-one, could be responsible for the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic properties of the extract.

Physicochemical properties, microbial profile, and antipyretic efficacy of some lactic fermented liquids obtained from some cereals

Fermented foods support microbial development of organic acid which makes them useful in ethnomedicine for suppression of fever or pyrexia. We studied the lactic acid content, microbial profile of lactic fermented liquids from maize (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and their antipyretic efficacy in baker's yeast model of pyrexia in rats. Chemical and microbial profiles were analyzed using the standard protocol. Also, rats between 180 and 207 grams were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 4/group). Group A served as control, while pyrexia was induced in group B, C, D, E, and F with 10 mL/kg BW of 15% baker's yeast group B was left untreated, while others were treated as follow; C, 10 mg/kg paracetamol (standard antipyretic), D, E, and F, 4 mL/kg fermented liquid of maize, millet and sorghum twice at 3 h interval respectively with monitoring of the rectal temperature. The acidity of the fermented product ranges from 2.94 to 3.36 with maize ferment being more acidic, lactic acid content was (mg/L) was lower in sorghum (8.8 ± 0.16) compared to millet (9.1 ± 0.21) and maize (9.6 ± 0.16). Lactic acid bacteria were majorly found in the ferments. Maize ferment effectively and millet ferment moderately decrease temperature rise in 2 h, but sorghum did not. Fermented cereal from maize, millet, and sorghum reduced ALT activity, direct bilirubin, and urea level, but increased C-reactive protein level when compared to baker's yeast and reference drug (P < 0.05). The cereal ferments except sorghum may help to lower body temperature by regulating the inflammatory response.

UPLC-MS profiling, antimicrobial and antipyretic activities of Deverra scoparia Coss. &amp; Dur. extracts

Deverra scoparia Coss. &amp; Dur. a traditional medicinal plant which present important biological properties, due to the presence of secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial and antipyretic activities of infusion and ethereal extracts. The antimicrobial activity was tested using disk diffusion method against bacterial and fungal strains. While the antipyretic activity was evaluated by yeast induced pyrexia in rats at doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg for each extract. Results showed a large antimicrobial activity range by the extracts; the infusion extract has an increased inhibition from 45± 0.004 mm and 52± 0.003 mm with bactericidal effect against all bacterial strains tested. The ethereal extract presented a strong antimicrobial activity about 32± 0.001 mm and 48± 0.001 mm with bacteriostatic effect with a value equal to 8 for all strains. The administration of infusion and ethereal extracts produced significant (P &lt;0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in rectal temperature. The UPLC-MS analysis indicated the presence of caffeic acid and quercetin with a quantity of 16.4 and 1224.6 µg/g sample respectively. These findings indicate that Deverra scoparia Coss. &amp; Dur. aerial part contains compounds with antimicrobial and antipyretic properties, thus justifying its use in traditional medicine.

ANTI-PYRETIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OFSOLANUM XANTHOCARPUM BERRIES IN SUITABLE ANIMAL MODELS

Background: Use of traditional medicines for treating various diseases have become a topic of global importance because of their safety, less side effects and cost-effectiveness. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum berries (SXB) in suitable animal models. Methods: Anti-pyretic activity was assessed by dried yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. Three doses of the plant extract (500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) prepared by dissolving the drugs in 2% gum acacia were used. Paracetamol 33 mg/kg and aspirin 100 mg/kg were used as standard drugs for anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity respectively. Vehicle served as a control drug. Results: Acute toxicity study results demonstrated no mortality of animals after 24 hours. The aqueous extract of the plant significantly decreased the rectal temperature of the rats and significantly prevented increase in volume of paw oedema. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum berries exerts its anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity activity. However, further studies with the plant are required to evaluate the dose dependent activity and also to determine the active principle responsible for exact mechanism for both antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Comparative Evaluation of Antipyretic Activity of an Ayurvedic Herbo-mineral Formulation Dhatryadi Churna and Its Modified Dosage form in Albino Wistar Rats

Introduction: Experimental studies are essential and expected part of a new drug development. The studies are conducted to know about the toxic effects (if any), produced by the drug &amp; to access safety of the drug. Studies also help to ascertain the efficacy of the drug &amp; measures to be taken so as to curtail the toxic effects.&#x0D; Aim &amp; Objective: Study was aimed to do comparative evaluation of antipyretic activity of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation Dhatryadi Churna and its modified dosage form in experimental albino rats.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Present study was carried out at Animal house attached with the Institute. 24 healthy Albino wistar rats of either sex weighing 180-200 gm were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. Pyrexia was induced in rat by subcutaneous injection of 10 mL/kg b.w. of a 20% aqueous suspension of brewer's yeast. The trial drug Dhatryadi Churna and Dhatryadi Vati administered orally in the form of suspension to the albino rats.&#x0D; Observation and Results: The present result shows that the Dhatryadi Churna (DC) and Dhatryadi Vati (DV) have a significant antipyretic effect in yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Hematological parameters were found to be within the normal biological and laboratory limits on comparison with the values of the control group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Dhatryadi churna and Dhatryadi Vati does not show significant adverse effects on the blood, blood cells, and target organs at the doses used and can be safely used in human being.

Chemical diversity analysis and biological activities evaluation of different polyphenolic extracts of Marrubium deserti De Noé from Algeria

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMarrubium deserti De Noé (Lamiaceae) commonly known as desert horehound, is a small perennial herb distributed in arid climates. This plant has been used in Algeria for the treatment of cold, cough, fever and inflammation.Aim of the study: This study aimed to perform a phytochemical analysis and to evaluate the effect of diethyl ether (ExDiEth), n-butanol (ExBut) and hydroalcoholic (ExHyD) extracts of the aerial parts of M. deserti De Noé on inflammation, nociceptive response and fever in animal models. Materials and methodsThe total phenolic content and the different phenolic fraction (flavones-flavonols, free aglycones, anthocyanidins, C-glycosides and flavonic heterosides) were quantified in order to study the chemical diversity. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema test and the nociceptive response was determined by the chemical method using acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking tests and by the thermal method using the hot plate in mice. In addition, anti-fever was investigated using yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. ResultsQuantitative analysis revealed that among all extracts, ExBut had a higher phenolic content and the aerial parts of M. deserti De Noé collected from two different sites (Biskra and Tamanresset) had a significant difference in the contents of flavonic heterosids and flavones-flavonols. PCA and CA showed a strong intra-specific variability of M. deserti De Noé individuals. Our results showed that the ExDiEth, ExBut and ExHyD treatments prevented the increase of paw oedema by 56.25%, 66.65% and 45.56% inhibition percent, respectively. Moreover, treatments with these extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of writhing and increased the reaction time to thermal stimulation as well as demonstrated reduction in paw licking time both at early and late phases. Likewise, they also showed a significant reduction of yeast-induced pyrexia till 4 h of treatment. ConclusionResults from this study show that M. deserti De Noé aerial parts exhibited anti-inflammatory, analgesic with central and peripheral actions and antipyretic activities which could be associated with the presence of some phytochemicals as flavones, flavonols, flavonic heterosids and phenolic acids.

Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the ethanol root bark extract of Salacia lehmbachii in rats and mice

Background: The decoction of the roots of Salacia lehmbachi is used in traditional medicine for the treatment different diseases such as malaria pains diabetes and microbial infections.Methods: Phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity tests were carried out on the ethanol root extract of the plant. Anti-nocicetive activity using acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion method in mice, anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats and xylene induced ear oedema test in mice and antipyretic activity using Brewer’s yeast and D-amphetamine induced pyrexia in rats were determined at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of the root extract.Results: The ethanol root extract contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. The oral acute toxicity tests was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The root extract and the standard drug (Aspirin) significantly (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01) decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid. The extract and morphine significantly (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01) prolonged reaction time in tail immersion model. The extract produced significant (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01) dose dependent inhibition of oedema which was comparable to aspirin in carrageenan induced paw oedema model. The root extract also demonstrated significant (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01) effect in xylene induced mouse ear oedema test compared to dexamethasone. The extract significantly decreased high temperature in both Brewer’s yeast and d-amphetamine induced pyrexia.Conclusions: Findings show that S. lehmbachii may provide a good source of plant compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities.

Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity of Catunaregam spinosa (Thumb.) Tirveng Extracts

Catunaregam spinosa leaves have been ethnopharmacologically accounted for acquiring various pharmacological properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of leaves of C. spinosa.The ethanolic extract was selected for this purpose based on phytochemical screening. Inflammation was inhibited at the dose of 200 mg/kg with percent inhibition of inflammation 32.06, 37.28 and 43.16 %, respectively, at 1, 3 and 5 h, while in egg albumin model % inhibition was found to be 47.81%. There was no significant analgesic activity seen in acetic acid induced writhing response method while significant effects were observed in the doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg on hot plate test. No antipyretic activity was shown by ethanolic extracts(25, 100 and 200 mg/kg) against Brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats.&#x0D; Keywords: Catunaregam spinosa, Anti-inflammatory activity, Phytochemical screening, Ethanolic extract.

Antipyretic Activity of AOF Herbal Formulation in Brewer’s Yeast-Induced Pyrexia in Rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antipyretic activity of AOF herbal formulation by Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in Wistar rats. AOF herbal formulation consists of 13 medicinal plant parts and some of which are reputed for antipyretic effect. The acute oral toxicity was carried out in albino mice according to OECD 423-guidelines. It revealed that there is no toxic sign up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Adult albino rats of either sex (200-250 gm) were divided into five groups containing six in each group for antipyretic study. Before yeast injection, the basal rectal temperature of rats were recorded and after that, the rats were given subcutaneous injection of 10 ml/kg of 15% yeast solution. Rectal temperature of each rat was measured again 19 hours after yeast injection. After confirming that those rats were induced pyrexia, the test drugs and standard drug were administered orally into different groups. Three doses of test drug (1, 1.5 and 2 gm/kg body weight) were used. Paracetamol (150 mg/kg) was administered to standard group. Rectal temperatures were measured at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after test drug administration. This herbal formulation (2 g/kg body weight) showed significant reduction of yeast-induced pyrexia in rats at 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr and 4 hr after administration of test drug (p&lt;0.001) when compared to the control group. The present results show that AOF herbal formulation possesses a significant antipyretic effect in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Potential of the Stem Barks Aqueous Extract of Albizia ferruginea (Guill. &amp; Perr.) Benth. (Mimosaceae) in Rats and Mice

Aims: The present research was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of aqueous extract of Albizia ferruginea stem bark.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Biology and Physiology (Animal Physiology Laboratory), Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I. between March 2012 and June 2016.&#x0D; Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyzes were done.The anti-inflammatory effect of the plant extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) was investigated on carrageenan, histamine, serotonin or dextran-induced paw oedema. The analgesic activity was evaluated on acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception, hot plate and tail immersion tests in Swiss albino mice. The antipyretic activity of A. ferruginea extract was assessed on brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia.&#x0D; Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the AEAF revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoïds, phenols, saponins, tannins, glycosides, tannins and steroids. For quantitative phytochemical analysis, total flavonols represent 0.12±0.04 mg EQT/g dried extract and the total phenol content was 58.69±0.65 mg ECA/g dried extract. The total flavonoids content was 0.18±0.01mg EQT/g dried extract).The total alkaloids presented a grade of 27.45±0.14 mg EBER/g dried extract. Carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin-induced inflammation were significantly inhibited by A. ferruginea’s extract (200 mg/kg), exhibiting 55.47%, 50.26%, 62.88% and 42.59% inhibition, respectively. Acetic acid-induced writhing was significantly reduced by the plant extract. The extract of Albizia ferruginea (200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the second phase of formalin test. The analgesic tests revealed that A. ferruginea had only peripheral analgesic effect. Additionally, the plant’s extract prevented brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.&#x0D; Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that A. ferruginea’s aqueous extract has anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic properties and this strongly supports the ethnopharmacological uses.

Evaluation of the analgesic and antipyretic properties of African Cleome viscosa

Background: Cleome viscosa Linn a plant from the family Capparaceae has been used in traditional medicine in Asia and Africa for the treatment of various diseases including diarrhea, cardiac stimulant, anthelmintic, carminative, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic. Decoction of the whole plant has been used for the treatment of inflammation and as a stimulant while the leaves have been applied externally on wounds and ulcers. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the antipyretic and analgesic properties, toxicity profile and the phytochemical study of the methanolic leaf extract of African Cleome viscosa.Methods: The antipyretic study was performed by adopting the Baker’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats while the analgesic study was performed adopting the tail immersion or tail flick technique. Data generated was analyzed as appropriate using the analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: The methanolic extract of the leaves of the African Cleome viscosa had a significant (P&lt;0.05) antipyretic and analgesic effects at different time intervals and varying doses when compared with the negative control groups in the respective studies. The preliminary phytochemical study showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides and flavonoids. The extract also proved to be non-toxic in the acute toxicity study carried out at the highest dose of 5000mg/kg body weight administered to the albino rats.Conclusions: The methanolic leaf extract of the plant showed significant antipyretic and analgesic activity in albino rats thus supporting its use in traditional medicine.

Antipyretic Effect of Herba Ephedrae-Ramulus Cinnamomi Herb Pair on Yeast-Induced Pyrexia Rats: A Metabolomics Study.

To investigate the antipyretic mechanism of Herba Ephedrae (Eph)-Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC) herb pair on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Totally 30 qualified male SD rats were randomly assigned to the normal control (NC) group, the pyrexia model (model) group, the Eph, RC and Eph-RC treatment groups by a random digital table, 6 rats in each group. Each rat received a 20% aqueous suspension of yeast (10 mL/kg) except the NC group. The 3 treatment groups were administered 8.1, 5.4 and 13.5 g/kg Eph, RC and Eph-RC respectively at 5 and 12 h after yeast injection, the NC group and the model groups were administered equal volume of distilled water. Rectal temperatures were measured at 0, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30 h and urine was collected prior to yeast injection and at 6, 10, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h after yeast injection. Then urine metabolomic profiling by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis and pattern recognition techniques were used to explore the antipyretic effects of Eph-RC. Partial least squares discriminate analysis was used to analyze the metabolomics dataset including classification and regression in metabolomics plot profiling. Compared with the NC group, rectal temperatures were significantly higher in the model group (P<0.01), while 3 treatment groups decreased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Rectal temperatures of Eph-RC-treated rats started to go down at 6 h, and markedly decreased at 8, 12, 15, 18 and 24 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while those of the Eph and RC groups had decreased firstly at 8 h and were markedly lower at 12 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Seventeen potential biomarkers related to pyrexia were confirmed and identified, including pyruvic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, phenylacetic acid, hippuric acid, succinic acid, citrate and so on. Eight potential alterations of metabolic pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, citrate cycle, tryptophan metabolism, biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine, were identified in relation to the antipyretic effects of Eph-RC using MetPA software. The antipyretic effect of Eph-RC herb pair on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats involved correction of perturbed amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism according to the metabolic pathway analysis with MetPA.

English

The phytochemical screening of Citharexylum spinosum L. aerial parts resulted in the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, triterpenes and/or sterols and saponins. The percentage of hydrocarbons and sterols in C. spinosum petroleum ether extract were 99.57 and 0.3%, respectively. In petroleum ether extract, saturated fatty acids (78.76%) and unsaturated fatty acids (9.14%) were found. Chromatographic fractionation of 80% aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of C. spinosum resulted in isolation of 10 compounds; &beta;-Sitosterol, &beta;-Sitosterol 3-O-&beta;-D-glucopyranoside, Oleanolic acid, Gallic acid, Quercetin, 6-Methoxy acacetin 7-O-&beta;-D-glucopyranoside, Naringenin, Quercetin 3-O-&alpha;-L-rhamnopyranoside (Quercetrin), 1, 2, 6-tri-O-galloyl-&beta;-D-glucopyranoside and Rutin. The antipyretic activity of aqueous methanolic residue using Brewer&#39;s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats was significant at dose 300 mg/kg. All tested samples had no analgesic activity. The major isolated compounds were quercetin and quercetrin, their biological activities, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, were determined parallel to the extracts. It was found that the aqueous methanolic residue, chloroform extract, quercetin and quercetrin exerted significant antimicrobial activity. From 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay on A2780 human ovarian cell line, quercetrin showed moderate cytotoxic activity, whereas quercetin showed significant cytotoxic activity. &nbsp; Key words: Citharexylum spinosum, lipoidal matter, phenolics, antipyretic, antimicrobial.

Ultraviolet spectroscopic evaluation of bioactive saponin fraction from the aqueous extract of &lt;i&gt;Vernonia amygdalina&lt;/i&gt; [Esteraeceae] leaf

The use of herbal therapy is a common practice in Africa. One of the commonly used herbs is Vernonia amygdalina . Processing of the plant for use leads to the loss of phytochemical principles like saponin which has been shown to possess bioactivity. This study was to evaluate and characterize the saponin principles, using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Standard antipyretic study procedure using Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced pyrexia in rats was used for the evaluation of the herbal aqueous extract, as well as, the crude saponin and its chromatographic fraction. The separation and chromatogram development of resulting pure saponin components was carried out using a HPLC with UV-vis detection at 365 nm. Data for the antipyretic study agrees with previous bioactivity report for the saponin. Chromatographic and spectroscopic evaluation indicated the presence of three pure saponin components at retention times of 7.78 ± 0.19, 8.76 ± 0.16 and 13.54 ± 0.87 minutes, in the fractionate. Finding suggests that the pure components are individual or collective contributors to the bioactivity of the crude saponin and fractionate. Further bioactivity probe of the pure components will aid good understanding and use of the herbal medication. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Chromatographic, detection, pure components, bioactivity, rats

Determination of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn Methanolic Seed Extract

Objective: To perform the pharmacognostical screening and determination of antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Cassia occidentalis L. Methanolic seed extract by different in-vitro models. Methods: The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally, antipyretic (Brewer’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and Hydrogen Pyrode Method) was evaluated by adopting different methods. Results: The extracts showed a marked antipyretic effect (Figure 1) by causing a reduction in yeast-induced fever. Methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) showed the effect to the same degree as paracetamol (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The experimentally induced laboratory model was employed in evaluating the antipyretic activities of methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. The extract caused a better hypothermal activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia occidentalis L. was found because polyphenolic compounds present in plant contribute significantly to the total antioxidant capacity of the seed. Flavonoids play some important pharmacological roles against diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation and allergy. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the methanolic seed extract of Cassia occidentalis L. possesses strong antipyretic and antioxidant activity. This study described many pharmacognostical features and antioxidant activity of seeds of Cassia occidentalis L. which will give a new direction for the future scientific research.

Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of dichloromethane stem bark extract of Acacia mellifera

The present study was designed to assess the in vivo antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect of the dichloromethane stem bark extract of Acacia mellifera on experimental animal model at three different dose levels of 50, 100 and 150mg/kg body weight respectively. In addition, phytochemical screening of the extract was done. The inflammatory effect was evaluated by use of carragenaan-induced paw edema in mice, pain was determined using formalin-induced writhing in mice and pyrexia was determined by turpentine-induced pyrexia in rats. The activity of the herbal extract was compared to diclofenac sodium and aspirin. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannins and phenolics. The plant extract produced marked anti-inflammatory effect in carrageenaninduced mice paw edema assay, suppressed licking response of animals in both phases of the formalin- induced test and exhibited appreciable antipyretic effects in turpentine-induced pyrexia in rats. The study thus supports the folklore use of the plant in the treatment and management of inflammation, pain and pyrexia.