Abstract
The phytochemical screening of Citharexylum spinosum L. aerial parts resulted in the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, triterpenes and/or sterols and saponins. The percentage of hydrocarbons and sterols in C. spinosum petroleum ether extract were 99.57 and 0.3%, respectively. In petroleum ether extract, saturated fatty acids (78.76%) and unsaturated fatty acids (9.14%) were found. Chromatographic fractionation of 80% aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of C. spinosum resulted in isolation of 10 compounds; β-Sitosterol, β-Sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Oleanolic acid, Gallic acid, Quercetin, 6-Methoxy acacetin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Naringenin, Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Quercetrin), 1, 2, 6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and Rutin. The antipyretic activity of aqueous methanolic residue using Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats was significant at dose 300 mg/kg. All tested samples had no analgesic activity. The major isolated compounds were quercetin and quercetrin, their biological activities, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, were determined parallel to the extracts. It was found that the aqueous methanolic residue, chloroform extract, quercetin and quercetrin exerted significant antimicrobial activity. From 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay on A2780 human ovarian cell line, quercetrin showed moderate cytotoxic activity, whereas quercetin showed significant cytotoxic activity. Key words: Citharexylum spinosum, lipoidal matter, phenolics, antipyretic, antimicrobial.
Highlights
Verbenaceae includes about 100 genera and more than 3000 species
Multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa were selected among clinical isolates obtained from Outpatient Clinics of the Research Institute of Ophthalmology (RIO) while Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin discs were purchased from Oxoid, England
Phytochemical screening as preliminary tests of aerial parts of C. spinosum revealed the presence of carbohydrate and/or glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, irridoids, unsaturated sterols and/or triterpenes, saponins and the absence of anthraquinones, volatiles, coumarins, and alkaloids or compound containing nitrogenous bases
Summary
Among the largest genera of Verbenaceae is Citharexylum which comprises 115 species (Dahiya, 1979; Starr et al, 2006; Mohammed et al, 2014). 2014; Mohammed et al, 2016) Among these species is Citharexylum spinosum L. which is a popular ornamental tree in many tropical and subtropical regions and are known as fiddlewood. It has been used in folk medicine as diuretic, antipyretic, antiarthritic and in liver disorders (Lawrence, 1951; Turner and Wasson, 1997; Wagner et al, 1999; Starr et al, 2006)
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