PVC Plate Research Articles

Settlement of the Tropical Box Mussel, Septifer bilocularis: Effects of Site, Position, and Substratum

The box tropical mussel Septifer bilocularis lives attached to a hard substratum, forming a dense aggregation or patch. The aggregation occurs at the time of larvae settlement in response to different cues. Larvae may have a positive response whereas larvae may settle and attach to the substratum, while in a negative response, postpone settling occurs. Byssus threads are produced and attached to the substratum, and for some reason, they are affected by many variables. We studied whether the attachment was affected by sites, position in the patch, and substratum. Large and small patches of mussel beds were selected arbitrarily, each in 3 replicates. Substrata of palm, coconut, polypropylene fibres, and mussel shells with byssus threads, each in 4 replicates, were distributed randomly into a PVC plate with 16 holes. The PVC plates with experimental substrata were placed along the edge and in the middle of large and small patches. A three-factorial ANOVA was then performed on samples of sites, position in patches, and substratum as main effects. A significant effect of sites, position within patches, and substratum as well were found. A significantly high number of new settlers in small patches than in other positions within patches occurred. The larger number of new settlers was found on coconut, palm, and polypropylene fibres, while low numbers on the mussel shells with byssus threads were found. The new settlers of S. bilocularis (<1 mm) with transparent shells were observed attached to coconut, palm, and polypropylene fibres. In contrast, the new settlers ranged from >1 mm to 3 mm with dark green shells attached to mussel shells with byssus threads. This study suggests that early settlement occurs when mussels’ larvae first settle and attach to coconut, palm, and polypropylene fibres before reattaching to adult shells with byssus threads.

Algorithm analysis of defect depth for PVC plate with flat-bottomed holes in active pulsed infrared thermography

Active infrared thermography (IRT) has been extensively employed in non-destructive testing in a wide variety of fields. It is capable of extracting defect information of tested object based on the infrared thermal image sequence. However, conventional infrared thermal images are often subjected to defect information with low pixel resolution, and defects are difficult to quantitatively analyze. By exploiting flat-bottomed holes in a PVC plate as defect specimens, a method for quantitative defect depth recognition based on the fusion principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm with sliding-window mechanism and the one dimensional—residual neural network—convolutional block attention module (1DResnet50_CBAM) model was proposed for the reconstructed image sequence of active IRT to address the above-described issues in this study. First, defect information and location were extracted from the original infrared sequence thermal image of the specimen using PCA algorithm with sliding-window mechanism. Then, the dimension of the defect data was reduced using the temporal characteristic of the infrared temperature field. That is, the three-dimensional defect data were transformed into 1D temporal infrared thermal signal. Moreover, the 1D infrared signal time series corresponding to the defect pixel points in the infrared sequence image served as the input to the network, and the defect depth served as the output for automatic defect detection and depth quantification. As indicated by the results, the proposed method based on the fusion PCA algorithm with sliding-window mechanism and 1DResnet50_CBAM model is capable of accurately detecting and quantifying defects. Compared with conventional prediction algorithms, the proposed model can more effectively extract defect information from the infrared detection images, with the defect depth relative prediction error less than 1.5%. Thus, the proposed model was confirmed as an effective method and model for defect recognition and quantitative analysis using infrared thermal detection technology.

Guia de macroalgas para o ensino de botânica

The planning, execution, and evaluation of practical classes in rocky shores of marine beaches along the Brazilian coast is a challenging teaching activity for educators when it comes to addressing botanical content. The development and approval of taxonomic photographic guides of marine flora can facilitate the pedagogical work of the instructor. The objectives of the article are: a) to present the "Guide to Green (Chlorophyta), Brown (Ochrophyta), and Red Algae (Rhodophyta) from Saco de Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"; b) to describe the evaluation of its didactic adequacy made by the students of the mandatory discipline of Plant Biodiversity I of the Biological Sciences course of the State University of Rio de Janeiro. The guide is portable, submersible, and printed on a PVC plate with 29 cm in length, 20.9 cm in width, and 0.2 cm in thickness. It has 48 color illustrations: 10 Ochrophyta, 11 Chlorophyta, and 27 Rhodophyta. Students between 19-21 years old, (72%), and from the Bachelor's program (66%) approved the guide with a significant difference (a<1%) of favorable observations (76%). The tested guide proved to be an adequate complementary didactic support on the content of macroalgae for adoption in the practical classes of the rocky marine and estuarine shores studied.

A Facile Method to Prepare Superhydrophobic Coatings for Various Substrates

In this study, the superhydrophobic composite coatings for self-cleaning were fabricated by mixing fluorine resin and two kinds of nanoparticles of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and SiO2. When the mass ratio of CNTs to SiO2 is 2:3 and the added amount of nanoparticles is 75 wt. %, the superhydrophobic composite coatings with a water contact angle of 156.8° show the best self-cleaning property and 3.6° of contact angle hysteresis. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic composite coatings demonstrate good properties such as chemical resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical stability. The superhydrophobic composite coatings could be used for oil/water separation and could be applied to various substrate surfaces such as glass plates, cloth, board, steel plate, PVC plate, and so on. The superhydrophobic composite coatings show practical value in many fields because of their low cost and large area preparation.

Laser Photolithography of Graphene Oxide

The paper presents the results of research on the effect of laser photolithography on graphene oxide (GO) fixed on the silicon wafer and PVC plate (polyvinyl chloride). Before fixing the graphene oxide, the surface was treated with plasma cleaning in the argon atmosphere. Then deposition with AZ4533 photoresist and laser photolithography were carried out. Analysis of the spectral characteristics and structural tests proved that graphene oxide was not damaged during exposing to a laser beam. The laser photolithography process was followed with observation of typical FTIR-ATR bonds originating from COOH, C=O and C-O-C typical for GO. The pattern (on the GO + AZ4533 coating) was exposed to the laser beam (GaN) and revealed by a developing agent. That was a base for continuation of further research with a purpose of ion etching.

Monotonic and cyclic tests on beam to column bolted connections with thermal insulation layer

This paper deals with the mechanical performances of bolted connections with intermediate thermal insulation layer used to attach an external steel structure (balconies, passageways) to a steel facade. In the proposed solution, thermal bridging is significantly limited by inserting a PVC or plywood plate between an end-plate connection and a steel column. Static and cyclic tests are performed on a cantilever beam connected to a steel column in order to investigate the effect of the thermal insulation layer on the rotational stiffness, bending moment resistances and failure modes. These tests highlight that both the thermal insulation layer and the bolt arrangement (extended and flush end-plate, stiffeners, RHS or I profile) have a significant influence of the connection response.

Solar Based Photocatalytic Decolorization of Four Commercial Reactive Dyes Utilizing Bound TiO<sub>2</sub>-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanocomposite

Dye effluent is one of the most prominent source of water contamination. This study investigated the solar based photocatalytic decolorization of four commercial reactive dyes, which are Reactive Turquoise Blue G 133, Reactive Yellow M4g, Reactive Bordeaux B, and Reactive Red M8b using immobilized TiO2-Fe3O4 on three kind of binders as the support, specifically cyanoacrylate glue, oil-based paint, and white Portland cement on PVC plate. TiO2-Fe3O4 was synthesized using sol-gel method and placed in muffle furnace at 773 K. The composite of TiO2-Fe3O4 was characterized using SEM-EDX and XRD. White cement emerged as the best binder in term of the color removal efficiency of all four dyes compared to other binders, which were more than 90% color removal after 3 h of solar irradiation. Moreover, there was significant enhancement on color removal using immobilized photocatalyst on white cement compared to mobile photocatalyst. The kinetic of the decolorization performance followed the pseudo-first-order reaction. The apparent reaction rate constant was found to decrease along with the increase of the dye concentration. The photodecolorization kinetics fitted the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. These protocols and results can be applied into textile industrial primary wastewater treatment using solar as a sustainable light and energy source.

Modelling of fish refrigeration using flake ice

A cooling experiment using flake ice was carried out on a stack of fish and a PVC plate in an expanded polystyrene box. The experiment on fish makes it possible to determine the cooling kinetics of the product according to its position and to validate the models which predict the product temperature changes with time. The first model is based on 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics and the second one is a 1D analytical model. To take into account the imperfect contact between the product and the flake ice due to the presence of air, an additional heat-resistant layer with an equivalent thickness between the fish and the flake ice was identified. This thickness depends on the size of the flakes and the air spaces between the flakes. Simple correlations to predict the cooling times of fish located at the bottom of the stack, where the cooling rate is the slowest, were proposed as a function of the stack thickness.

03.14: Steel connections with thermal barrier for nearly zero‐energy buildings (NZEB)

ABSTRACTThis paper summarises the results of a study assessing the thermal and mechanical performances of two solutions of thermal breaks for external steel structures (balconies, passageways …) attached on a façade with external thermal insulation. The first solution is composed of a PVC plate and an acoustic insulation between the end‐plates of the attached beams and the support (floor slab, concrete wall …). The second one is composed of a PVC plate between a saddle and the support and an acoustic insulation under the beam flange. This solution should be used only in the case of a steel structure with supporting elements (columns, cables…) as it does not transfer bending moments. The thermal performances were evaluated by numerical simulations. They showed a reduction by 30 to 65% of the thermal bridge at the attached steel structure connections. The rate of reduction depends on the configuration of thermal break (thickness of insulation, anchor bolts…). As deformable layers are used, between the steel plates and the facade support, the thermal breaks are unconventional steel connections with mechanical performances to be deeply investigated. Thus, an experimental program including static and cyclic tests is performed on various configurations of end‐plates and saddle with thermal breaks to evaluate their mechanical behaviour considering the stiffness and the resistance.

Synthesis and performances of extended conjugated stilbene fluorescent dye

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the optic performance of extended stilbene derivative.Design/methodology/approachFive steps were adopted to synthesise novel 4, 4′-bis (2-cyanostyryl) stilbene, which contained three vinyl units in the skeleton (S3E). The structure of S3E was characterised by 1H NMR and EI-MS. Its absorption and emission spectra were also given.FindingsCompared to C.I. Fluorescent Brightener 199, which contains two vinyl units in the skeleton, S3E showed obvious bathochromic shifts in both UV-VIS and FL spectra. The maximum absorption wavelength and fluorescent wavelength were at 390 nm and 464 nm, respectively, with Stoke’s shift of 74 nm. The absolute fluorescence quantum yield was 0.42. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the weight loss of S3E was less than 5 per cent at 300 °C. Moreover, the light resistance test showed that S3E in PVC plate can keep the good fluorescent intensity for more than seven days exposed to xenon light. Therefore, it is believed that S3E could satisfy the requirements of colouring PVC as a fluorescent dye.Practical implicationsS3E can be used as a candidate of fluorescent dye in the development of thermoplastics.Originality/valueThe present paper designed and synthesised a new derivative of stilbene, which showed its preference to be a colourant of thermoplastics.

Joining process and strength in PVC friction stir spot welding with fabricating composite material at welding area

In order to improve the strength of FSSWed PVC joints, SiC particles were compounded into the welded region at the same time as the welding process. The joining process and its effect on strength of FSSWed PVC joints were investigated in a joining experiment with a PVC plate having a different guide hole diameter for filling the SiC particles. In the case of the specimen compounded with SiC particles with guide hole diameter of 8 mm, SiC particles could be dispersed uniformly in the welded area. In the specimens with guide hole diameters of 5 and 2 mm, dispersion of SiC particles was not observed inside of the welded area. Degradation and increase in local mechanical property was significantly observed at edge of the keyhole and inside the welded area, respectively, in the specimen with a guide hole diameter of 8 mm. The width of welded area increased with increasing guide hole diameter. The joining strength was improved by fabricating composite material in the welded region. The strength increased with increasing guide hole diameter. It is considered that joining strength was significantly affected by the width of the welded area. According to temperature distribution and observation of material flow using a high speed camera, contact between the welding tool and SiC particles before plunging into a lower sheet induced increasing heat input during the process and resulted in promoting the friction stirring. Therefore, it is considered that change in guide hole diameter leads to change in contact area between welding tool and SiC particles and also change in width of the welding area resulting in change in the joining strength.

Thermal and mechanical analysis of thermal break with end-plate for attached steel structures

The thermal and mechanical performances of a simple thermal break are analysed. This thermal break can be used with external steel structures such as balconies and passageways attached on a concrete facade with external thermal insulation. The thermal barrier effect is obtained by a PVC and an acoustic insulation plates inserted between the end-plates of the attached steel beams and the support (floor slab, concrete wall). The thermal performances of the selected solutions were evaluated by numerical simulation. It shows that this simple solution reduces by up to 65% the thermal bridge at the attached steel beams connections. Besides, a parametric analysis showed that the reduction ratio depends on the configuration of thermal break (with or without additional thermal insulation around the steel beams at the connection), the thickness of PVC plate, the material of fastening systems (carbon steel or stainless steel) and the thickness of the facade thermal insulation. As deformable layers are used under the end-plates, the thermal break can be considered as unconventional steel connection with mechanical performances to be investigated. Thus, experimental program including static and cyclic tests is performed on various configurations of connections with thermal breaks to evaluate their mechanical behaviour considering the stiffness and the resistance. The results show that the solution of simple thermal break is efficient mainly for connections with extended end-plates.

Development of colloidal gold immunochromatographic strips for detection of Riemerella anatipestifer.

Riemerella anatipestifer is one of the most important bacterial pathogen of ducks and causes a contagious septicemia. R. anatipestifer infection causes serositis syndromes similar to other bacterial infections in ducks, including infection by Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Pasteurella multocida. Clinically differentiating R. anatipestifer infections from other bacterial pathogen infections is usually difficult. In this study, MAb 1G2F10, a monoclonal antibody against R. anatipestifer GroEL, was used to develop a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip. Colloidal gold particles were prepared by chemical synthesis to an average diameter of 20±5.26 nm by transmission electron microscope imaging. MAb 1G2F10 was conjugated to colloidal gold particles and the formation of antibody-colloidal gold conjugates was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Immunochromatographic strips were assembled in regular sequence through different accessories sticked on PVC plate. Strips specifically detected R. anatipestifer within 10 min, but did not detect E. coli, S. enterica and P. multocida. The detection limit for R. anatipestifer was 1×106 colony forming units, which was 500 times higher than a conventional agglutination test. Accuracy was 100% match to multiplex PCR. Assay stability and reproducibility were excellent after storage at 4°C for 6 months. The immunochromatographic strips prepared in this study offer a specific, sensitive, and rapid detection method for R. anatipestifer, which is of great importance for the prevention and control of R. anatipestifer infections.

Study on Simultaneous Photoacoustic Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity and Thermal Effusivity of Solids

The goal of this study is the simultaneous measurement of the thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity of thick samples using the photoacoustic method that is nondestructive, quick, and simple. In their original paper, Rosencwaig and Gersho showed that it is possible to measure thermal properties of a thermally thin sample, but it is impossible to measure those of a thermally thick sample. To improve this situation, a new method is proposed, in which the position of the sample and reference (thin plate) are exchanged, and it is analyzed theoretically whether simultaneous measurement is possible or not when samples are transparent, opaque, and semitransparent. When a sample is transparent, it absorbs little light, thereby the sample produces little photoacoustic waves. When a sample is opaque, light is totally absorbed by the sample. Therefore, thermal properties of the plate almost do not affect the phase-lag output. In these cases, it is shown that the simultaneous measurement is impossible. Hence, only the case when both the plate and sample are semitransparent is simulated. From theoretical analysis, in the case of a PVC plate, it is shown that the simultaneous measurement is likely to be possible when the ratio of the absorption coefficient of the plate to sample lies between \(10^{-3}\hbox { and }10^{3}\), the thermal diffusivity between \(10^{-4}\hbox { and }10^{4}\), and the thermal effusivity between \(10^{-2}\hbox { and }10^{2}\).

Fabrication, characterization and application of a reusable immobilized TiO2–PANI photocatalyst plate for the removal of reactive red 4 dye

A method for immobilizing TiO2–PANI composite using ENR and PVC as adhesives was successfully developed. The immobilized system known as TiO2/PANI/ENR/PVC plate was characterized by FTIR, Raman, diffuse reflectance UV–vis, photo luminescence spectroscopy and HRTEM. The optimum weight ratio for the TiO2:PANI composite was 1:0.0035. The band gap energy of the optimum immobilized composite TiO2/PANI/ENR/PVC (1:0035) was 2.86eV where polyaniline (PANI) formed a core–shell coating of about 0.9nm with a strong TiO2–PANI interaction. Photo-etching of the immobilized TiO2/PANI/ENR/PVC (1:0.0035) composite for 7h increased its surface area and improved its photocatalytic activity. TiO2/PANI/ENR/PVC (1:0.0035)-7h was visible light sensitive where 85% of 30mgL−1 reactive red 4 (RR4) dye was decolorized after 60min of irradiation. The immobilized TiO2/PANI/ENR/PVC (1:0.0035)-7h was reusable and its photocatalytic activity was sustainable with an average pseudo first order rate constant value of 0.103±0.002min−1. Adding PANI to the immobilized P25 TiO2 has enhanced its photocatalytic activity throughout the entire ten recycled applications due to the increased BET surface area and lower ecb and h+ recombination.

含缺陷高聚物板材热致磁场三维检测传感器设计

本文提出了一种对于含缺陷高聚物材料在加载过程中形成微弱热致磁场进行三维测量的传感器系统。简要介绍了传感器的主要技术参数，提高传感器测量灵敏度的技术措施以及背景磁场的处理方法；给出了该三维磁场测量传感器数据采集系统的硬件结构和软件流程。采用该传感器系统实验获得了聚合物PVC板材在恒定拉伸速率下微弱热致磁场变化规律的三维分量曲线图。 A sensor system suit for three-dimensional pyromagnetic field detecting is presented. That weak magnetic field concomitantly occurs with deformation heat on loading procedure of prefabricated defects polymer materials. The main technical parameters of sensors and the technical measures to improve sensor sensitivities are briefly introduced, including the treatment method for background magnetic field. The hardware structure and the software flow of data acquisition system for this three-dimensional pyromagnetic field detecting are provided. As an applied result, a sort of 3D component curves of weak magnetic field variation are obtained, which come from a PVC plate specimen under a constant tensile displacement load.

Inversion of elastic bottom parameters from reflection data

In this paper, the wave reflection at the interface between sea water and the half-space elastic bottom is considered and the sensitivity of reflection coefficient to the geoacoustic parameters, such as bottom density, P-wave velocity and its attenuation, S-wave velocity and its attenuation, has also been analyzed. In order to establish a geoacoustic inversion method with the ocean bottom reflection coefficient, a simulated experiment is carried out in the laboratory tank, where a PVC plate is used as the elastic bottom. In the experiment, a high-frequency underwater sound wave is transmitted by a source at fixed position and received using a hydrophone at different position with equal interval. By processing the measurement reflected signals at different receiving positions, the reflection coefficient for different incident angles can be obtained, with which the simulated bottom parameters have been inversed. An inversion method based on the sound transmission loss in water is also accomplished. These two inversion results are compared with the measurement result obtained according to the time delay for received multipath signals which reflect/refract at the liquid/elastic or solid/liquid interface of the PVC plate and the feasibility and reliability of the inversion from reflection data are discussed at last.

Experiments and Simulations in Transient Conjugated Conduction-Convection-Radiation

Experimental results and hybrid numerical-analytical simulations are critically compared for transient laminar forced convection over flat plates of non-negligible thickness, subjected to an applied wall heat flux at the fluid–solid wall interface. A conjugated conduction–convection–radiation problem is first formulated and then simplified through the employment of the Coupled Integral Equations Approach (CIEA) to reformulate the heat conduction problem on the plate by averaging the related energy equation in the transversal direction. A partial differential formulation for the transversally averaged wall temperature is obtained, and the boundary condition for the fluid in the heat balance at the solid–fluid interface is then rewritten. The coupled partial differential equations within the thermal boundary layer are handled by the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) under its partial transformation mode, combined with the method of lines implemented in the Mathematica 7.0 routine NDSolve. For the experiments, an apparatus was employed involving an air blower and flash lamps that heat a vertical PVC plate of 33 cm in length and 12 mm in thickness, while the temperature at the surface exposed to the cooling air is measured by infrared thermography. Thermocouple measurements are also utilized to provide estimates of heat losses at the back surface of the plate. The transient evolution of the measured surface temperatures along the plate length are then critically com-

Development of a Laboratory-Scale Lysimeter System to Simultaneously Study Runoff and Leaching Dynamics

The laboratory study of water movement and nutrient dynamics associated with agricultural soils has been limited within an experimental setup to either surface investigation or leaching analysis. This study was conducted to develop a laboratory system for simultaneous investigation of surface and subsurface hydrologic and nutrient dynamics within a soil block. The system consists of a square steel casing 61 cm wide and long by 61 cm deep that is driven into the ground with a 1.1 Mg drop hammer, excavated, and undergirded with a 12.7 mm thick PVC plate to capture an undisturbed soil block. Unique features of the lysimeter system include the use of petrolatum (petroleum jelly) to suppress side wall bypass flow and potential chemical interaction with the steel lysimeter walls, and the capability to investigate overland and subsurface flows in one assemblage.

Finite element modeling of the temperature rise due to the propagation of ultrasonic waves in viscoelastic materials and experimental validation

The ultrasound stimulated thermography method is usually used to detect the temperature rise at a defect position. The temperature rise can be due to the friction between the edges of the defect and/or the plastic deformation around the defect. This paper presents another aspect of the method when the ultrasounds are propagating in a viscoelastic anisotropic material, such as polymers or fiber-reinforced polymers. The attenuation of the waves produces a distributed temperature field. Therefore, even a defect that does not produce some heat can be detected, the ultrasonic field is modified. A finite element model is used for computing the temperature field and for predicting the possibility for an infrared camera of detecting the temperature rise and its modification due to a defect. The model computes the stress and displacement fields associated with the propagation and the loss of energy. Then the heat equation is solved with this loss as a source of heating. An experiment is done with a sonotrode that excites a PVC plate. The ultrasonic displacement at the top of the plate is measured with a laser velocimeter and introduced in the model. Finally, the model result is compared to the image produced by the camera.