Piece Of Puzzle Research Articles

Visual resources and interaction in Grade 4 science teaching—Moving in and out of discourse when exploring concepts of evolution and adaption

AbstractAlthough visual aids are widely considered a valuable source of scaffolding, the nature and active utilization of these aids in current science classrooms are not well understood. This qualitative study explores interaction in the teaching of concepts related to evolution, with a specific focus on a teacher's use of different visual support material. Based on a classroom study in a linguistically diverse Grade 4 classroom, we employed the perspective of discourse‐bridging interaction to develop three broad categories of interactional examples, which we related to three kinds of visual support material used in the instruction: generic visual support images, naturalistic images, and disciplinary images showing examples of natural selection. The findings show that the interaction moved in and out of science discourse in a way that reflected the images' properties. A generic visual support image illustrated the concept of “adaption” as puzzle pieces fitting together, which promoted everyday and anthropomorphic examples of animals and people striving to fit in. When the teacher used naturalistic images, the discourse shifted between a range of perspectives, while visual aids and whiteboard drawings showing the classic examples of giraffes evolving (a disciplinary image) were employed to clarify the notion of natural selection. We discuss the study's implications for using visual support material in a planned way that supports disciplinary understanding.

Using EDA measures to detect emotional expressions during family science activities, a methodological perspective

ABSTRACT Physiological measures associated with emotional expressions have been used extensively in lab- and, more recently, digital-learning settings. However, the portable and ubiquitous nature of hardware that measures these physiological features makes them particularly useful in situations where you do not want the hardware to be too obtrusive, like in contexts of informal learning. In this proof-of-concept study, we apply skin conductance methods that measure Electrodermal Activity (EDA) to a family everyday activities context, in which a parent and their children, complete several science learning activities, while being recorded by both video and EDA hardware. We analyse the resulting data in three different ways: (i) a peak analysis in software recommended by the hardware provider, (ii) a conventional, qualitative microanalysis, and (iii) a method mainly used by econometricians to discover ‘structural breaks’ in time series data. We conclude that all three provide a piece of the overall puzzle, revealing up- and down-sides of each method.

Modeling.

Modeling is coming to the fore as it is now widely accepted and indeed expected during drug discovery and development. Modeling integrates knowledge, increases understanding and provides the ability to predict an outcome either before it occurs or when it is not possible to measure. This makes modeling an attractive option for inhaled drugs as it is not possible to routinely measure what is occurring to the drug (pharmacokinetics) and what effect the drug is having (pharmacodynamics) at local microscopic sites of such a diverse and complex organ as the lung. Many pieces of information (data and knowledge) exist like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle and modeling brings the pieces together in a scientific and mechanistically coherent manner to increase understanding of both the efficacy and safety of inhaled drugs.

Scour Evaluation Using HEC RAS Model: A Case Study On Musiri Bridge, Trichy, India

Bridge scour is a natural phenomenon that can cause serious damage to infrastructure. It occurs when water flows around bridge piers or abutments, eroding the soil or sediment that supports them. This can lead to structural failure, which poses a significant risk to public safety. To mitigate this risk, engineers must design bridges with scour in mind, taking into account factors such as flow velocity, sediment transport, and erosion resistance. In doing so, they can ensure that our infrastructure remains safe and sustainable for years to come. Bridge scour evaluation is a crucial step to assure the structure’s safety and integrity. There are several approaches to designing, evaluating, and inspecting bridges for scour. Scour assessment is significant since it might jeopardize the bridge’s integrity. Floods scouring bed material surrounding bridge foundations are the most prevalent cause of bridge failures. Proper scour analysis is required as scour has found to be a serious threat to bridge structures since it increases the risk of collapse of bridge. Moreover, scour seriously affects the capacity of the bridge and causes structural damage. This research focusses on the scour analysis of Musiri bridge (Thanthai Periyar bridge) located on Cauvery River in Trichy. The bridge is subjected to local scour. Hydraulic Engineering Centre, River Analysis Simulation (HEC-RAS) software is used to analyze the effect of scour at different cross sections of the river, both in upstream and downstream. A planform analysis has been done across the bridge for a time period of over 10 years using open-source satellite data with the help of Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software. This centre line of the river across the bridge is mapped across different years to understand the effect of scour for the period of 2013 to 2023. Remedial measures have been suggested to combat the effect of scour in the study area. Bridges are just one piece of a larger puzzle, and their construction and maintenance have environmental and social impacts that must be carefully managed. Hence, it’s important to consider the broader implications of infrastructure development and it should ensure safe and simple design of bridge constructions so that the infrastructure investments can benefit both present and future generations.

I saw myself as an important piece of a jigsaw puzzle: Parents experiences of their child's anaesthesia induction.

Anxiety in children, as well as their parents, is common in high-tech environments such as an operating room. This study aimed to describe parents' experiences of being present when their child is being anaesthetised. Twenty-four parents were interviewed and data were analysed using a descriptive phenomenological approach. Findings show that being present at a child's anaesthesia and surgery is a long, continuous process that begins at home. Parents struggle to face strong emotions in a special and frightening environment, focussing on their child's well-being while trying to remain control in this situation. Security and trust are vital, but it's challenging to relinquish control in an uncertain situation. Professional caregivers can promote trust and participation, but an awareness that something can go wrong affects parents on a deep level. In conclusion, parental presence at induction of anaesthesia is important but can be overwhelming and anxiety-inducing for some parents. Parents should be seen as a resource rather than a disturbance. Overall, the healthcare system should prioritise parents' involvement and seek to create an environment where they feel supported and included.

Lipoprotein(a): An important piece of the ASCVD risk factor puzzle across diverse populations

Elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is an independent, genetic risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) that impacts ~1.4 billion people globally. Generally, Lp(a) levels remain stable over time; thus, most individuals need only undergo Lp(a) testing through a non-fasting blood draw once in their lifetime, unless elevated Lp(a) is identified. Despite the convenience of the test for clinicians and patients, routine Lp(a) testing has not been widely adopted. This review provides a guide to the benefits of Lp(a) testing and solutions for overcoming common barriers in practice, including access to testing and lack of awareness. Lp(a) testing provides the opportunity to reclassify ASCVD risk and drive intensive cardiovascular risk factor management in individuals with elevated Lp(a), and to identify patients potentially less likely to respond to statins. Moreover, cascade screening can help to identify elevated Lp(a) in relatives of individuals with a personal or family history of premature ASCVD. Overall, given the profound impact of elevated Lp(a) on cardiovascular risk, Lp(a) testing should be an essential component of risk assessment by primary and specialty care providers.

A large regional structure from puzzle pieces – the hidden Triassic rift on the western flank of the Eichsfeld-Altmark Swell (EAS) Part 1: History of investigation of the EAS and its stratigraphic development during Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times

A large regional structure from puzzle pieces – the hidden Triassic rift on the western flank of the Eichsfeld-Altmark Swell (EAS) Part 1: History of investigation of the EAS and its stratigraphic development during Palaeozoic and Mesozoic times

What is the role of the neutrophil extracellular traps in the cardiovascular disease burden associated with hemodialysis bioincompatibility?

Despite significant progress in dialysis modalities, intermittent renal replacement therapy remains an "unphysiological" treatment that imperfectly corrects uremic disorders and may lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, neutrophil activation, and oxidative stress due to repetitive blood/membrane interactions contributing to the "remaining uremic syndrome" and cardiovascular disease burden of hemodialysis patients. Understanding dialysis bioincompatibility pathways still remains a clinical and biochemical challenge. Indeed, surrogate biomarkers of inflammation including C-reactive protein could not discriminate between all components involved in these complex pathways. A few examples may serve to illustrate the case. Cytokine release during dialysis sessions may be underestimated due to their removal using high-flux dialysis or hemodiafiltration modalities. Complement activation is recognized as a key event of bioincompatibility. However, it appears as an early and transient event with anaphylatoxin level normalization at the end of the dialysis session. Complement activation is generally assumed to trigger leukocyte stimulation leading to proinflammatory mediators' secretion and oxidative burst. In addition to being part of the innate immune response involved in eliminating physically and enzymatically microbes, the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), known as NETosis, has been recently identified as a major harmful component in a wide range of pathologies associated with inflammatory processes. NETs result from the neutrophil degranulation induced by reactive oxygen species overproduction via NADPH oxidase and consist of modified chromatin decorated with serine proteases, elastase, bactericidal proteins, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) that produces hypochlorite anion. Currently, NETosis remains poorly investigated as a sensitive and integrated marker of bioincompatibility in dialysis. Only scarce data could be found in the literature. Oxidative burst and NADPH oxidase activation are well-known events in the bioincompatibility phenomenon. NET byproducts such as elastase, MPO, and circulating DNA have been reported to be increased in dialysis patients more specifically during dialysis sessions, and were identified as predictors of poor outcomes. As NETs and MPO could be taken up by endothelium, NETs could be considered as a vascular memory of intermittent bioincompatibility phenomenon. In this working hypothesis article, we summarized the puzzle pieces showing the involvement of NET formation during hemodialysis and postulated that NETosis may act as a disease modifier and may contribute to the comorbid burden associated with dialysis bioincompatibility.

High-P metamorphism in the Mesoproterozoic: Petrochronological insights from the Grenville Province

In the Grenville Province, high-P rocks that are discontinuously exposed along the margin of the allochthonous belt preserve the record of deep crustal processes and are an essential puzzle piece to understanding Mesoproterozoic geodynamics. The Manicouagan Imbricate zone (MIZ) is one of the three high-P domains from the Grenville Province. It is located in the Central Grenville between the Parautochthonous Belt to the North and the orogenic hinterland to the South, that were metamorphosed during the 1005–980 Ma Rigolet and 1080–1020 Ma Ottawan orogenic phases, respectively. In the western MIZ, the Lelukuau Terrane (LT) mostly consists of Labradorian-age (∼1650 Ma) mafic suites with a fringe of aluminous rocks at its southern edge. Metamafic samples from the Western and Eastern parts of the MIZ display a peak assemblage of garnet, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, rare pargasite or edenite, and quartz ± kyanite. Pseudosection modelling suggests high-P granulite peak conditions at ca. 14 to 16 kbar and 800–900 °C, with the scarcity of hydrous phases and quartz explaining the lack of evidence for partial melting. Zircon cores from the Western LT sample show a maximum magmatic age of ca 1.6 Ga. Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd dating on garnet from this sample yield ages of 1020 ± 7 Ma and 1005 ± 13 Ma, respectively, overlapping within error and inferred to represent peak metamorphic conditions followed by fast cooling. In the Eastern LT sample, garnet Lu–Hf dating yields two ages that are consistent with a petrographically preserved two stage growth, at 1033 ± 6 Ma and 1013 ± 6 Ma, while the Sm–Nd age indicates cooling at 1003 ± 8 Ma. The recorded high-P granulite facies conditions highlight a late Ottawan to Rigolet-age localized crustal thickening at the margin of the hinterland during the propagation of the orogen to the NW, with a possible younging of the high-P granulite-facies metamorphism from the Eastern to Western LT. These new results indicate that the high-P belt in the Central Grenville does not represent the exhumed base of an Ottawan age orogenic plateau, as previously proposed, and that no tectonic hiatus exists between the two orogenic phases, as generally thought. Finally, this publication highlights the diversity and diachronicity of the high-P domains in the Grenville Province.

409 Awardee Talk: Philosophy and Examples from a Career in Animal Science Education

Abstract Training competent and successful students for career readiness is an ever-changing puzzle. These puzzle pieces include an understanding of the student demographics, consideration of the vision and mission of the department, engagement with alumni, and awareness of opportunities for employment and industry needs. These pieces require the development of a curriculum model that can evolve and respond to these components in a timely way. My career at two universities in roles including Undergraduate Coordinator and Director of Undergraduate Advising has given me the privilege to teach and work with nearly 5,000 students while addressing these puzzle pieces. Students enter with a limited understanding of career opportunities within Animal Sciences but are eager to learn more and are seeking opportunities to do so. As faculty, we can provide meaningful high impact experiences for our students, both inside and outside of the classroom, that also directly align with our appointments and expertise in research, teaching, and Extension. Success requires creating a departmental culture that fosters creativity and a willingness to experiment with new ideas and practices. These high impact experiences provide our students with greater awareness and appreciation for career possibilities that they had not considered before. As the Undergraduate Coordinator, I lead strategic conversations and planning with our faculty to discuss how our departmental core courses and supporting coursework prepare our students professionally. This includes discussion of our annual program assessment, identifying areas of strengths, where our resources may be limited, and how we are teaching to inspire, challenge, and meet the needs of our students. As we all strive to continually improve academic excellence within each of our programs, we must remain nimble and arrange the puzzle pieces to best serve our students.

Glaucoma as a Tauopathy—Is It the Missing Piece in the Glaucoma Puzzle?

Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder affecting the visual system which can result in vision loss and blindness. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying glaucomatous optic neuropathy are ultimately enigmatic, prompting ongoing investigations into its potential shared pathogenesis with other neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Tauopathies represent a subclass of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the abnormal deposition of tau protein within the brain and consequent microtubule destabilization. The extended spectrum of tauopathies includes conditions such as frontotemporal dementias, progressive supranuclear palsy, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer’s disease. Notably, recent decades have witnessed emerging documentation of tau inclusion among glaucoma patients, providing substantiation that this ocular disease may similarly manifest features of tauopathies. These studies found that: (i) aggregated tau inclusions are present in the somatodendritic compartment of RGCs in glaucoma patients; (ii) the etiology of the disease may affect tau splicing, phosphorylation, oligomerization, and subcellular localization; and (iii) short interfering RNA against tau, administered intraocularly, significantly decreased retinal tau accumulation and enhanced RGC somas and axon survival, demonstrating a crucial role for tau modifications in ocular hypertension-induced neuronal injury. Here, we examine the most recent evidence surrounding the interplay between tau protein dysregulation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. We explore the novel perspective of glaucoma as a tau-associated disorder and open avenues for cross-disciplinary collaboration and new treatment strategies.

Carbon sequestration in soils and climate change mitigation-Definitions and pitfalls.

The term carbon (C) sequestration has not just become a buzzword but is something of a siren's call to scientific communicators and media outlets. Carbon sequestration is the removal of C from the atmosphere and the storage, for example, in soil. It has the potential to partially compensate for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and is, therefore, an important piece in the global climate change mitigation puzzle. However, the term C sequestration is often used misleadingly and, while likely unintentional, can lead to the perpetuation of biased conclusions and exaggerated expectations about its contribution to climate change mitigation efforts. Soils have considerable potential to take up C but many are also in a state of continuous loss. In such soils, measures to build up soil C may only lead to a reduction in C losses (C loss mitigation) rather than result in real C sequestration and negative emissions. In an examination of 100 recent peer-reviewed papers on topics surrounding soil C, only 4% were found to have used the term C sequestration correctly. Furthermore, 13% of the papers equated C sequestration with C stocks. The review, further, revealed that measures leading to C sequestration will not always result in climate change mitigation when non-CO2 greenhouse gases and leakage are taken into consideration. This paper highlights potential pitfalls when using the term C sequestration incorrectly and calls for accurate usage of this term going forward. Revised and new terms are suggested to distinguish clearly between C sequestration in soils, SOC loss mitigation, negative emissions, climate change mitigation, SOC storage, and SOC accrual to avoid miscommunication among scientists and stakeholder groups in future.

Application of a pattern-based approach to histological diagnosis in very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD) in a multicentric cohort of children with emphasis on monogenic disease with IBD-like morphology.

Very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) is a clinical umbrella term referring to IBD-like symptoms arising in children before the age of 6 years, encompassing both 'pure' IBD, such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and monogenic diseases (MDs), the latter often involving genes associated with primary immunodeficiencies. Moreover, histological features in gastrointestinal (GI) biopsies in MD can also have IBD-like morphology, making differential diagnosis difficult. Correct diagnosis is fundamental, as MDs show a more severe clinical course and their inadequate/untimely recognition leads to inappropriate therapy. Biopsy samples from the lower and upper GI tract of 93 clinically diagnosed VEO-IBD children were retrospectively selected in a multicentre cohort and histologically re-evaluated by 10 pathologists blinded to clinical information. Each case was classified according to morphological patterns, including UC-like; CD-like; enterocolitis-like; apoptotic; eosinophil-rich; and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U). Nine (69%) MD children showed IBD-like morphology; only the IBD-U pattern correlated with MD diagnosis (P = 0.02) (available in 64 cases: 51 non-MD, true early-onset IBD/other; 13 MD cases). MD patients showed earlier GI symptom onset (18.7 versus 26.9 months) and were sent to endoscopy earlier (22 versus 37 months), these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Upper GI histology was informative in 37 biopsies. The diagnosis of the underlying cause of VEO-IBD requires a multidisciplinary setting, and pathology, while being one of the fundamental puzzle pieces, is often difficult to interpret. A pattern-based histological approach is therefore suggested, thus aiding the pathologist in VEO-IBD reporting and multidisciplinary discussion.

Revealing the missing puzzle piece of concentration in regulating Zn electrodeposition.

Despite achievements in suppressing dendrites and regulating Zn crystal growth, secondary aqueous Zn batteries are still rare in the market. Existing strategies mainly focus on electrode modification and electrolyte optimization, while the essential role of ion concentration in liquid-to-solid electrodeposition is neglected for a long time. Herein, the mechanism of concentration regulation in Zn electrodeposition is investigated in depth by combining electrochemical tests, post hoc characterization, and multiscale simulations. First, initial Zn electrodeposition is thermodynamically controlled epitaxial growth, whereas with the rapid depletion of ions, the concentration overpotential transcends the thermodynamic influence to kinetic control. Then, the evolution of the morphology from 2D sheets to 1D whiskers due to the concentration change is insightfully revealed by the morphological characterization and phase-field modeling. Furthermore, the depth of discharge (DOD) results in large concentration differences at the electrode-electrolyte interface, with a mild concentration distribution at lower DOD generating (002) crystal plane 2D sheets and a heavily varied concentration distribution at higher DOD yielding arbitrarily oriented 3D blocks. As a proof of concept, relaxation is introduced into two systems to homogenize the concentration distribution, revalidating the essential role of concentration in regulating electrodeposition, and two vital factors affecting the relaxation time, i.e., current density and electrode distance, are deeply investigated, demonstrating that the relaxation time is positively related to both and is more sensitive to the electrode distance. This work contributes to reacquainting aqueous batteries undergoing phase transitions and reveals a missing piece of the puzzle in regulating Zn electrodeposition.

Two social minds in one brain? error-related negativity provides evidence for parallel processing pathways during social evaluation

ABSTRACT Several authors assume that evaluative conditioning (EC) relies on high-level propositional thinking. In contrast, the dual-process perspective proposes two processing pathways, one associative and the other propositional, contributing to EC. Dual-process theorists argue that attitudinal ambiguity resulting from these two pathways’ conflicting evaluations demonstrate the involvement of both automatic and controlled processes in EC. Previously, we suggested that amplitude variations of error-related negativity and error-positivity, two well-researched event-related potentials of performance monitoring, allow for the detection of attitudinal ambiguity at the neural level. The present study utilises self-reported evaluation, categorisation performance, and neural correlates of performance monitoring to explore associative-propositional ambiguity during social attitude formation. Our results show that compared to associative-propositional harmony, attitudinal ambiguity correlates with more neutral subjective evaluations, longer response times, increased error commission, and diminished error-related negativity amplitudes. While our findings align with dual-process models, we aim to offer a propositional interpretation. We discuss dual-process theories in the context of evolutionary psychology, suggesting that associative processes may only represent a small piece of the EC puzzle.

The Origin and Early Evolution of Life: Homochirality Emergence in Prebiotic Environments.

Homochirality is one of the signatures of life. Numerous geological and prebiotic chemistry studies have proved that disordered soups containing small organic molecules, gases, liquids, and minerals (such as those containing phosphorous) yielded racemic mixtures of building blocks for biomolecule assembly. Polymers obtained from these bricks should have been enantiopure with functional properties similar to modern biomolecules or heterochiral with some functions such as catalyzing a chemical transformation unspecifically. Up until now, no clues have been found as to how symmetry breaking occurred. In this review, we highlight the principal achievements regarding the emergence of homochirality during the prebiotic synthesis of building blocks. Furthermore, we tried to focus on approaches based on prebiotic systems chemistry (bottom-up) and laboratory scales to simulate plausible prebiotic messy environments for the emergence of life. We aim with this review to assemble, even partially, the puzzle pieces of the origin of life regarding the relevant phenomenon of homochiral symmetry breaking.

Developing Number Puzzle Learning Media for Elementary School Dyslexic Students: Single Subject Research

A child displaying symptoms of dyslexic learning disorders requires assistance in accurately identifying numbers, particularly those that share resemblances. This research aimed to develop media for teaching dyslexic children to help them identify numbers correctly. This research employed a development and single-subject research method. The subject was a child with symptoms of dyslexia learning disorders from primary school in Gorontalo, Indonesia. The research instruments used were observation sheets and media validation. The findings revealed that prior to engaging with the puzzle activity, the dyslexic student demonstrated the capability to identify a range of 4 to 5 numbers accurately. However, after participating in the puzzle activity, the dyslexic student exhibited an improved performance, achieving the ability to correctly recognize and recall 8 to 10 digits in both writing and memory. The number puzzle media was developed by dividing the puzzle into two parts: the part of the screen containing the complete picture and the base placing the puzzle pieces. The puzzle pieces were made by stacking several formed duplex parts, then covered with paper glued together to create a waterproof product. The puzzle focused on the numbers contrasting in color. The numbers were divided into several parts to make it easier for dyslexic students to identify models of these numbers. After conducting media testing on a dyslexic student, the analysis demonstrated a positive impact of the media on learning outcomes. This research suggests a notable improvement in the numerical identification skills of the dyslexic student

Preliminary Findings of the Needs Perceived and Expectations of Users of an Independent Learning Centre Survey in Hong Kong: What do They Tell Us?

The Independent Learning Centre (ILC) has a long history in the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK). Being unique in many ways, both within the university and in Hong Kong as an independent support unit on campus, we support all students, namely undergrads and postgrads, in their academic pursuit, career preparation, as well as whole-person and global awareness development through non-formal education. In other words, the ILC does not touch students’ grade point average (GPA) directly, but has an undeniable and direct impact on CUHK students’ learning experiences and well-being by complementing their formal education and supporting their language and communication skills both in English and Chinese in the context of Hong Kong. We offer both academic and work-related workshops (2 hours long), conduct individual and group consultations, and we develop online learning resources on our own or in collaboration with colleagues from other units such as the University Library, and the Office of Student Affairs to address students’ diverse learning needs. Evaluation of our services and resources is conducted after every student encounter face-to-face, and through the online means. In general, students are very satisfied with what we have been offering, and think our Centre is an important piece of puzzle in their learning jigsaw. But despite this, no formal survey on students’ views about independent learning has been conducted since our inception. The ILC, therefore, conducted our very first survey in 2022 among all students in the CUHK on their perception of the learning needs, and their expectations of independent learning support that the university should provide in face of the challenges, both local and global, ahead of them. Our paper will present both our quantitative and qualitative survey results, students’ comments, as well as the implications for a centre like ours, and other similar centres in the region and across the world.

Nocturnal selective pressures on the evolution of human musicality as a missing piece of the adaptationist puzzle.

Human musicality exhibits the necessary hallmarks for biological adaptations. Evolutionary explanations focus on recurrent adaptive problems that human musicality possibly solved in ancestral environments, such as mate selection and competition, social bonding/cohesion and social grooming, perceptual and motor skill development, conflict reduction, safe time-passing, transgenerational communication, mood regulation and synchronization, and credible signaling of coalition and territorial/predator defense. Although not mutually exclusive, these different hypotheses are still not conceptually integrated nor clearly derived from independent principles. I propose The Nocturnal Evolution of Human Musicality and Performativity Theory in which the night-time is the missing piece of the adaptationist puzzle of human musicality and performing arts. The expansion of nocturnal activities throughout human evolution, which is tied to tree-to-ground sleep transition and habitual use of fire, might help (i) explain the evolution of musicality from independent principles, (ii) explain various seemingly unrelated music features and functions, and (iii) integrate many ancestral adaptive values proposed. The expansion into the nocturnal niche posed recurrent ancestral adaptive challenges/opportunities: lack of luminosity, regrouping to cook before sleep, imminent dangerousness, low temperatures, peak tiredness, and concealment of identity. These crucial night-time features might have selected evening-oriented individuals who were prone to acoustic communication, more alert and imaginative, gregarious, risk-taking and novelty-seeking, prone to anxiety modulation, hedonistic, promiscuous, and disinhibited. Those night-time selected dispositions may have converged and enhanced protomusicality into human musicality by facilitating it to assume many survival- and reproduction-enhancing roles (social cohesion and coordination, signaling of coalitions, territorial defense, antipredatorial defense, knowledge transference, safe passage of time, children lullabies, and sexual selection) that are correspondent to the co-occurring night-time adaptive challenges/opportunities. The nocturnal dynamic may help explain musical features (sound, loudness, repetitiveness, call and response, song, elaboration/virtuosity, and duetting/chorusing). Across vertebrates, acoustic communication mostly occurs in nocturnal species. The eveningness chronotype is common among musicians and composers. Adolescents, who are the most evening-oriented humans, enjoy more music. Contemporary tribal nocturnal activities around the campfire involve eating, singing/dancing, storytelling, and rituals. I discuss the nocturnal integration of musicality's many roles and conclude that musicality is probably a multifunctional mental adaptation that evolved along with the night-time adaptive landscape.

NEWS2 – one piece of a bigger puzzle

NEWS2 – one piece of a bigger puzzle