Putrescine Treatment Research Articles

DNA methylation change and antioxidant enzyme activity of drought stress and putrescine treatment in ancient wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)

DNA methylation change and antioxidant enzyme activity of drought stress and putrescine treatment in ancient wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)

Exogenous putrescine application imparts salt stress-induced oxidative stress tolerance via regulating antioxidant activity, potassium uptake, and abscisic acid to gibberellin ratio in Zinnia flowers

This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy of putrescine (PUT) treatment (0, 1, 2, and 4 mM) on improving morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of Zinnia elegans “State Fair” flowers under salt stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl). The experiment was designed in a factorial setting under completely randomized design with 4 replications. The results showed that by increasing the salt stress intensity, the stress index (SSI) increased while morphological traits such as plant height decreased. PUT treatments effectively recovered the decrease in plant height and flower quality compared to the not-treated plants. Treatment by PUT 2 mM under 50 and 100 mM salt stress levels reduced the SSI by 28 and 35%, respectively, and increased plant height by 20 and 27% compared to untreated plants (PUT 0 mM). 2 mM PUT treatment also had the greatest effect on increasing fresh and dry biomass, number and surface area of leaves, flower diameter, internodal length, leaf relative water content, protein contents, total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids, leaf potassium (K+) content, and K+/Na+ ratio in treated plants compared to untreated control plants. The treatment of 2 mM PUT decreased the electrolyte leakage, leaf sodium (Na+) content, H2O2, malondialdehyde, and proline content. Furthermore, PUT treatments increased the activity of defense-related enzymes including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), and reduced the abscisic acid (ABA) content while increased the level of gibberellin (GA) content compared to untreated samples under all different levels of salinity stress. In this research, enhancing the plant’s antioxidant system, increasing K+ absorption, K+/Na+ ratio, and reducing the ABA/GA ratio are likely the most important mechanisms of PUT treatment, which improved growth, and maintained the visual quality of zinnia flowers under salt stress conditions.

The Effect of Putrescine and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Treatments on Fruit Quality Characteristics of Strawberry (Kabarla cultivar) During Cold Storage

Strawberry is a fruit species that must be harvested at full ripening and at the same time has an extremely short shelf life and deteriorates rapidly. Therefore, it is important to extend the shelf life after harvest. In this study, putrescine and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were applied during cold storage in order to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of strawberry fruit. The commercial ripening fruit were treated with 1 mM putrescine and stored in MAP for 20 days. The quality characteristics such as weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, fruit color, organic acid and phenolic content were measured and analyzed on days 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 of storage. At the end of 20 days of the cold storage, the highest weight loss was in control treatment (%). The decrease in soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) values during cold storage was slowed down by MAP and putrescine treatments. Organic acids and phenolic compounds were significantly affected by storage time and MAP and putrescine treatments. After 20 days of the cold storage, citric acid (748.91 mg 100 g -1) and malic acid (258.34 mg 100 g-1), which were determined as basic organic acids, were highest in putrescine treatment. Shikimic acid (0.77 mg 100 g-1) and isocitric acid (112.58 mg 100 g-1) as phenolic compounds were highest in MAP and MAP+ putrescine treatments, respectively. These results releaved that the application of putrescine and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) during cold storage significantly extends the market life of strawberries by preserving their quality attributes.

Preharvest putrescine treatment improves blood orange commercial quality during storage at 8°C

Preharvest putrescine treatment improves blood orange commercial quality during storage at 8°C

Different reactions of wheat, maize, and rice plants to putrescine treatment

Polyamines play an important role in growth and differentiation by regulating numerous physiological and biochemical processes at the cellular level. In addition to their roborative effect, their essential role in plant stress responses has been also reported. However, the positive effect may depend on the fine-tuning of polyamine metabolism, which influences the production of free radicals and/or signalling molecules. In the present study, 0.3 mM hydroponic putrescine treatment was tested in wheat, maize, and rice in order to reveal differences in their answers and highlight the relation of these with polyamine metabolism. In the case of wheat, the chlorophyll content and the actual quantum yield increased after putrescine treatment, and no remarkable changes were detected in the stress markers, polyamine contents, or polyamine metabolism-related gene expression. Although, in maize, the actual quantum yield decreased, and the root hydrogen peroxide content increased, no other negative effect was observed after putrescine treatment due to activation of polyamine oxidases at enzyme and gene expression levels. The results also demonstrated that after putrescine treatment, rice with a higher initial polyamine content, the balance of polyamine metabolism was disrupted and a significant amount of putrescine was accumulated, accompanied by a detrimental decrease in the level of higher polyamines. These initial differences and the putrescine-induced shift in polyamine metabolism together with the terminal catabolism or back-conversion-induced release of a substantial quantity of hydrogen peroxide could contribute to oxidative stress observed in rice.

Comparison of the Effect of Mycorrhiza Fungi, Humic Acid, and Putrescine Treatments on Lallemantia royleana under Drought Stress

Comparison of the Effect of Mycorrhiza Fungi, Humic Acid, and Putrescine Treatments on Lallemantia royleana under Drought Stress

Detailed Study on Cold Storage of Mulberry Fruits: Effect of Postharvest Putrescine Treatments on Quality Characteristics and Biochemical Properties of Mulberry Fruits

Detailed Study on Cold Storage of Mulberry Fruits: Effect of Postharvest Putrescine Treatments on Quality Characteristics and Biochemical Properties of Mulberry Fruits

Salicylic acid and putrescine treatments reduce yellowing, decay and retain postharvest quality of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) during cold storage

Bitter gourd is a valuable cucurbitaceous vegetable rich in various beneficial phytochemicals such phenols, antioxidants, saponins, charantin etc. In spite of high medicinal value bitter gourd faces significant postharvest losses due to factors such as mass reduction, tissue softening, yellowing, and fungal contamination, especially when stored under ambient conditions. To combat these issues, immature green bitter gourd fruits (16 DAP) were subjected to different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) at 5, 7.5, and 10 mM) and putrescine (PUT) at 1, 2, and 3 mM, through a 15-minute dipping process. In contrast, untreated fruits were dipped in distilled water and served as the control group. These treated and control fruits were subsequently stored at 10 ºC with a relative humidity range of 85–95 % for 20 days. Results showed that among all treatments, bitter gourd fruits treated with 10 mM SA exhibited the most noteworthy outcomes. They retained higher levels of total phenols (26.28 μg GAE 100 g-1), radical scavenging activity (27.95 %), ascorbic acid content (50.0 mg 100 g-1 FW), and total chlorophyll (0.32 mg g-1 FW) on the 20th day of storage. Additionally, the 10 mM SA treatment demonstrated the highest inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, as well as the lowest decay percentage when compared to the control. On the other hand, 3 mM PUT treatment resulted in greater fruit firmness (27.45 N), lower per cent postharvest loss weight (6.60 %), and reduced pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity (0.0075 µmol min-1 g-1 FW). These findings were further validated through principal component analysis (PCA), which highlighted that bitter gourd fruits could be effectively stored for up to 20 days at 10 ºC with pre-storage treatment involving 10.0 mM SA and 3.0 mM PUT. Overall higher quality and shelf-life of bitter gourd were obtained in bitter gourd treated with 10.0 mM SA. Consequently, it is recommended that the application of SA and PUT represents an environmentally friendly approach to preserve the quality of bitter gourd during storage, benefiting both retailers and consumers alike.

Tombul Fındık Çeşidinin Köklenme Kabiliyeti Üzerine Çelik Alma Zamanı ve Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyicilerinin Etkisi

The study was carried out to determine the effect of cutting time, IBA and putrescine treatments on the rooting of the cuttings of Tombul hazelnut cultivar. The plant material of study consisted of cuttings prepared from one-year-old root sucker of Tombul hazelnut cultivar. The cuttings collected on three different dates (15 June, 10 July and 4 August) were performed three treatments (control, 2000 ppm IBA and 2000 ppm IBA+1600 ppm putrescine). Depending on the interaction of cutting time and treatment, the highest rooting was determined in the cuttings treated IBA collected in June (16.7%), while the lowest in the control cuttings (0%) in all periods. Except for the cuttings treated IBA+putrescine collected in August, callus did not occur in other treatments. The number of roots per cutting was determined between 0.0 (control in all applications) and 15.5 (taken in July and IBA applied). Root length was measured from 0.0 (control in all applications) to 8.0 cm (received in June and IBA applied). The best results in rooting level were recorded in cuttings treated IBA collected in July (4.0). The best results in terms of rooting and root properties of cuttings of Tombul hazelnut cultivar were generally determined in cuttings treated IBA collected in June.

Exogenous citric acid, salicylic acid, and putrescine treatments preserve the postharvest quality and physicochemical properties of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) during cold storage.

To extend the postharvest storage life of broccoli samples (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), an exogenous application of citric acid (CA), salicylic acid (SA), and putrescine (PUT) was tested in multiple combinations (0.5 and 1 mM) at 4 ± 0.5°C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) for 21 days (d). The weight loss (WL), respiration rate (RR), total soluble solids (TSS), pH, color (L*, a*, b*, chroma, and hue angle), proximate and mineral contents, phenolic and flavonoid contents, and other biochemical properties of the treated and untreated broccoli samples were evaluated throughout the storage duration. The lowest WL was observed when exposed to 0.5 mM of PUT. 1 mM CA and PUT treatments were affected by RR, depending on storage conditions. The lowest TSS content was observed in broccoli samples treated with 0.5 mM CA among all treatments. The chroma value of the samples was preserved by the 0.5 mM SA treatment. The most abundant element in broccoli samples was potassium in the control application, followed by a 1 mM SA treatment. In addition, the protein content was the highest in the 1 mM PUT treatment. The highest vitamin C was determined in the 1 mM CA treatment, and the most abundant vanillic acid was found in broccoli exposed to the 0.5 mM and treatment. Glucose content was determined at the lowest level in the 0.5 mM SA treatment, while higher increases occurred in other treatments. In terms of these findings, 1 mM CA, 1 mM SA, and 1 mM PUT delay WL, RR, and color degradation and prolong the storage life of broccoli samples stored at 4 ± 0.5°C. It was concluded that the biochemical content, fresh weight, and green color of broccoli samples throughout postharvest and storage can be maintained longer by exogenous application of these natural compounds. Therefore, we recommend 1 mM PUT and 1 mM CA treatments to maintain the quality of broccoli by minimizing losses in morphological properties, mineral, and biochemical compositions during postharvest storage.

The Effect of Collection Time, IBA and Putrescine Treatments on the Rooting Potential of Foşa Hazelnut Cultivar

Objective: The aim of the research was to determine how collection time, IBA, and putrescine treatments affected the rooting potential of the Foşa hazelnut cultivar (Corylus avellana L.).
 Material and Methods: Cuttings were taken from 1-year-old root suckers of Foşa hazelnut cultivar on 4 different dates (June 15, July 10, August 4 and August 28; in 2021 year). 3 different treatments [Control, IBA (2000 ppm) and IBA+putrescine (2000 ppm+1600 ppm)] were performed to the prepared cuttings. Rooting, callusing, survived cutting ratio, dead cutting ratio, root number, root length, rooting level, number of cutting with buds, number of cutting with shoot, and number of cutting with leaves properties were investigated in cuttings removed from the rooting medium.
 Results: The collection time and treatments had a significant effect on the rooting ability of Foşa hazelnut cuttings. Depending on the collection time and treatments interaction, the callusing ranged from 1.7 (in IBA+putrescine treatment in the June 15) to 96.7% (in IBA treatment in the July 10). Rooting was determined between 0 (in control in the August 3, in control and IBA+putrescine treatments in the August 28) and 26.7% (in IBA treatment in the July 10). The root number was determined from 0 (in control in the August 3, in control and IBA+putrescine treatments in the August 28) to 13.1 (in IBA treatment in the July 10). Root length was measured between 0 (in control in the August 3, in control and IBA+putrescine treatments in the August 28) and 7.4 cm (in IBA treatment in the July 10). The best rooting scale was determined in (2.5) cuttings collected in July 10 and treated with IBA. It was followed by (2.3) cuttings treated IBA collected in June 15.
 Conclusion: It was determined that the rooting ability of IBA-treated semi-hardwood cuttings collected in the early period from Foşa hazelnut cultivar was higher.

A prospective insight into the reproduction of Sternbergia clusiana K. Gawl.: an endangered species

Sternbergia clusiana (SC) is a bulbous plant having an alluring ornamental flower, medicinal properties, and an endangered status due to climate-change ecology. However, the methods of propagation for conserving this notable species have been neglected. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on SC regeneration by virtue of a asexual propagation method, with the intention of preserving this endangered species from extinction. In this regard, having collected the bulbs from a wild habitat, bulbs were cut in accordance with the chipping technique. Thereafter, pieces were treated with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 250, 500, and 1000 mg·L−1, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 100, 250, and 500 mg·L−1, putrescine (PU) at 50, 100, and 200 mg·L−1, BAP and NAA combination, BAP and PU combination, and a control. Pieces were then transferred into primary and terminal growing media under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Next, the number, length, width, and weight of bulbs were determined. The greatest bulb number (2.10 counts), bulb length (26.75 mm), bulb width (16.25 mm), and bulb weight (3.13 g) were observed in the PU treatments. In addition, the results showed that even though the treated bulbs with BAP and PU combinations had preferable performance generally, the results were inconsistent. Taken together, this research indicates that utilizing asexual propagation along with PGRs, in the proper dosage, can serve as a mechanism to protect the endangered geophyte from extinction in nature.

Putrescine (1,4-Diaminobutane) enhances antifungal activity in postharvest mango fruit against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides through direct fungicidal and induced resistance mechanisms

Anthracnose decay caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides greatly shortens the shelf life and commercial quality of mango fruit. Putrescine (1,4-Diaminobutane) is involved in modulating plant defense to various environmental stresses. In this research, in vivo and in vitro tests were used to explore the antifungal activity and the underlying mechanism of putrescine against C. gloeosporioides in mango fruit after harvested. In vivo tests suggested that putrescine markedly delayed the occurrence of disease and limited the spots expansion on inoculated mango fruit. Further analysis exhibited that putrescine treatment enhanced disease resistance, along with enhanced activities of chitinase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the accumulation of lignin, flavonoid, phenolics, and anthocyanin in infected mango fruit. In addition, in vitro tests showed that putrescine exerted strongly antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides. Putrescine induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and severe lipid peroxidation damage in C. gloeosporioides mycelia, resulting in the leakage of soluble protein, soluble sugar, nucleic acids, K+ and Ca2+ of C. gloeosporioides mycelia. The mycelium treated with putrescine showed severe deformity and shrinkage, and even cracking. Taken together, putrescine could effectively reduce the incidence rate and severity of anthracnose disease possibly through direct fungicidal effect and indirect induced resistance mechanism, thus showing great potential to be applied to disease control.

Impact of Postharvest Putrescine Treatments on Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, Organic Acid Contents and Some Quality Characteristics of Fresh Fig Fruits during Cold Storage

The storage and shelf life of the fig, which has a sensitive fruit structure, is short, and this results in excessive economic losses. In a study carried out to contribute to the solution of this problem, the effect of postharvest putrescine application at different doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM) on fruit quality characteristics and biochemical content during cold storage in figs was determined. At the end of the cold storage, the decay rate and weight loss in the fruit were in the ranges of 1.0-1.6% and 1.0-5.0 %, respectively. The decay rate and weight loss were lower in putrescine-applied fruit during cold storage. Putrescine application had a positive effect on the changes in fruit flesh firmness values. The SSC rate of fruit varied between 14 and 20%, while significant differences in the SSC rate occurred depending on storage time and putrescine application dose. With putrescine application, the decrease in the acidity rate of the fig fruit during cold storage was smaller. At the end of the cold storage, the acidity rate was between 1.5-2.5% and 1.0-5.0. Putrescine treatments affected total antioxidant activity values and changes occurred in total antioxidant activity depending on the application dose. In the study, it was observed that the amount of phenolic acid in fig fruit decreased during storage and putrescine doses prevented this decrease. Putrescine treatment affected the changes in the quantity of organic acids during cold storage, and this effect varied depending on the type of organic acid and the length of the cold storage period. As a result, it was revealed that putrescine treatments can be used as an effective method to maintain postharvest fruit quality in figs.

Foliar application of putrescine, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid mitigates frost stress damage in Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Giziluzum’

BackgroundCold stress is an effective factor in reducing production and injuring fruit trees. Various materials, such as salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and putrescine, are used to alleviate the damage of abiotic stress.ResultsThe effect of different treatments of putrescine, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid on alleviating the damage of frost stress (− 3 °C) to grapes ‘Giziluzum’ was investigated. Frost stress increased the amount of H2O2, MDA, proline, and MSI. On the other hand, it decreased the concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves. Putrescine, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid significantly increased the activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase under frost stress. Following frost stress, the grapes treated with putrescine, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid showed higher levels of DHA, AsA, and AsA/DHA than the untreated grapes. Our results showed that the treatment with ascorbic acid outperformed the other treatments in adjusting frost stress damages.ConclusionThe use of compounds, such as ascorbic ac id, salicylic acid, and putrescine, modulates the effects of frost stress, thereby increasing the antioxidant defense system of cells, reducing its damage, and stabilizing stable cell conditions, so it can be used to reduce frost damage to different grape cultivars.

Effects of putrescine on oxidative stress, spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase, inflammation and energy levels in liver and serum in rats with brain ischemia-reperfusion.

We aimed to examine the effects of brain ischemia-reperfusion (IR) especially on serum parameters or liver enzymes, free radicals, cytokines, oxidatively damaged DNA, spermidine/spermine N-1-acetyltransferase (SSAT). The effects of addition of putrescine on IR will be evaluated in terms of inflammation and oxidant-antioxidant balance in liver.The study was conducted on 46 male Albino Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. The rats were grouped into: 1-Sham group (n = 6). 2-IR group (n = 8): The carotid arteries were ligated for 30-min and reperfusion was achieved for 30-min under general anesthesia. 3-Ischemia + putrescine + reperfusion group (IPR) (n = 8): Unlike the IR group, a single dose of 250 μmol kg-1 putrescine was given by gavage at the beginning of reperfusion. In putrescine treatment groups in addition to the procedures performed in the IR group a total of 4 doses of 250 μmol kg-1 putrescine were given at 12-h intervals, with the first dose immediately after 30-min reperfusion (4-IR+putrescine group (IR+P1) (n = 8)); 3 h after the 30-min reperfusion (5-IR+putrescine group (IR+P2) (n = 8)); 6 h after the 30-min reperfusion (6-IR+putrescine group (IR+P3) (n = 8)). ALT, AST, ATP, NO, SSAT, 8-OHdG levels were analyzed in the serum, and liver samples. NF-κB and IL-6 levels were analyzed in the liver samples.Brain IR causes inflammatory, oxidative and DNA damage in the liver, and putrescine supplementation through gavage reduces liver damage by showing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Exogenous addition of putrescine enhanced lipid accumulation in Tetradesmus obliquus for increased biodiesel productivity

Microalgae can continuously convert carbon dioxide into biofuels as a typical organism of biological carbon fixation. This study investigated the effects of exogenous putrescine on lipid accumulation, algal growth, and transcriptional metabolism of Tetradesmus obliquus. The results showed that the content of neutral lipids increased by 2.26-fold after short-term stress of putrescine, and the total lipids increased to 355.51 mg/g. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis reveals that putrescine treatment plays a dramatic role in photosynthetic electron transport, carbon metabolism, and signal transduction pathways, and the purpose of lipid accumulation was achieved by influencing the changes in cell carbon flux and physiological functions. Altogether, this study demonstrates for the first time that putrescine treatment has a positive effect on lipid accumulation through unprecedented regulation of key metabolic nodes and provides theoretical support for the industrial biodiesel production of microalgae.

Pre-storage Putrescine Treatment Alleviates Internal Browning of Stored Pear Fruit by Regulating Enzyme Activity

Pre-storage Putrescine Treatment Alleviates Internal Browning of Stored Pear Fruit by Regulating Enzyme Activity

Exogenous Putrescine Enhances Rice Seed Germination in Salinity Stress

Putrescine plays a distinct role in various types of biological functions in all living organisms, as well as environmental stress. The aim of the study is to effect of exogenous putrescine on the physiological condition of the rice seeds investigated. Salt treatment resulted in the reduction of speed of germination, germination, germination energy, germination energy percentage, final germination percentage, shoot and root length, and plant dry weight, where proline content was remarkably increased. Among the rice varieties, BRRI 48 was affected maximum by way of salinity in case of germination and growth, and GHORIAL become least affected in comparison to other varieties. However, exogenous putrescine treatment significantly enhances rice seeds germination, as well as shoot and root length in all varieties. Our findings reveal that plant putrescine tremendously reduced rice salt tolerance.

Exogenous Putrescine Treatment Maintains Postharvest Quality and Delays Senescence of Guava Fruit

Exogenous Putrescine Treatment Maintains Postharvest Quality and Delays Senescence of Guava Fruit