Putative Ligand Binding Research Articles

Mapping the functional anatomy of Orai1 transmembrane domains for CRAC channel gating

Store-operated Orai1 channels are activated through a unique inside-out mechanism involving binding of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor STIM1 to cytoplasmic sites on Orai1. Although atomic-level details of Orai structure, including the pore and putative ligand binding domains, are resolved, how the gating signal is communicated to the pore and opens the gate is unknown. To address this issue, we used scanning mutagenesis to identify 15 residues in transmembrane domains (TMs) 1-4 whose perturbation activates Orai1 channels independently of STIM1. Cysteine accessibility analysis and molecular-dynamics simulations indicated that constitutive activation of the most robust variant, H134S, arises from a pore conformational change that opens a hydrophobic gate to augment pore hydration, similar to gating evoked by STIM1. Mutational analysis of this locus suggests that H134 acts as steric brake to stabilize the closed state of the channel. In addition, atomic packing analysis revealed distinct functional contacts between the TM1 pore helix and the surrounding TM2/3 helices, including one set mediated by a cluster of interdigitating hydrophobic residues and another by alternative ridges of polar and hydrophobic residues. Perturbing these contacts via mutagenesis destabilizes STIM1-mediated Orai1 channel gating, indicating that these bridges between TM1 and the surrounding TM2/3 ring are critical for conveying the gating signal to the pore. These findings help develop a framework for understanding the global conformational changes and allosteric interactions between topologically distinct domains that are essential for activation of Orai1 channels.

Mechanistic and Structural Insights Into the Unique TetR-Dependent Regulation of a Drug Efflux Pump in Mycobacterium abscessus.

Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging human pathogen causing severe pulmonary infections and is refractory to standard antibiotherapy, yet few drug resistance mechanisms have been reported in this organism. Recently, mutations in MAB_4384 leading to up-regulation of the MmpS5/MmpL5 efflux pump were linked to increased resistance to thiacetazone derivatives. Herein, the DNA-binding activity of MAB_4384 was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays using the palindromic sequence IRS5/L5 located upstream of mmpS5/mmpL5. Introduction of point mutations within IRS5/L5 identified the sequence requirements for optimal binding of the regulator. Moreover, formation of the protein/IRS5/L5 complex was severely impaired for MAB_4384 harboring D14N or F57L substitutions. IRS5/L5/lacZ reporter fusions in M. abscessus demonstrated increased β-galactosidase activity either in strains lacking a functional MAB_4384 or in cultures treated with the TAC analogs. In addition, X-ray crystallography confirmed a typical TetR homodimeric structure of MAB_4384 and unraveled a putative ligand binding site in which the analogs could be docked. Overall, these results support drug recognition of the MAB_4384 TetR regulator, alleviating its binding to IRS5/L5 and steering up-regulation of MmpS5/MmpL5. This study provides new mechanistic and structural details of TetR-dependent regulatory mechanisms of efflux pumps and drug resistance in mycobacteria.

Crystal structure of secretory abundant heat soluble protein 4 from one of the toughest “water bears” micro‐animals Ramazzottius Varieornatus

Though anhydrobiotic tardigrades (micro‐animals also known as water bears) possess many genes of secretory abundant heat soluble (SAHS) proteins unique to Tardigrada, their functions are unknown. A previous crystallographic study revealed that a SAHS protein (RvSAHS1) from one of the toughest tardigrades, Ramazzottius varieornatus, has a β‐barrel architecture similar to fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and two putative ligand binding sites (LBS1 and LBS2) where fatty acids can bind. However, some SAHS proteins such as RvSAHS4 have different sets of amino acid residues at LBS1 and LBS2, implying that they prefer other ligands and have different functions. Here RvSAHS4 was crystallized and analyzed under a condition similar to that for RvSAHS1. There was no electron density corresponding to a fatty acid at LBS1 of RvSAHS4, where a putative fatty acid was observed in RvSAHS1. Instead, LBS2 of RvSAHS4, which was composed of uncharged residues, captured a putative polyethylene glycol molecule. These results suggest that RvSAHS4 mainly uses LBS2 for the binding of uncharged molecules.

Functional characterization of mosquito short neuropeptide F receptors

Mosquito blood feeding transiently inhibits sugar- and host seeking through neuropeptide signaling. Short neuropeptide F (sNPF) is one of the neuromodulators involved in this regulation. Here, we identified the genes for the sNPF precursor and the sNPF receptor in the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Comparative analyses are made with the genes of the sNPF precursor and receptor from two other important vectors, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles coluzzii. We functionally characterized the receptors in all three species using endogenous neuropeptides, and quantified their transcript expression following a blood meal and a sugar meal. Our analysis reveals several Cx. quinquefasciatus-specific duplications of the sNPF-3 isoform on the sNPF precursor, which are not reflected in the precursors of the other two species. In contrast, the structure of the sNPF receptors is highly conserved within mosquitoes, and a putative ligand binding region is proposed and discussed. Reflecting the high structural conservation, the sNPF receptor sensitivity to endogenous sNPF isoforms is conserved across mosquito species. Using quantitative real time PCR, we demonstrate that transcript abundance of the sNPF receptor and precursor is regulated following feeding, only in Cx. quinquefasciatus. We discuss our findings in relation to previous work on sNPF signaling and its role in feeding regulation.

GPCR Homology Model Generation for Lead Optimization.

The vast increase of recently solved GPCR X-ray structures forms the basis for GPCR homology modeling to atomistic accuracy. Nowadays, homology models can be employed for GPCR-ligand optimization and have been reported as invaluable tools for drug design in the last few years. Elucidation of the complex GPCR pharmacology and the associated GPCR conformations made clear that different homology models have to be constructed for different activation states of the GPCRs. Therefore, templates have to be chosen accordingly to their sequence homology as well as to their activation state. The subsequent ligand placement is nontrivial, as some recent X-ray structures show very unusual ligand binding sites and solvent involvement, expanding the space of the putative ligand binding site from the generic retinal binding pocket to the whole receptor. In the present study, a workflow is presented starting from the selection of the target sequence, guiding through the GPCR modeling process, and finishing with ligand placement and pose validation.

Evolutionary and Structural Analyses of Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8 of Himalayan Kumaon Cattle and Goat

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that are critical for the functions of the host innate immunity. This study reports complete coding sequences of TLR-7 and TLR-8 of cattle and goat of Himalayan Kumaon (HK) region. Further, predicted 26 leucine rich repeats (LRRs), two terminal LRR modules and putative common and differential ligand binding amino acids in TLR-7 and -8 of ruminants. The differential ligand binding amino acids between TLR-7 and TLR-8 of HK-cattle were Val396, Arg422, Val513, Asp538 and Val566 in TLR-8; Thr406, Lys432, Thr533, Leu558 and Ile586 in TLR-7. Codon selection analysis revealed co-localization of positively selected codons 377 and 408 of cattle, and 402 and 859 of goat with already reported SNPs in ruminants. The comparative analysis of deduced electrostatic surface potential of the extracellular domain of TLR-7 and -8 resulted in grouping of different species within ruminants.

Structural and functional insights into the periplasmic detector domain of the GacS histidine kinase controlling biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium responsible for both acute and chronic infections and has developed resistance mechanisms due to its ability to promote biofilm formation and evade host adaptive immune responses. Here, we investigate the functional role of the periplasmic detector domain (GacSPD) from the membrane-bound GacS histidine kinase, which is one of the key players for biofilm formation and coordination of bacterial lifestyles. A gacS mutant devoid of the periplasmic detector domain is severely defective in biofilm formation. Functional assays indicate that this effect is accompanied by concomitant changes in the expression of the two RsmY/Z small RNAs that control activation of GacA-regulated genes. The solution NMR structure of GacSPD reveals a distinct PDC/PAS α/β fold characterized by a three-stranded β-sheet flanked by α-helices and an atypical major loop. Point mutations in a putative ligand binding pocket lined by positively-charged residues originating primarily from the major loop impaired biofilm formation. These results demonstrate the functional role of GacSPD, evidence critical residues involved in GacS/GacA signal transduction system that regulates biofilm formation, and document the evolutionary diversity of the PDC/PAS domain fold in bacteria.

Late-onset X-linked adrenal hypoplasia (DAX-1, NR0B1): two new adult-onset cases from a single center

PurposeDAX-1 (NR0B1) is an orphan nuclear receptor, which plays a critical role in development and regulation of the adrenal gland and hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. Mutations in NR0B1 lead to adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and azoospermia in men. Presentation is typically with adrenal insufficiency (AI) during infancy or childhood. To date only eight cases/kindreds are reported to have presented in adulthood.MethodsWe describe two new cases of men with DAX-1 mutations who presented in adulthood and who were diagnosed at a large University Hospital.ResultsCase 1 presented with AI at 19 years. At 38 years he was diagnosed with HH. Detailed history revealed a brother diagnosed with AI at a similar age. Sequencing of the DAX-1 (NR0B1) gene revealed a heterozygous c.775T > C substitution in exon 1, which changes codon 259 from serine to proline (p.Ser259Pro). Case 2 was diagnosed with AI at 30 years. Aged 37 years he presented with HH and azoospermia. He was treated with gonadotropin therapy but remained azoospermic. Testicular biopsy showed maturational arrest and hypospermatogenesis. Analysis of the NR0B1 gene showed a heterozygous c.836C > T substitution in exon 1, resulting in a change of codon 279 from proline to leucine (p.Pro279Leu). This change alters the structure of the repression helix domain of DAX-1 and affects protein complex interactions with NR5A family members.ConclusionsWe describe two missense mutations within the putative carboxyl-terminal ligand binding domain of DAX-1, presenting with AHC and HH in adulthood, from a single center. DAX-1 mutations may be more frequent in adults than previously recognized. We recommend testing for DAX-1 mutations in all adults with primary AI and HH or impaired fertility where the etiology is unclear.

CHSE-214: A model for studying extracellular dsRNA sensing in vitro

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is produced by almost all viruses during their replicative cycle and is a potent inducer of the innate antiviral immune response including inducing expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). During lytic virus infections intracellular dsRNA can escape into the extracellular space, where surface pattern recognition receptors, such as class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) facilitate its binding and entry into neighbouring cells. Studying extracellular dsRNA entry is difficult due to the ubiquitous expression profile and compensatory dsRNA binding characteristics of SR-As; a SR-A deficient cell line has yet to be identified. The present study suggests the Chinook salmon embryonic cell line, CHSE-214, as a model for studying extracellular dsRNA sensing in vitro. CHSE-214 is unable to bind and respond to extracellular dsRNA, can only respond to dsRNA when it is transfected into the cells, and is able to bind dsRNA when overexpressing human SR-AI. The applications for this model could include elucidating: dsRNA binding and entry mechanisms, including sequence and length effects, as well as SR-A and other putative surface dsRNA receptor ligand binding studies.

Accelerated flexible protein-ligand docking using Hamiltonian replica exchange with a repulsive biasing potential.

A molecular dynamics replica exchange based method has been developed that allows rapid identification of putative ligand binding sites on the surface of biomolecules. The approach employs a set of ambiguity restraints in replica simulations between receptor and ligand that allow close contacts in the reference replica but promotes transient dissociation in higher replicas. This avoids long-lived trapping of the ligand or partner proteins at nonspecific, sticky, sites on the receptor molecule and results in accelerated exploration of the possible binding regions. In contrast to common docking methods that require knowledge of the binding site, exclude solvent and often keep parts of receptor and ligand rigid the approach allows for full flexibility of binding partners. Application to peptide-protein, protein-protein and a drug-receptor system indicate rapid sampling of near-native binding regions even in case of starting far away from the native binding site outperforming continuous MD simulations. An application on a DNA minor groove binding ligand in complex with DNA demonstrates that it can also be used in explicit solvent simulations.

Crystal Structure of an Invasivity-Associated Domain of SdrE in S. aureus.

The surface protein SdrE, a microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) family protein expressed on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), can recognize human complement regulator Factor H and C4BP, thus making it a potentially promising vaccine candidate. In this study, SdrE278-591 was found to directly affect S. aureus host cell invasion. Additionally, the crystal structure of SdrE278-591 at a resolution of 1.25 Å was established, with the three-dimensional structure revealing N2-N3 domains which fold in a manner similar to an IgG fold. Furthermore, a putative ligand binding site located at a conserved charged groove formed by the interface between N2 and N3 domains was identified, with β2 suspected to occupy the ligand recognizing site and undergo a structural rearrangement to allow ligand binding. Overall, these findings have further contributed to the understanding of SdrE as a key factor for S. aureus invasivity and will enable a better understanding of bacterial infection processes.

An Integrated Computational and Experimental Binding Study Identifies the DNA Binding Domain as the Putative Binding Site of Novel Pyrimidinetrione Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) Inhibitors

Objective: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is as a potential drug target for cancer and inflammation. Strategies to block STAT3 dimerization have dominated STAT3 inhibitor discovery, while inhibition of direct STAT3-DNA binding has not been much explored. This study was to identify novel STAT3 inhibitors that may be developed into probes or therapeutics, and to investigate their putative binding site. Methods: A library of in-house compounds was screened against STAT3-DNA binding using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Inhibition of DNA and STAT3:STAT3 or STAT3:STAT1 interaction and antiproliferative activity in STAT3 expressing or STAT3 knockout cells were tested. Pharmacophore modeling and 3D-QSAR; and docking with molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) refinement were also undertaken at the STAT3 SH2 and STAT3 DNA binding domains. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis was done to determine STAT3 domain interactions. Organic synthesis was also undertaken. Results: Pyrimidinetriones derivatives were identified as novel STAT3 inhibitors, with activity in low micromolar concentrations. Application of 3D-QSAR and docking analysis with MM-GBSA refinement suggested that the compounds bind at the STAT3-DNA binding interface, and not at the SH2 domain where most current STAT3 inhibitors are thought to bind. The results were confirmed with SPR analysis, pointing to the DNA binding domain (DBD) as the putative binding site of this novel class of STAT3 inhibitors. The analysis guided the synthesis of active novel compounds. Conclusion: Pyrimidinetrione were identified as new STAT3 inhibitors that putatively bind at the STAT3 DBD. This study is an excellent example of the use of QSAR and structure-based design to aid the identification of putative ligand binding sites on proteins. The compounds will provide new tools for studying STAT3 biology; and also serve as potential leads for the development of new therapeutics against STAT3 to fight or study diseases such as cancer and inflammation.

Structural and functional analysis of BF2549, a PadR-like transcription factor from Bacteroides fragilis

A phenolic acid decarboxylase (padC) regulator, PadR and its homologs proteins belong to the PadR family. Despite the growing numbers of the PadR family members and their various roles in bacteria, such as detoxifications, drug transports and circadian rhythms, biochemical and biophysical studies of the PadR family are very limited. Thus, a ligand-induced regulatory mechanism of the PadR family transcription factors remains to be elucidated. Here, we report a crystal structure of a Bacteroides fragilis PadR-like protein, BF2549 and revealed its interaction with putative operator DNA and ligand molecules. Comparative structural and primary sequence analyses provide a PadR-specific motif that is conserved in the PadR family but deviated from the MarR family. Furthermore, putative ligand binding sites are observed in the BF2549 structure. Finally, a homology-based structure model of BF2549 and 29-mer dsDNA propose regulatory mechanisms of the PadR family in transcriptional derepression.

Heterozygous RTEL1 Variants Are Associated with Bone Marrow Failure and Abnormal Clinical Phenotype

IntroductionHeterozygous RTEL1 mutations have recently been described in familial pulmonary fibrosis (PF) but are not known to be associated with cytopenias or bone marrow failure (BMF), in contrast to heterozygous mutations in other telomere maintenance genes TERT, TERC and TINF2. Constitutional BMF syndromes typically present with less severe pancytopenia and it is often unclear if they have hypocellular MDS (hypoMDS) or non-severe AA (NSAA) morphologically.MethodsWe screened 284 patients with idiopathic AA or uncharacterised BMF and 172 patients with MDS or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for TL and RTEL1 variants, and for the other currently known telomere gene complex (TGC) mutations, after excluding patients with Fanconi anemia, DBA or other known inherited BMF syndrome. TL was measured using a monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Illumina Nextera-amplicon sequencing was used to screen exons of the DC genes (DKC1, TERC, TERT, RTEL1, CTC1, NHP10, NOP2, USB1, WRAP53, TINF2, PARN and ACD) by MiSeq platform. Constitutional DNA was also analysed in 10 patients (skin 9, buccal swab 1) with RTEL1 variants. A targeted gene panel of 24 genes of an Illumina Tru-Seq Custom Amplicon workflow and platform was used to identify genes frequently mutated in MDS/AML. Impact of mutations was predicted based on 3D structure information from comparative modelling for the helicase domain, comprising the HD1 and HD2 subdomains, a Fe-S cluster and an ARCH domain, and for two harmonin-like (HML) domains and a RING finger domain, located in the C-terminal regulatory region of RTEL1.ResultsHeterozygous RTEL1 variants were identified in 20 (4.4%) patients. RTEL1 variant allele frequency (VAF) was 45-70% consistent with heterozygous inheritance in all cases. TL was short in 18 (90%) patients, being < 1st centile in 15 and <10th centile in 3. 2 patients had normal TL, <20th centile and >50th centile, respectively. Median age was 35 years (range 18-73). 15/20 (75%) had a hypocellular BM (7 hypoMDS, 5 non-severe AA, 3 ICUS), and 1 each with RAEB1, RAEB2, CMML1, AML and isolated macrocytosis. 3 patients had abnormal karyotype: +8 (hypoMDS), -Y,+1,del(1) (hypoMDS), del7q (RAEB1). 2 other patients with hypoMDS had somatic mutations: U2AF1 (30% VAF) with ASXL1 (27% VAF); U2AF1 (43% VAF). Lung abnormalities were early PF (1), interstitial lung disease (1), and abnormal lung function with reduced TLCO (1) and an obstructive picture (1). Liver fibrosis with portal hypertension and varices and reticulate skin pigmentation were present in the patient with ILD, 2 patients had dystrophic nails, and 1 unexplained mild hepato-splenomegaly. 2 patients had familial MDS, 5 had a family history of cancers affecting first-degree relatives, and 2 had skeletal and cartilage anomalies, associated with learning difficulties in 1 patient. 8/15 patients with hypocellular BM required no treatment (5 hypoMDS and 3 NSAA), one hypoMDS had CR with ciclosporin and another underwent successful unrelated donor stem cell transplant; for NSAA, 2 received ATG with CSA, with PR followed by relapse in one, the other was lost to follow up, and 1 was androgen responsive. 16/20 (80%) patients are alive; 3 patients with RAEB or AML died of progressive disease and 1 patient with ICUS and severe constitutional features died from lymphoma 10 years after presentation.Mutations were spread throughout the entire RTEL1 sequence (summarised in Figure). 3D structure analysis predicted the missense RTEL1 mutations would result in disturbance of the FeS cluster and/or interfere with DNA binding, destabilisation of the HD1, HD2 or the ARCH sub-domains of the helicase domain, or destabilisation of inter-domain interactions. One HML1 mutation occurred in a loop opposite the putative ligand binding site and the rest in the variable regions outside the conserved domains. RTEL1 variants were associated with TERT mutations in 4 patients, of which 3 were known pathogenetic and 1 novel TERT mutation with low telomerase activity on TRAP assay confirming its pathogenetic nature.ConclusionsWe show for the first time that heterozygous RTEL1 mutations occur in 4.4% of patients, most commonly in young patients with a hypocellular BM, and often a family history of BMF/malignancy, and less often with high risk MDS/AML. Abnormal clinical features were present in a third of patients, some similar to but others distinct from dyskeratosis congenita. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract 3852: U3-1784, a human anti-FGFR4 antibody for the treatment of cancer

Abstract Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 (FGFR4) is the fourth member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. All of the FGFR's have been implicated in cancer development due to increased activation of their enzymatic activity either by gene mutation, over-expression or inadvertent ligand-mediated stimulation. One important alteration that may lead to FGFR4 activation in cancer is the overexpression of its ligand FGF19 in 20-40% of primary liver cancer. Here, we report the development of U3-1784, a phage display-derived fully human antibody that specifically binds to FGFR4 but not to isoforms of FGFR1-3. The antibody binds to an epitope in the putative ligand binding domain of the receptor and consequently inhibits ligand binding and downstream signaling. In a panel of 10 tumor models derived from hepatocellular carcinoma, U3-1784 significantly inhibits the growth of FGF19-expressing models up to 90% whereas models without FGF19 expression are insensitive. These results strongly suggest that the FGFR4/FGF19 axis is an oncogenic driver in hepatocellular carcinoma. U3-1784 is currently in phase I clinical trials. Citation Format: Rene Bartz, Keisuke Fukuchi, Tanja Lange, Katrin Gruner, Toshiaki Ohtsuka, Ichiro Watanabe, Shinko Hayashi, Mauricio Redondo-Müller, Mizuki Takahashi, Toshinori Agatsuma, Johannes Bange, Reimar Abraham. U3-1784, a human anti-FGFR4 antibody for the treatment of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3852.

Structural Studies of GABAA Receptor Binding Sites: Which Experimental Structure Tells us What?

Atomic resolution structures of cys-loop receptors, including one of a γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA receptor) subtype, allow amazing insights into the structural features and conformational changes that these pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) display. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of more than 30 cys-loop receptor structures of homologous proteins that revealed several allosteric binding sites not previously described in GABAA receptors. These novel binding sites were examined in GABAA receptor homology models and assessed as putative candidate sites for allosteric ligands. Four so far undescribed putative ligand binding sites were proposed for follow up studies based on their presence in the GABAA receptor homology models. A comprehensive analysis of conserved structural features in GABAA and glycine receptors (GlyRs), the glutamate gated ion channel, the bacterial homologs Erwinia chrysanthemi (ELIC) and Gloeobacter violaceus GLIC, and the serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor was performed. The conserved features were integrated into a master alignment that led to improved homology models. The large fragment of the intracellular domain that is present in the structure of the 5-HT3 receptor was utilized to generate GABAA receptor models with a corresponding intracellular domain fragment. Results of mutational and photoaffinity ligand studies in GABAA receptors were analyzed in the light of the model structures. This led to an assignment of candidate ligands to two proposed novel pockets, candidate binding sites for furosemide and neurosteroids in the trans-membrane domain were identified. The homology models can serve as hypotheses generators, and some previously controversial structural interpretations of biochemical data can be resolved in the light of the presented multi-template approach to comparative modeling. Crystal and cryo-EM microscopic structures of the closest homologs that were solved in different conformational states provided important insights into structural rearrangements of binding sites during conformational transitions. The impact of structural variation and conformational motion on the shape of the investigated binding sites was analyzed. Rules for best template and alignment choice were obtained and can generally be applied to modeling of cys-loop receptors. Overall, we provide an updated structure based view of ligand binding sites present in GABAA receptors.

Structure of IZUMO1-JUNO reveals sperm-oocyte recognition during mammalian fertilization.

Fertilization is a fundamental process in sexual reproduction, creating a new individual through the combination of male and female gametes. The IZUMO1 sperm membrane protein and its counterpart oocyte receptor JUNO have been identified as essential factors for sperm-oocyte interaction and fusion. However, the mechanism underlying their specific recognition remains poorly defined. Here, we show the crystal structures of human IZUMO1, JUNO and the IZUMO1-JUNO complex, establishing the structural basis for the IZUMO1-JUNO-mediated sperm-oocyte interaction. IZUMO1 exhibits an elongated rod-shaped structure comprised of a helical bundle IZUMO domain and an immunoglobulin-like domain that are each firmly anchored to an intervening β-hairpin region through conserved disulfide bonds. The central β-hairpin region of IZUMO1 provides the main platform for JUNO binding, while the surface located behind the putative JUNO ligand binding pocket is involved in IZUMO1 binding. Structure-based mutagenesis analysis confirms the biological importance of the IZUMO1-JUNO interaction. This structure provides a major step towards elucidating an essential phase of fertilization and it will contribute to the development of new therapeutic interventions for fertility, such as contraceptive agents.

Structural and biochemical characterization of the cell fate determining nucleotidyltransferase fold protein MAB21L1.

The exceptionally conserved metazoan MAB21 proteins are implicated in cell fate decisions and share considerable sequence homology with the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. cGAS is the major innate immune sensor for cytosolic DNA and produces the second messenger 2′-5′, 3′-5′ cyclic GMP-AMP. Little is known about the structure and biochemical function of other proteins of the cGAS-MAB21 subfamily, such as MAB21L1, MAB21L2 and MAB21L3. We have determined the crystal structure of human full-length MAB21L1. Our analysis reveals high structural conservation between MAB21L1 and cGAS but also uncovers important differences. Although monomeric in solution, MAB21L1 forms a highly symmetric double-pentameric oligomer in the crystal, raising the possibility that oligomerization could be a feature of MAB21L1. In the crystal, MAB21L1 is in an inactive conformation requiring a conformational change - similar to cGAS - to develop any nucleotidyltransferase activity. Co-crystallization with NTP identified a putative ligand binding site of MAB21 proteins that corresponds to the DNA binding site of cGAS. Finally, we offer a structure-based explanation for the effects of MAB21L2 mutations in patients with eye malformations. The underlying residues participate in fold-stabilizing interaction networks and mutations destabilize the protein. In summary, we provide a first structural framework for MAB21 proteins.

Mutagenesis and computational docking studies support the existence of a histamine binding site at the extracellular β3+β3− interface of homooligomeric β3 GABAA receptors

Histamine is an important neurotransmitter that exerts its physiological actions through H1-4 metabotropic receptors in mammals. It also directly activates ionotropic GABAA receptor (GABAAR) β3 homooligomers and potentiates GABA responses in αβ heterooligomers in vitro, but the respective histamine binding sites in GABAARs are unknown. We hypothesized that histamine binds at the extracellular β+β− interface at a position homologous to the GABA binding site of heterooligomeric GABAARs. To test this, we individually mutated several residues at the putative ligand binding minus side of a rat GABAAR β3 wild type subunit and of a β3 subunit that was made insensitive to trace Zn2+ inhibition [β3(H267A); called Zβ3]. Zβ3, Zβ3(Y62L), Zβ3(Q64A), Zβ3(Q64E), α1Zβ3, or α1Zβ3(Y62L) receptors were studied in HEK293T cells using whole cell voltage clamp recording. β3, β3(Y62C), β3(Q64C), β3(N41C), β3(D43C), β3(A45C) or β3(M115C) receptors were examined in Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamp. Histamine directly activated Zβ3 and β3 homooligomers and potentiated GABA actions in α1Zβ3 heterooligomers. Receptors containing Zβ3(Y62L), β3(Y62C) and β3(D43C) showed markedly reduced histamine potency, but homo- and heterooligomers with Zβ3(Q64E) exhibited increased potency. The GABAAR αβ(γ) competitive antagonist bicuculline elicited sub-maximal agonist currents through Zβ3 homooligomers, the potency of which was strongly decreased by Zβ3(Y62L). Mutations β3(N41C), β3(A45C) and β3(M115C) disturbed receptor expression or assembly. Computational docking into the crystal structure of homooligomeric β3 receptors resulted in a histamine pose highly consistent with the experimental findings, suggesting that histamine activates β3 receptors via a site homologous to the GABA site in αβγ receptors.

Polymorphism in exon 2 encoding the putative ligand binding pocket of the bovine insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor affects milk traits in four different cattle breeds.

As a member of the somatotropic axis, insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) seems to be a promising candidate gene. Two silent polymorphisms, identified by MspI and TaqI restriction enzymes, were selected within exon 2, encoding the majority of the putative ligand binding pocket. A total of 1169 cows of four pure breeds (Polish Holstein Friesian, Montbeliarde, Jersey and Holstein Friesian) were genotyped. The T (IGF1R/e2/MspI) and G (IGF1R/e2/TaqI) alleles were found to be prevalent. Three combinations of genotypes (TT/GG, TT/AG and CT/GG) were associated with the highest productivity (milk, protein and fat yields) among all breeds under study, as opposed to individuals carrying the worst CC/AA combination. In view of the specific structure of the ligand binding pocket and the significance of insulin-like growth factor I signalling promoting the development and differentiation in a variety of tissues (not only limited to mammary gland), the existence of missense mutation is unlikely. Potential mutations are likely limited to mRNA transcription and further post-transcriptional modifications. Further investigations should follow searching for the most useful IGF1R haplotypes, associated with higher milk production traits, exerting at the same time positive or neutral impact on health and welfare of individuals.