Purposes Research Articles

Biodegradation of fluoranthene in an aerated biofilm reactor with biosurfactant producing CSTR staged in series

One of the challenges faced during the bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons is the limited bioavailability of these compounds due to their hydrophobic nature. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known as part of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings and are introduced into the environment through both natural and anthropogenic activities. In the past few decades, biosurfactants have gained attention because of their ability to dissolve hydrophobic compounds such as PAHs, and they exhibited some advantages such as biodegradability, low toxicity, ecological acceptability and ability to be produced from renewable and cheaper substrates. Biological remediation of PAHs offers numerous advantages over physical and chemical remediation technologies. In the biological process, toxic organics can be completely converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), thereby living no trace of potentially toxic organic intermediates. Literature has delineated the presence of PAHs in surface water, industrial wastewater and municipal or domestic wastewater, leaving drinking water and water for irrigation purposes vulnerable to PAHs contamination. These mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic compounds are also known to have potential risk to human health and the environment. Overcoming the bioavailability of PAHs has been previously proven to increase the biodegradation of these compounds using capable microorganisms. The current study aims at degrading fluoranthene in a two-stage process with suspended biomass and attached biomass. A continuous stirred tank reactor was used to produce biosurfactants, and the biofilm tank reactor was used to degrade Fluoranthene. 84.78 % Fluoranthene was successfully degraded from the reactors after the operation of the system.

Towards GHG Emissions Neutrality of Aluminium Slug Production: An Industrial Study

The aluminium industry is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG) and accounts for approximately 1 % of global GHG emissions. A large portion of emissions are indirect emissions, due to the large GHG footprint of consumed electricity, while direct energy and process-related emissions are also significant. The aluminium is widely used in packaging, transportation, the building sector and for various other purposes. This study focuses on aluminium slugs, which are semi products made from aluminium alloys and are used as tubes and containers in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Since the aluminium industry is among the largest GHG emitters, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impact of aluminium slug production. Environmental impact assessment was performed using OpenLCA software, the Ecoinvent 3.1 database and self-collected plant data. The study includes the environmental impact of anode production, electrolysis and slug production. The functional unit for the study is 1 t of aluminium slug at the company exit gate. Besides GHG emissions and the related GHG footprint associated with slug production, acidification potential and photochemical oxidation potential are further assessed. Various opportunities for GHG emission reduction are further investigated in accordance with the longer-term company strategy. If more aluminium scrap were used and carbon capture performed, the GHG footprint could be reduced by 65 % compared to the base case.

Victim impact statements and sentencing

Legislation allowing for victim impact statements ('VIS') to be presented during sentencing hearings has been introduced into the criminal justice systems of most common law nations, notwithstanding many reservations from defence lawyers and civil libertarians. Despite such legislation being widespread throughout the common law world, the use of VIS remains controversial.The main purpose of this article is to utilise basic sentencing principles in order to critically analyse the question of whether, and if so, to what extent, VIS are relevant to an offender's sentence and thus should injuence sentencing decisions. It will be shown by the use of a hypothetical that there are a minority of circumstances where a VIS may appropriately be relevant to sentence. In such cases adequate procedural safeguards need to be instituted to ensure that offender's rights are not compromised. It will also be shown that despite the VIS being irrelevant to sentencing in the majority of cases, it is still justifiied to allow victims to submit a VIS in all cases as they serve an important therapeutic role for victims in that they provide an opportunity for victims to participate in the criminal justice system, thereby reducing their sense of powerlessness and enhancing their cooperation with the system. It will be acknowledged, however, that there are problems with allowing victims to submit VIS, knowing they should not be taken into account for sentencing purposes in the majority of cases. The article will suggest some solutions to these problems.The writer thus generally takes a supportive view of VIS, believing that the ability of victims to prepare and present VIS can enhance their satisfaction with the criminal justice system, while a careful examination of the limits that victim impact material should have on the court sentencing discretion will mean that they ought not impinge upon the civil liberties of offenders.

Fair use and fairness in copyright: A distributive justice perspective on users' rights

Australia is once again considering how to best protect the public interest in copyright. One of the most contested current issues in Australian copyright law is the question of limits and exceptions to the rights of copyright owners. The recent Australian Law Reform Commission (‘ALRC’) review into copyright exceptions recommended broadening and simplifying the exceptions to better protect the interests of users to access and reuse copyright material for socially beneficial purposes. Despite the exhaustive consultation and report produced by the ALRC, and the support lent to it by the recent Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, there is little consensus about its recommendations. The proposal to introduce fair use is strongly contested by rightsholder groups, who are reluctant to cede further control over the use of information and cultural goods, particularly given the challenges they have faced transitioning to a digital environment.

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN THE JAKARTA POST

Many people do not know that morpheme and word are interrelated. A word can be a morpheme and can be form by combination of morphemes. More over, there are many types of morpheme with its function that affects either the sentence or the meaning. Because of the morpheme impact, writer wants to analyze about morpheme in the articles from The Jakarta Post Newspaper by its appropriatness for analyzed. Writer is going to relate to the theory from Victoria Fromkin about the types of morpheme; those are derivational and inflectional morpheme. This analyzing purposes to find out which word forming by derivational morpheme, which word forming by inflectional morpheme, how the indicated word forming, and what kind of alteration are found. Writer is going to use the descriptive qualitative method. From 6 data for derivational morpheme, writer found 8 words forming by derivational morpheme and from 8 data for inflectional morpheme, there are 29 words forming by inflectional morpheme. From the data, writer found that each morpheme has its function and impact the meaning, class of word or the grammatical function of the base word. By this paper, people are going to know how prefixes and suffixes affect the word.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD Dan Kecerdasan Interpersonal Terhadap Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Siswa Kelas X SMA Negeri 3 Pandeglang

The purposes of this research is to determine:(1) The difference between students’ learning achievement of civics education between students who learn by using cooperative learning STAD model and using expository method (lecture); (2) the difference between students’ learning achievement of civics education between students who have high interpersonal intelligence and students who have low interpersonal intelligence; (3) the interaction of applying cooperative learning STAD model and interpersonal intelligence toward civics learning achievement; (4) the difference students’ learning achievement of civics education between the students using cooperative learning STAD model who have high interpersonal intelligence and the students using expository learning method who have high interpersonal intelligence; and (5) the difference learning achievement of civics education between the students using cooperative learning STAD model who have low interpersonal intelligence and the students using expository learning method who have low interpersonal intelligence.This research uses quantitative approach with experimental method. The results show (1) students’ civics education achievement by applying cooperative STAD learning model is higher than students’ civics education achievement by expository learning method; (2) students’ civics education achievement who has high interpersonal intelligence is higher than students’ civics education achievement who has low interpersonal intelligence; (3) there is interaction between applying cooperative STAD learning model and high interpersonal intelligence towards students’ civics education achievement; (4) students’ civics education achievement who has high interpersonal intelligence by applying cooperative STAD learning model is higher than the students’ civics education achievement who has high interpersonal intelligence by applying expository learning method; and (5) students’ civics education achievement who has low interpersonal intelligence by applying cooperative STAD learning model is higher than the students’ civics education achievement who has low interpersonal intelligence by applying expository learning method.

HOW STUDENTS PERCEIVE ART BASED ON THEIR LEARNING EXPERIENCES

This article examines how students in the vocational qualification of media and visual expression in Finland perceive and define art based on their learning experiences. The research task was addressed by drawing on institutional and functional definitions of art that define the subject in terms of its relation to artistic tradition and its purposes. Twenty-eight final-year students of media and visual expression at an upper secondary vocational college for culture studies in Finland participated in the research examined herein. Through reflective writing, these students commented on the definitions, functions, and contributions of art. The data were analyzed via a thematic analysis, and the results indicate that these students’ perceptions of art included aspects of both institutional and functional definitions in that they paid attention to materials, techniques, and conventions of artistic expression as well as art’s purposes, such as self-expression and the questioning or criticism of social phenomena. These students considered art a form of communication capable of connecting people as well as promoting tolerance and appreciation between various individuals and cultures. Article visualizations:

In vitro evidence supporting applications of platelet derivatives in regenerative medicine.

The role of platelets in haemostasis has long been known, but understanding of these cells' involvement in wound healing/tissue repair is more recent and has given rise to a multitude of translational studies. Tissue repair processes consist of complex, regulated interactions between cells modulated by biologically active molecules, most of which are growth factors released by activated platelets: this aspect represents the rationale on which the use of platelet derivatives for clinical purposes is based. In the last years, many in vitro studies have focused on the mechanisms of action by which these growth factors affect the biological activities of cells, thus supporting tissue healing. Although limited by some drawbacks (two-dimensional in vitro monocultures cannot replicate the tissue architecture and organisation of organs or the continuous interplay between different cell types), in vitro studies do have the advantages of giving rapid results and allowing precise control of platelet concentrations and other parameters.This review offers an updated overview of the data obtained from the most recent bench-top studies focused on the effects of platelet derivatives on a wide variety of human cells, highlighting their possible impact for in vivo applications. The heterogeneity of the data obtained so far is very evident. This can be explained by the different experimental settings used in each study, which may be the cause of the variability in clinical outcomes. In fact, in vitro studies suggest that the composition of platelet derivatives and the method used for their production and activation (or not) and the platelet concentration used can have profound effects on the final results.

Objectives and Purposes of the Use of the Elastic Bandage in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review

AbstractChildren with cerebral palsy (CP) present clinical changes characterized by motor and/or sensory characteristics that hinder the implementation and maintenance of functional activities. Currently among the treatments used in rehabilitation of children with CP the use of the elastic bandage is mentioned so as to optimize their functionality. The objective was to describe the objectives and purposes of the use of the elastic bandage in children with PC, through a systematic review. Type of study: Biobliographic review. A systematic review was performed of the literature in the databases: SciELO, Medline, Bireme and PubMed. The articles identified by the search strategy were evaluated, independently and blinded by two researchers, rigorously obeying the inclusion criteria: full text, seek time (articles between 2010 and 2014), the use of the elastic bandage in languages (Portuguese, English and Spanish), target population (children with a diagnosis of PC). Articles from non-scientific nature were excluded. To ensure the quality of the methodology of this study articles obtained in the review were submitted to PEDro scale. Forty-five scientific articles were selected, 20 being used, and 25 excluded for not presenting reliable information to the context studied. Eight articles were complete and legible in Portuguese and English; four 4 achieved high rank in the PEDRo system, and seven achieved a significant improvement in functional aspects. It was possible to suggest benefits associated with the use of this technique as improvement in postural alignment, muscle activation, muscle strength of short term, postural changes and motor function of upper limb in pediatric patients with PC. Keywords: Athletic Tape. Cerebral Palsy. Physical Therapy Specialty. ResumoCriancas com Paralisia Cerebral (PC) apresentam quadro clinico caracterizado por alteracoes motoras e/ou sensoriais que dificultam a execucao e manutencao de atividades funcionais. Atualmente dentre os tratamentos utilizados na reabilitacao de criancas com PC cita-se o uso da bandagem elastica de modo a otimizar a sua funcionalidade. O objetivo foi descrever os objetivos e efeitos do uso da bandagem elastica em criancas com PC, atraves de uma revisao sistematica. Tipo de estudo: Revisao bibliografica. Foi realizada uma revisao sistematica da literatura nas bases de dados: SciELO, Medline, Bireme e PubMed. Os artigos identificados pela estrategia de busca foram avaliados, de forma independente e cegados, por dois pesquisadores, obedecendo rigorosamente aos criterios de inclusao: texto na integra, tempo de busca (artigos compreendidos entre 2010 e 2014), uso da bandagem elastica nos idiomas (portugues, ingles e espanhol), populacao alvo (criancas com o diagnostico de PC). Foram excluidos artigos de cunho nao cientifico. Para assegurar a qualidade metodologica deste estudo os artigos obtidos na revisao foram submetidos a escala PEDro. Quarenta e cinco artigos cientificos foram selecionados, sendo utilizados 20, e excluidos 25 por nao apresentarem informacoes fidedignas ao contexto estudado. Oito artigos estavam na integra e legiveis em lingua portuguesa e inglesa; quatro 4 obtiveram alta classificacao no sistema PEDro, e sete obtiveram melhora significativa em aspectos funcionais. Foi possivel sugerir beneficios associados a utilizacao da tecnica como melhora do alinhamento postural, ativacao muscular, forca muscular de curto prazo, trocas posturais e funcao motora de membro superior em pacientes pediatricos com PC. Palavras-chave: Fita Atletica. Paralisia Cerebral. Fisioterapia.

(Trans)Gender in the News: Specialized language in the UK press. A corpus-based discourse analysis

In recent years, gender variant, non-binary and queer identities have become prominent topics of discussion in society as much as in the field of cultural and linguistic studies, and language has been playing a seminal role in the process of shaping and negotiating these identities. The press, in particular, works as one of the most active agents in the creation of discourses linked to those communities. This paper presents the final outcomes of a research project that focuses on the representation of transgender people in the British press as social actors (van Leeuwen 1996, 2005, 2008) and formulates hypotheses with regard to the use of LSP (Language for Specific Purposes) in this type of representation.

Application of a gaussian model to simulate contaminants dispersion in industrial accidents

The increase of the industrial production and the development of new processes led to the necessity of better regulations of activities concerning potential risks for human health and environment. Accomplishing such purposes requires studies on both the chemistry of the involved phenomenon and the dispersion mechanism in the surrounding environment. While the chemistry of reaction can be determined at small scale via laboratory experiments and models, the dispersion in the environment is an extremely complex phenomenon to model, because it is strongly affected by the atmospheric conditions. Several models with the purpose of simulating pollutants dispersion were developed (Gariazzo et al., 2012; Alemayehu et al., 2015; Fang et al., 2018); among those, Gaussian models found many applications in safety engineering, due to both their effectiveness and relatively low computational costs. The US-EPA recommends the use of the Gaussian model AERMOD for the simulation of dispersions within 50 km from the emission source. It is important to underline that most of these models were developed with the aim to simulate the dispersion of continuous emissions such as those from industrial chimneys. Such systems can be assumed to work under steady-state conditions, since they are supposed to work for a long time. Nonetheless, industrial accidents, which can have a severe impact on people and environment, generally occur at a relatively small time scale, thus their dispersion has not yet reached the steady state conditions.In this work, we developed a modified non-steady-state Eulerian Gaussian model able to simulate the dispersion of contaminants produced by an industrial accident, which is hypothesized to be a point source. The model requires as input data time-dependent meteorological conditions and topographic information of the site, concerning: the source, physical properties of the pollutant, emission height and release temperature. The proposed model was applied to the 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCCD) dispersion after the Seveso accident (1976) near the source (radius of about 4 km). Results highlighted a good agreement with available literature experimental data.

A Safety-Walk for Ageing Control at Major-Hazard Establishments

The Seveso III Directive requires plant operators have to monitor and control the ageing of critical equipment in order to prevent losses due to corrosion and other deterioration phenomena. It is essential to verify and demonstrate the adequateness of measures adopted for these purposes, therefore there is a need of methods and tools supporting these duties. A huge amount of data coming from smart sensors and information related to the Safety Management System have to be gathered and managed. They must be presented in an effective way during internal and external audits. To overcome the difficulties in facing such duties, a digital log of primary containment equipment is needed; this is particular important when equipment has the potential to cause major accidents, because it is affected by many concurrent deterioration mechanisms and cannot be easily replaced, thus its lifetime is very long. Based on this register, the actual ageing status can be presented in visual effective form during a safety-walk around the plant. This paper presents a system solving these issues and providing support to operators and Control Authorities; the core of the system is an ageing prognostic model, based on accelerating and slowing down factors.

Hydrogen infrastructure - efficient risk assessment and design optimization approach

With the ambition to cut emissions from transport hydrogen fuelled vehicles and marine vessels are now being introduced several places in the society. To support this development there is a need for infrastructure to produce and transport gaseous and liquid hydrogen. The properties and safety challenges related to the use of hydrogen are very different from those of conventional fuels, thus safe design solutions may require unconventional solutions. Hydrogen has extreme properties in many ways. It is buoyant when in gas phase while a liquid hydrogen spray will develop a dense plume. The reactivity is higher, flammable range wider and the ignition energy lower than for conventional fuels. Flames may be invisible and radiation is low. When performing risk assessments for land planning purposes, bunkering assessments or passenger and crew safety these aspects must be reflected. Properties like the positive buoyancy, strong dilution for sonic releases into air, and a low reactivity and energy content for concentrations below 10% must be exploited during design to ensure acceptable risk levels. In this article a two level risk assessment and design assistance approach is presented in which risk screening with rapid consequence calculations and frequency assessments for release, dispersion, fire and explosion are performed during design review with indicative hazard distances estimated. Possible risks of concern are in this way identified, and design can be adjusted or mitigation measures introduced. When required more accurate CFD calculations are thereafter performed for more precise consequence estimates. The risk assessment approach will be described with examples illustrating the approach.

Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Wiegesystems für Forstkräne auf Basis von künstlichen neuronalen Netzen

Sowohl in der Hackschnitzel- als auch Rundholzlogistik fehlen oft wichtige Referenzmengen fur den dispositiven Einsatz, welche zumeist mit unzureichend genauen Schatzwerten vervollstandigt werden. Um die Informationsqualitat uber die bewegten Holzmengen zu verbessern, konnen optional Kranwaagen zwischen Teleskopauge und Greifer am Kran des Forwarders montiert werden. Dies beeinflusst jedoch die Krankinematik und Manovrierfahigkeit negativ, bei zeitgleich sinkender Maschinenproduktivitat aufgrund einer zur Messung notwendigen Unterbrechung des Ladeprozesses. In diesem Beitrag wird eine datenbasierte Methode prasentiert, welche einen dynamischen Wiegeprozess im kontinuierlichen Ladevorgang bei modernen Forstkranen ermoglicht, ohne dass eine zusatzliche Hardware-Komponente auf der Maschine verbaut werden muss. Bei dieser Methode wird ein Ladezyklus automatisiert erkannt und die geladene Masse anhand eines kunstlichen neuronalen Netzwerkes (KNN) abgeschatzt. Als Eingangsgrosen dienen Signale von Sensoren, die auf auf modernen Forwardern serienmasig installiert sind. Fur die Verarbeitung von zeitbasierten Sensordaten in einem neuronalen Netz hat sich die Long-Short-Term-Memory(LSTM)-Architektur bewahrt. Basierend auf LSTM-Zellen wurde ein entsprechendes Netzwerk entworfen, trainiert und anschliesend optimiert. Im Test zeigt sich fur einen einzelnen Ladezyklus ein mittlerer Gesamtskalenfehler von 1,5 %, bezogen auf 1.000 kg. Fur einen voll beladenen Forwarder resultiert dies in einem Gesamtmassenfehler kleiner 1,2 %.

The Utilization of Renewable Energy Source and Environment Friendly Refrigerants in Cooling Mode

This investigation focuses on the renewable geothermal energy source utilized as a reservoir for a water chiller unit in the cooling mode. Two hydrocarbon refrigerants, R290 and R600a were suggested to be implemented in a closed loop system to produce chilled water for air conditioning purposes. The traditional R-22 and its substitute R410A were also investigated in a direct expansion geothermal system. The analysis was carried out at the evaporation and condensation temperature ranges of (-25 to -5) °C and (15 to 35) °C respectively. The data showed that R-290 revealed similar coefficient of performance as that of R-22. R-410A exhibited a lower coefficient of performance than that of the R-22 refrigerant by (1-5) %. On the contrary, R-600a showed a higher coefficient of performance than that of the R-22 by about (3) % for the investigation range of operating conditions. R-410A refrigerant exhibited the highest load in comparison with R-22 among other circulated refrigerants by (1.5) %. R-600a showed a lower condenser load than that of the R-22 system by a negligible margin value. The hydrocarbon refrigerants and the azeotrop mixture were found to be proper candidates to replace R-22 in geothermal system.

ADOPTION OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN FINANCIAL REPORTING BY ACCOUNT OFFICERS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN SOUTH-EAST, NIGERIA

This study assessed the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) in financial reporting by account officers in tertiary institutions in South-East, Nigeria. Two purposes and corresponding research questions guided the study and four null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. Related literature pertinent to the study was reviewed. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population consisted of 849 account officers working in tertiary institutions. A sample of 272 account officers was used for the study. A structured questionnaire developed by the researchers was used for data collection. Cronbach Alpha Method was used to establish the reliability of the instrument. The reliability index obtained was r = 0.82. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and ANOVA. Mean was used to analyze data related to the research questions and standard deviation was used to explain how the responses of the respondents varied. ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significant. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyze the data. The results showed that account officers adopted International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) in presenting separately current and non-current assets and liabilities in its financial statement position, presents liability in order of maturity and stating balances carried over from one accounting period to the next accounting period in tertiary institutions in South East. Majority of the account officers did not adopt IPSAS in the presentation of current assets in order of liquidity, disclosure of amount expected to be recovered for each asset and liability, receivables and payables from exchange transactions in reporting assets and liabilities in tertiary institutions in South-East, Nigeria. The results also showed that there was no significant difference in their adoption of IPSASs in reporting assets and liabilities and cash flow management in tertiary institutions in South-East based on type of institution and years of experience. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended, among others, that there should be manpower development by various tertiary institutions to train highly qualified and professional accountants as well as build and develop accounting information system together with information technology. This will help in reporting all statutory income and other internally generated revenue reported for the accounting period. Article visualizations:

Explaning the Elements of Moral Education Curriculum for Primary School Students based on Humanistic Psychology

Background and Aim: Given the effects of this course on human personality, paying attention to the moral education of elementary students is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to explain the elements of moral education curriculum for elementary students based on the principles of humanistic psychology. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study of the type of speculative, documents analysis used to collect data. The theories of humanistic psychology (third wave) were studied and its implications for the elements of curriculum were extracted from the viewpoint of Miller and then analyzed in inductive and reflective manner. Findings: The implications for each element of the curriculum emerged as followings. The purposes must be clear, individual, uplifting, engaging and worthy. Active student should be self-motivate, interactive and believed in the supervision of the supernatural power (The God) over actions. The teacher should be a role model, supporter, empower to communicate with the learners and facilitator. The teaching-learning method must be various, indirect, active and problem-oriented. Learning environment should be friendly and encourages democratic and moral character and tailored according to the interests and growth level of learners. The evaluation must be based on performance measurement methods with emphasis on qualitative data, comprehensiveness and continuity and Person-centered approaches. Conclusion: The findings show all elements are interacting with each other. Thus, it is recommended to pay attention to the individual dimensions of the learners, the inclusiveness of them, effective communication and using active and indirect methods in the teaching-learning process. Please cite this article as: Ayati M, Ghorani Sirjani S, Gholampour M. Explaning the Elements of Moral Education Curriculum for Primary School Students based on Humanistic Psychology. Bioethics Journal 2019; 9(31): 47-61.

Psychology, clowning and psychodrama: collective construction for learning and intervention purposes

Este artigo tem como objetivo compartilhar a experiência do Grupo de Estudos e Práticas em Psicologia, Palhaçaria e Psicodrama (GEP), destacando-se as potencialidades de se trabalhar com metodologias ativas de aprendizagem na aproximação entre Psicodrama e Palhaçaria. O GEP – coordenado por psicólogas com formação em Psicodrama e Palhaçaria – visa pensar intervenções criativas que promovam a saúde e a expressão de questões sociais. Cada encontro mensal e aberto é construído junto aos participantes, estimulando seu protagonismo na construção coletiva e transdisciplinar dos conhecimentos.

Designing a Framework of Components to Support Patient Engagement in Research.

In the context of the German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII), where data reuse and data sharing are major goals, cross-site, long-term research on patient care data can only be conducted lawfully with informed patient consent. Thus, the MII consent working group developed a template form for patient information and broad consent based on work that has been done for a former biobank project. The broad consent enables the patient to consent to the use of a wide range of the documented data including research purposes. Therefore, a user-friendly tool is needed which not only supports the storage and maintenance of the patient's consents but also allows him to easily review or withdraw his consents. Furthermore, the tool should allow the patient to review the use of his data in research projects and possible publications. This is why we developed a concept of how such a tool could be integrated into the clinical and research system landscape and implemented a prototype as a proof of concept.

Kuivatun viljan varastoinnin maa

Tuoreen ja kostean viljan varastoiminen on aina ollut haasteellista, sillä se pilaantuu helposti. Jos nykyäänkin viljaa halutaan varastoida pitkäaikaisesti, viljan kosteus pitää saada riittävän alhaiseksi. Kuivauksen tarve riippui siitä, kuinka kuivaa vilja on korjattaessa ja miten kuivaksi se voitiin saada pelkästään ulkokuivauksella. Pohjoisissa olosuhteissa ulkokuivaus on haasteellista, minkä vuoksi Suomessa, Baltiassa ja Venäjällä vilja on pyritty kuivaamaan keinotekoisesti riihien avulla jo vuosisatojen ajan. Riihet olivat rakenteeltaan yksinkertaisia hirsirakennuksia, joiden sisällä oli uuni ja parret. Riihen lämmittäminen vaati paljon polttopuuta ja käyttäjiltään taitoa, mitkä tekijät osaltaan rajoittivat tekniikan leviämistä. Vaikka riihikuivauksen tekniikka on ollut pitkään tunnettu, sen laajempaa merkitystä ei tästä huolimatta ole tutkimuksissa juuri käsitelty.
 Tässä artikkelissa riihikuivausta tarkastellaan kuivatun viljan ja sen varastoinnin näkökulmasta. Ruotsin valtakunnassa kuivattua viljaa hankittiin suuret määrät kruununmakasiineihin, joihin tarvittiin varmuusvarastoja sekä sotien että katojen varalle. Tutkimuksen on selvitetty, miksi varastoon hankittiin nimenomaan riihikuivattua viljaa ja miten paljon sitä määrällisesti oli makasiineissa. Tutkimusajanjaksona on hattujen sodan ja Pommerin sodan välinen rauhan aika (1743–1757). Maantieteellisesti tutkimus kattaa Pommeria lukuun ottamatta koko Ruotsin valtakunnan eli nykyiset Suomen ja Ruotsin alueet.
 Tutkimuksesta käy ilmi, että suurin osa Ruotsin valtakunnan kruununmakasiineissa olleesta viljasta oli tutkimusajanjaksolla riihikuivattua. Selvimmin tämä näkyi Suomen makasiineissa, joissa oli vain riihikuivattua ruista lukuun ottamatta Ruotsista vuonna 1750 tuotua viljaa. Vaikeudet tämän tuontiviljan varastoimisessa ja hyödyntämisessä osoittavat sen, miten tottumattomia Suomessa oltiin kuivaamattomaan viljan käyttöön. Myös Ruotsin puolella valtakuntaa keskeisimmissä varastoissa, Tukholmassa ja Karlskronassa, pääosa viljasta oli riihikuivattua. Koska Ruotsissa riihikuivausta ei juuri harjoitettu, vilja piti hankkia varastoihin muualta. Riihikuivattua viljaa saatiin Suomesta sekä veroina että ostoina. Erityisesti Pohjanmaalta tuotua laadukasta Vaasan ruista arvostettiin Ruotsissa. Suurin osa Tukholman makasiineihin tuodusta riihikuivatusta viljasta oli kuitenkin peräisin ilmeisesti Baltiasta. Kuivatun viljan varmuusvarastoinnille oli Ruotsin valtakunnassa 1700-luvulla tarvetta, sillä valtakunta oli riippuvainen viljan tuonnista. Usein toistuneet kadot ja sodankäynnin tarpeet edellyttivät, että varastoissa oli jatkuvasti viljaa pahimman varalle.