Trade Purposes Research Articles

Illegal Wildlife Trade in Bangladesh and India: A Study of Comparative Laws

Poaching of wildlife and misuse of plant habitats were considered one of the local, small-scale activities carried out by opportunists or miscreants for the purpose of illegal trade or smuggling of certain species. However, the irony is that over the past few decades. It has progressively become a major contributor to illegal trade with a hotspot for serious crimes" including those involving wild animals. Wildlife trafficking has become a serious threat to ecosystem conservation, putting species at risk of extinction and causing loss of biodiversity. The main objective of this work is to ensure that Bangladesh's legal framework is compatible with international regimes, particularly in preventing wildlife trafficking. Additionally, the study undertook systematic research to assess Bangladesh's commitments, performance, and limitations and compare them with the situation in India. Bangladesh is classified as a riparian country under IUCN Red List criteria IV and V. The study reviewed books, journals, research articles, supplements, news, and analysis on both substantive and ancillary national laws, beyond the Wildlife Crime Convention, providing a comprehensive set of legal rules and principles governing interactions between traffickers and species.

Turkey's Strategic "Development Road" Project: Geopolitical Impacts and Regional Opportunities

Transportation and economic development are indispensable elements for states. Road projects, which are used for trade purposes and have countless returns when the balance of exports and imports is under control, prepare the ground for the formation of political power and shape foreign policy in the process. This article focuses on the “Development Road” initiative on the “Belt and Road” project, which is planned by Turkey in cooperation with Iraq. This route project, which extends from the Persian Gulf through Iraqi territory and Turkey to Europe, constitutes an alternative to the project planned to open a space for the southern flank of the Chinese route or through the Suez Canal. Within the framework of the “Development Road” project, the study, which investigates the strategic goals, risks, opportunities, regional politics and their effects on countries, reveals an objective trend. Although the “Belt and Road” project, which is a Chinese breakthrough, has attracted much attention in the scientific field, the transit routes of the project have not been sufficiently emphasized. The conclusion of this study is that the “Development Road”, which is carried out jointly by Turkey and Iraq, has the aim of directing the Chinese project and becoming indispensable for the general route. The research is based on qualitative methods, literature review and analysis. It is thought to contribute to the studies on the subject.

Marwari Community and Their Contribution in Socio-Religious and Cultural Aspects of North-Eastern Bihar

Marwaris are one of the most important leading business communities who dominate in business and industries in whole India. They are immigrant traders from Marwar, Shekhawati and adjoining regions of Rajasthan and Haryana. They have been migrated to different parts of the country and abroad too to establish and spread their business and now they have been permanently residing there. Their migration started since 19th century mainly due to conflicts between Rajput and Mughal emperors which were affecting their trades badly. In this connection they also reached to North-Eastern (N-E) regions of Bihar for trade purpose mainly. They put their concentration to establish themselves in trades in this region. After feeling secured they brought their families, relatives and neighbours too to establish in this new area. Their main aim was to bring these known people to flourish in trades. Slowly they became mixed with the local people and gradually started to play an effective role in commerce, trades, culture and politics too of this region. They have been well adapted to the local languages, customs, dresses, religion and culture besides maintaining their own cultural identity. Besides establishing various trades and industries and raising economy of the areas, they are also contributing a lot in the social upliftment of the society. The present paper deals with the role of Marwari community in the socio-religious and cultural development of N-E Bihar.

Development and validation of a novel forensic STR multiplex assay for blue (Anthropoides paradiseus), wattled (Bugeranus carunculatus), and grey-crowned crane (Balearica regulorum)

The blue crane (Anthropoides paradiseus), wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus), and grey-crowned crane (Balearica regulorum) are species of concern as their populations are declining and they face several threats including habitat loss, disturbance and illegal trade. In South Africa, these species are bred in captivity for trade purposes which is permitted and regulated globally under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Legal sustainable trade through captive breeding of endangered wildlife species such as cranes has been promoted to counteract the illegal trade of individuals from the wild. Captive breeding independent of wild populations may reduce the harvest pressures on wild bird populations which in turn benefit the recovery of exploited species. This approach is considered to be controversial by some individuals. Although captive breeding of endangered species, for both population sustainability and commercial purposes, is promoted to aid in conserving species, concerns have been raised with regards to breeding facilities being used for laundering of animals. To monitor the legal trade of cranes in South Africa a short tandem repeat (STR) assay following recommendations of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) was developed and validated. An STR assay comprising of four multiplexes that include 16 STR markers and two gender determination markers was proven to be highly informative with average polymorphic information content (PIC) values of 0.806, 0.646 and 0.725 for A. paradiseus, B. regulorum and B. carunculatus respectively. In addition, the assay showed sufficient discriminatory power for parentage assignment of closely related individuals in all three species (A. paradiseus: PI = 1.7×10−24, PIsibs = 4.7×10−08, and B. carunculatus: PI = 1.4×10−19, PIsibs = 2.9×10−07 and B. regulorum: PI = 1.7×10−12, PIsibs = 5.0×10−05). Analysis of 251 samples suggested that the validated multiplex assay ensures reliability, reproducibility, and repeatability for applications in forensic case work where illegal trade of offspring is suspected through verifying parentage of captive birds in breeding facilities.

Optimizing animal care through compound feed management in Saudi Arabia

Proper animal feeding practices play a fundamental role in enhancing livestock health and maximizing output. Given the governmental restrictions on green fodder cultivation in Saudi Arabia (SA) due to water conservation efforts, the use of compound feed could serve as a viable alternative for livestock farmers. This study aimed to investigate livestock farmers' farming objectives, their feeding management strategies, and the uptake of compound feed in the country. Data from 650 randomly selected livestock farmers were collected through an online survey with the assistance of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture. The findings showed that most farmers raised sheep and goats for trade purposes using specialized farms and desert grazing. Alfalfa hay was widely used as a fodder along with barley grain. While approximately 47% of the farmers did not utilize compound feed, 44% reported its usage. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that formal education, farming experience, and income level significantly influenced the adoption of compound feed among livestock farmers. These results underscore the critical role of education and financial resources in promoting the use of compound feed among livestock farmers in SA. It is recommended that government institutions should develop initiatives to educate farmers on proper animal nutrition practices and provide financial support to make compound feed more affordable for low-income farmers. The widespread use of compound feed has the potential to enhance livestock health and productivity, thereby positively contributing to the food security of SA.

Impact of Monetary Policy on Importation in Nigeria (1990-2020)

This study ascertained the effect of monetary policy on importation in Nigeria covering the period 1990 – 2020. Data for the study were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin. The method of data analysis used is the linear regression method with the application of the Error Correction Model (ECM). The major findings of the study reveal that interest rate has a negative and insignificant effect on importation in Nigeria, exchange rate has a positive and insignificant effect on importation in Nigeria, broad money supply has a positive and significant effect on importation in Nigeria and there is a causal relationship between importation, trade openness and broad money supply. It is therefore the recommendation of the study that there is need for boosting domestic production so as to contend high level of import that may have a detrimental effect on our external reserves. Secondly; the Nigerian authorities should carry out reforms that would enhance the role of interest rate in order to mobilize funds for trade purposes.

„ინდოეთი-ახლო აღმოსავლეთი-ევროპის ეკონომიკური დერეფნის“ პერსპექტივები ახლო აღმოსავლეთში უსაფრთხოების საფრთხეებისა და კონკურენტი „ერთი სარტყელი, ერთი გზის“ ინიციატივის არსებობის ფონზე

The appearance of “India - Middle East - Europe Economic Corridor” (IMEC) is not accidental. On the one hand, this is the desire of the United States of America in the new context of the existence and development of a multipolar world, to create a basis for maintaining its influence in the Middle East, on the other hand – to create a system under its auspices that can withstand the growing power of China and its “One Belt One Road” (BRI). The purpose of this transport trade and economic corridor is to stimulate economic integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The planned corridor will connect India, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Israel and the European Union through seaports and rail routes to make trade faster and cheaper, and develop economic cooperation and digital connectivity in the region. Despite the potential for significant economic and strategic benefits, the project faces a number of challenges and risks. Among them are interstate tensions, geopolitical rivalries and security threats, among others, especially the beginning of a new conflict in the Middle East.

Transnational networks of human resources and knowledge in East Asia: a case study of Taiwan merchant Wang Xuenong (1870–1915) and his trading company

Abstract Taiwan is an island and trade has always been the locomotive of its economic development. From the 1620s to the 1960s, cane sugar was Taiwan's most representative export commodity. Yet little attention has been paid to the business strategies of sugar traders and the changes in their thinking. How did the Takow (Kaohsiung) merchants who first went to Japan and Hong Kong to conduct cross-border trade in person learn about international trade and build a network of human resources that crossed borders, especially after the 1870s? And how did they face the great changes of an era in which tradition and modernity were intertwined, so that, following the regime transfer in the 1890s from the Qing Dynasty to the Japanese empire, they were able to expand their business territory and become major sugar merchants in southern Taiwan? This article examines the career of Wang Xuenong—a well-known sugar merchant in Taiwan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). It attempts to explain, from the perspective of cross-cultural knowledge transfer and human resource strategies, why and how sugar merchants such as Wang, who had gone to Japan in the early years of the Meiji Restoration for purposes of cross-border trade, introduced a trading company system that incorporated a mixture of East Asian and Western elements. It further investigates how they expanded their business from the sugar trade into a wider commercial domain that included mechanical rice milling and steamship transport. Finally, it looks at how their actions affected a transformation of Taiwan's commercial culture from the late Qing Dynasty to the early days of Japanese rule, and the historical significance of these changes in Taiwan's transitions towards industrialisation and modernisation.

Re-reading of Society and Culture in the Context of Administrative System in 19th Century British Bengal: A Review

There have been revolutionary changes in the arts, literature and culture of Bengal during the post-Polasshey battle period. As the British interfered with the rule and government system, the then Muslims left no stone unturned to protect the so-called religious values cherished by Muslims. During this time the British brought about a lot of administrative reformation by passing and enacting newer laws in order to ensure their power long lasting. Although the British started ruling the Bengal with the purpose of trade and commerce at the beginning, later on they started ruling for political gains. They formulated laws that were suited to the existing society and culture and so the influence of newer forms of culture increased gradually. Although the local Muslims rejected the arts, education and culture of the British merchants, the Hindu community soon accepted them and became successful in attaining the satisfaction and favourism of the British. Thus, the Hindus solely succeeded in playing a great role in influencing the administration. After a further deterioration of the Muslims in the administrative role in the 19th century, the Muslim leaders realized the situation and they took some timely decisions. As a result, an introduction to Muslim renaissance started along with the changes of their previous negligence. By that time, the youths of the Hindu community, patronized by the British merchants and ruling community, have gained sole control in most of the social indexes including trade and commerce, education and job sectors. During this period, there arose a complicated proximity in the relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims and a result, a great change went through the socio-cultural aspects. The Muslims participated in some minor to significant rebellious movements against the British to get rid of the antagonistic/contradictory behavior, discrimination and exploitation of the British. These movements, although were not completely successful outwardly, paved the way for preparing a strong foundation of nationalistic movements later on. Thus, there arose a new context in which the study of language, arts, literature and gaining knowledge got a new dimension which paved the way for a new culture amidst the repudiation of the British elements.

The subject of Kazakhstan in English minor genres of literary publicist

Relevance. The relevance of the study is that the subject of Kazakhstan can be traced in the history of minor literary genres through the prism of the relationship between English and Kazakh literature, which is most often manifested in the genres of ideological enlightenment and travel. English researchers have published numerous reference books and encyclopedias on the geography, anthropology, and ethnography of the peoples of Asia. The English works of the 19th century contain a large amount of information about the Kazakhs, who at that time lived in Germany, France, England, and other countries. One of the important sources of the subject of Kazakhstan is the corresponding essays and diaries presented in the journals of English literary critics. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to consider artistic materials that reflect the subject of Kazakhstan in English interpretation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study consisted of the following approaches: historical, retrospective, and systemic. Results. Foreign travellers who visited the steppe lands often wrote travel notes and letters under the impressions, in which they characterised the spiritual, traditional, and everyday creativity of the peoples of those areas, introducing the inhabitants of Europe to the preserved way of life of a distant land located on the territory of the modern Republic of Kazakhstan. Since with the advancement of maritime and economic aspects, the activity in the discovery and development of unexplored countries for the purpose of trade has increased. English merchants of that time actively used the routes through Asia for expeditions, which further expanded trade relations. Kazakh-Anglo-American literary ties in the last century are one of the important facets of the spiritual culture of the people of Kazakhstan. Conclusions. The practical value lies in highlighting the main subjects and materials of the Kazakh people in English minor literary genres.

Micropropagation of the Ornamental Aquatic Plant, Aponogeton ulvaceus, from Immature Tuber Explants.

The aquatic monocot, Aponogeton ulvaceus Baker, is endemic to Madagascar and is a commercially valuable ornamental aquarium plant. Members of the genus Aponogeton contain a spectrum of phytochemicals associated with a broad range of biological activities. However, much remains to be known about this genus, and the A. ulvaceus population is declining due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. To address these challenges, adopting plant tissue culture technology will be a viable solution for the sustainable production of pest- and pathogen-free plants to meet the demands of the ornamental aquatic plant trade, for conservation and research purposes. A simple micropropagation protocol for A. ulvaceus is described here, starting with seeds to establish sterile stock plants, from which immature tubers were acquired as explants for indirect organogenesis.

An Overview of the Impact of Tourism on Host Society

Since ancient times, India has been a rich country, especially for their culture and holy activity. Travel has existed since the beginning of time when the primitive man set out, often traversing great distances, in search of a game that provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout history, people have traveled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration, and other equally compelling motivations. Nowadays tourism has become a global social and cultural phenomenon as people all over the world move from place to place, increasingly beyond the borders of their own countries. Tourism activities have an impact on the host society. According to Aristotle, ‘Human is a social animal by nature, along with Durkheim’s theory ‘The personality of Human beings is connected to their society’s norms and values, so in the process of tourism society gets affected. This paper aims to find out the socio-cultural impact of tourism on the host community and changes in social life through tourism. It is important to know the consequences of tourism on the ground level, and now it becomes a social phenomenon to study from a sociological perspective. This paper is based on secondary data and it presents a short analysis of this topic.

Utilization Practices and Conservation Impacts of Endangered Wildlife in Asian Countries

The Asian region is globally renowned for its unparalleled biodiversity, rich ecosystems, and unique cultural heritage. However, the delicate equilibrium between human societies and the diverse flora and fauna faces increasing challenges due to the region's rich biodiversity and escalating utilization of wildlife resources. Hence, this paper aims to document the utilization of endangered wildlife across Asian countries and to report the existing conservation measures and recommendations for sustainable wildlife management over the years. We employed prominent academic databases, specifically SCOPUS, to explore the dynamics of wildlife utilization and its associated implications. From the findings, 9,989 records were successfully identified. However, only 65 articles were included in the review after the screening process. A total of 61 species, comprising 30 mammals, 22 reptiles, one amphibian, and eight birds, all endangered, were identified as subjects of wildlife utilization in 16 Asian countries. China possessed the highest count for wildlife utilization across all categories, including 15 species used for trading purposes. In conclusion, this research underscores the critical need for integrated approaches that balance human needs and conservation imperatives to ensure a sustainable future for Asia's wildlife biodiversity.

Analysis Of BOPO, LDR, EPS And ROE Ratios To Stock Prices In 10 Major Banks Listed On The IDX

Shares are an investment in the mass market that is quite easy to do nowadays. It is not surprising that even though the Covid-19 pandemic occurred some time ago, the capital market is increasingly busy, both for investment and trading purposes. With the ease of registering as an investor through registered securities, which can be done by downloading the application and attending a basic capital market school with very minimal capital, it is very affordable for novice investors, both among students who already have a KTP (Resident Identification Card) and other people. adults who have income or not. Don't forget that bank issuers have also increased, especially in terms of share prices. This research aims to identify the influence of the operating expense/operating income ratio (BOPO), loan to deposit ratio (LDR), earnings per share (EPS), and return on equity (ROE) on bank share prices. The data in this research was collected from the Indonesian Stock Exchange and the Financial Services Authority.

The Issues Of Differentiation Of Criminal Liability For Illegal Trafficking Of Drugs, Psychiatric (Psychoactive) Substances, Their Mixtures Or Their Equivalents (Analogue) Or Their Derivatives For The Purpose Of Illegal Trade Or Other Specific Forms Of Realization

The article refers to the analysis of Article 393 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia from May 5, 2021, which contains responsibility for the illegal trafficking of drugs, psychiatric (psychoactive) substances, their mixtures or their equivalents (analogue) or their derivatives for the purpose of illegal trade or other specific forms of realization. The article aims to justify the necessity of differentiating criminal liability for individual manifestations of the mentioned crime due to its higher public danger. In the article, the features and problems of criminalization and differentiation of responsibility for the illegal trafficking of drugs and other substances with the purpose of their realization in the Republic of Armenia were analyzed within the context of legal regulations of international legal acts, including reports from international organizations and perspectives from legal scholars. Based on the studies conducted within the framework of the article, positive aspects of the legal regulations outlined in Article 393 of the new Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia were highlighted and analyzed. The factors justifying the need to differentiate responsibility for individual manifestations of the discussed crime, including those committed using information and telecommunication technologies, were examined. Consequently, it was proposed to make changes to Article 393 in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia

The Law On Human Trafficking For The Purpose Of Illegal Organ Trade

The merits and drawbacks of organ sales are vigorously debated in Indonesia. Nevertheless, some argue that the trade in human organs should be prohibited, a stance supported by Indonesian law. Both organ recipients and donors bear significant responsibility in organ trade, as financial gain serves as the primary motive for organ brokers and medical professionals alike. This research aims to conduct a Legal Analysis of Human Trafficking for the Purpose of Organ Illegal Trade. The methodology employed is a literature review through online searches on various journal platforms such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and the Garuda Portal, focusing on national and international scientific journal articles. The search, limited to the last four years (2019-2023), employed subject-specific terms like "human organ trafficking," "person trafficking," or "positive law." The search excluded articles containing only conceptual discussions. The findings reveal that the buying and selling of organs are ethically reprehensible and illegal in the healthcare industry, as outlined in Health Law Number 36 of 2009. Although ethical kidney transplants using organs obtained through sales are impossible, specific considerations should be noted. The purchase and sale of human organs and/or biological tissue constitute a specialized crime, with Article 192 of Law Number 36 of 2009 specifying criminal punishments. Those found deliberately engaging in organ or body tissue trade, as defined in Article 64 paragraph (3), may face a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison and a fine of IDR 1,000,000,000 (one billion rupiah).

Glimpses from Indian Naval History: Geography of Seafaring and Mythography of Prohibitions

Many dharmaśāstra texts, starting from the most famous, the Manusmr+ti, declare sea voyage to be sinful and polluting for a Hindu. At the same time, from remote antiquity, Hindus from various castes, including Brahmans, had actively traversed the seas to the west, south and east of India for the purposes of trade, war, spiritual guidance, adventures and so on. This article seeks to review the geography of ancient and mediaeval Indian seafaring (in which Hindus played a significant role) and, more importantly, to discover why, in colonial India, the notion of sea travel being prohibited to Hindus became widely established, so that the descendants of the merchants who had operated from Aden to the Indonesian and Chinese ports would excommunicate their young caste fellows who desirous to study abroad.

Empowerment by the Pringsewu Local Government: A Study on the Tourism Rest Area of Wates

The Pringsewu bamboo monument tourist attraction is an icon or landmark of Pringsewu Regency which is located in Wates Village, Gading Rejo District.Apart from being a tourist attraction, this monument also has many benefits in the area. Inside, there are many public facilities that can be used by the community. There is also a large trading area, which is almost half of the the overall location of the Pringsewu bamboo monument. The main purpose of the construction area trade, in addition to providing a comfortable resting place for the visitors who come to the area, is the provision of field jobs for the surrounding community to be able to sell at that location in order to meet their daily needs. The main purpose of this research is to describe the political relationship between the Pringsewu Regional Government and the community economic empowerment in the Tugu Bambu rest area of Gading Rejo village. The research method uses a qualitative approach through a descriptive case study, where data is obtained from the results of interviews involving local governments, traders, and visitors. Observations and documentation were also carried out to find out the conditions in the field that the analysis is performed in. The results and conclusion of this study are obtained through observations of political relations and the economic empowerment of the community, namely through the construction of trading and public facilities areas, and the efforts made to increase the success of the local government namely by eliminating rent, intensifying promotions, and coaching community economic development for traders. These efforts can be said to be successful due to an increase in the number of traders from each year as well as the satisfaction of traders who can meet the needs of their merchandise.
 Keywords: Politics, Local Government, Community Economic Empowerment

Criminal Sanctions for Unauthorized Transportation of Protected Animals: Perspective of the Purpose of Punishment

The trade of protected wildlife has a detrimental impact on the sustainability of endangered wildlife populations in Indonesia. Criminal punishment against the perpetrators of the crime of transportation of animals for the purpose of trade must be able to provide a deterrent effect and benefits for the protection of animals. The imposition of punishment in the criminal act of transportation of protected wildlife needs to be examined further from the aspect of the purpose of punishment, which is to prevent criminal acts by enforcing legal norms for the protection of society. This article will discuss the basic considerations of judges in punishing perpetrators of criminal acts without the right to transport protected animals alive. And the imposition of punishment by the judge against the perpetrator of the crime is in accordance with the purpose of punishment or not. The research method uses normative research methods, with literature studies in the form of laws and regulations related to the issues discussed. Based on the results of the research, as in Decision Number: 77/Pid.B/LH/2020/PN.Tjk, the punishment of the perpetrators of the criminal act of transporting protected wildlife in a live state is based on juridical, sociological, and philosophical considerations. The author recommends that perpetrators of protected wildlife trade be sentenced to heavy fines because their actions are economically motivated. In addition, it is necessary to regulate social work sanctions for convicted poachers and protected wildlife traffickers to restore the consequences of the criminal acts that have been committed.

정보거래자의 옵션 선택에 관한 연구

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the option selection and optimal trading of informed traders in KOSPI 200 options market based on the PIN (probability of informed trading) model of Easley et al.(2002). Design/methodology/approach - This study uses TAQ (trade and quote) data provided by Korean Exchanges (KRX) which contains all the bids and trades recorded during the continuous auction trading hours for the KOSPI 200 options between May 2019 and September 2020. Findings - First, there was no difference in the PIN between call and put options in the 2019 data, but the PIN of put options was slightly higher in 2020. Second, regardless of the type of option, the PIN was higher for in-the-money (ITM) options, and the PIN of out-of-the-money (OTM) options was the same as or slightly higher than that of at-the-money (ATM) options. Third, we found that the PIN decreases as trading liquidity increases, and fourth, the PIN increased sharply as the expiration date approached, especially for OTM options, while ITM and ATM options showed relatively weak effects. Fifth, for foreign and institutional investors, the periodicity of orders was observed in milliseconds, especially for foreign investors, where the periodicity of orders was clear and frequent in OTM options. The results suggest that the purpose of option trading varies depending on the moneyness from the perspective of the informed trader.