Control Purposes Research Articles

Assessing the Efficiency of Local Rabies Vaccination Strategies for Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in an Urban Setting.

Raccoon rabies virus (RRV) has been managed using multiple vaccination strategies, including oral rabies vaccination and trap-vaccinate-release (TVR). Identifying a rabies vaccination strategy for an area is a nontrivial task. Vaccination strategies differ in the amount of effort and monetary costs required to achieve a particular level of vaccine seroprevalence (efficiency). Simulating host movement relative to different vaccination strategies in silico can provide a useful tool for exploring the efficiency of different vaccination strategies. We refined a previously developed individual-based model of raccoon movement to evaluate vaccination strategies for urban Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We combined different oral rabies vaccination baiting (hand baiting, helicopter, and bait stations) with TVR strategies and used GPS data to parameterize and simulate raccoon movement in Hamilton. We developed a total of 560 vaccination strategies, in consultation with the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, for RRV control in Hamilton. We documented the monetary costs of each vaccination strategy and estimated the population seroprevalence. Intervention costs and seroprevalence estimates were used to calculate the efficiency of each strategy to meet targets set for the purpose of RRV control. Estimated seroprevalence across different strategies varied widely, ranging from less than 5% to more than 70%. Increasing bait densities (distributed using by hand or helicopter) led to negligible increase in seroprevalence. Helicopter baiting was the most efficient and TVR was the least efficient, but helicopter-based strategies led to lower levels of seroprevalence (6-12%) than did TVR-based strategies (17-70%). Our simulations indicated that a mixed strategy including at least some TVR may be the most efficient strategy for a local urban RRV control program when seroprevalence levels >30% may be required. Our simulations provide information regarding the efficiency of different vaccination strategies for raccoon populations, to guide local RRV control in urban settings.

Long-acting reversible contraception with etonogestrel implants in female macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis).

Contraception is often required for management and population control purposes in group-housed and free-roaming non-human primates. Long-acting reversible contraceptives, including subdermal progestin-releasing implants, are preferred as they eliminate challenges associated with frequent administration. Etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing subdermal implants are reversible and long-acting for a minimum of 3 years, and are commercially available for human use as Implanon® or Nexplanon®. A retrospective analysis was performed detailing the contraceptive effectiveness and reversibility of subdermal placement of one-fourth or one-third of an ENG implant (68 mg/implant) in 129 female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 67 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, Netherlands). Furthermore, single cross-sectional ENG serum concentrations were measured for 16 rhesus and 10 cynomolgus macaques, and hemoglobin and blood chemistry pre-ENG and at timepoints >0.5, >1.5, and > 2.5 years post-ENG insertion were evaluated for 24 rhesus macaques. Finally, data were obtained using trans-abdominal ultrasound regarding the influence of ENG on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in 14 rhesus and 11 cynomolgus macaques. As a contraceptive ENG was in 99.80% (CI 93.50-99.99) and 99.95% (CI 99.95-100) effective in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Prolonged ENG durations of implant use in 14 rhesus macaques (range 3.1-5.0 years) and eight cynomolgus macaques (range 3.2-4.0 years) resulted in no unintended pregnancies. A total of 17 female macaques were allowed to breed after ENG removal, and among them, 14 female macaques (82%) had an uneventful delivery. Serum ENG concentrations with a median ENG duration of 1.2 years (range 0.1-6.0 years) and 1.9 years (range 0.6-4.7 years) resulted in median concentrations of 112 pg./mL (range 0-305 pg./mL) and 310 pg./mL (range 183-382 pg./mL) for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, respectively. ENG had no clinical effect on hemoglobin and blood chemistry parameters nor on the thickness of the endometrial lining or uterus volume. This study indicates that both one-fourth and one-third of the ENG implants are effective, long-acting, reversible, and safe contraceptive to use in macaques.

Association between COVID-19 and increased incidence of overactive bladder symptoms in female patients: A retrospective analysis

Introduction and objectivesTo investigate female patients' post-COVID-19 voiding symptoms and to research how they relate to overactive bladder (OAB). PatientsOne hundred and forty patients aged 20–50 years who were hospitalised and discharged due to COVID-19 at Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital between 2021 and 2022 and 50 patients with a history of COVID-19 among two hundred female patients who presented to the urology outpatient clinic with symptoms related to OAB were retrospectively analysed. Bladder diary, overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), uroflowmetry values and time of onset of symptoms of symptomatic patients were recorded for all patients. Disease-free individuals for control purposes were not included in the study. ResultsIt was observed that 38% of 140 hospitalized patients had a symptomatic change related to OAB, and there was a significant difference in voiding diary, OABSS, and uroflowmetry Qmax values between symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients after COVID-19. (p:0.001) There was a significant difference between the pre-COVID-19 (estimated) and post-COVID-19 (current) voiding diary and OABSS values of all symptomatic patients (with and without a history of hospitalization). (p:0.001) When these two groups were compared with each other, there was a significant difference between the post-COVID-19 voiding diary, OABSS values, and the meantime to the onset of symptoms in inpatients and outpatients (p:0.001) ConclusionCOVID-19 may be associated with urgency/urge incontinence and overactive bladder in female patients.

Navigating the dichotomy of smart prisons: between surveillance and rehabilitation

ABSTRACT The use of AI has progressed rapidly in recent years, and the notion of smartness is commonplace. However, while the topic of smart cities has received considerable research attention, there has been a lack of discussion about the use of smart technologies in prisons. While, especially in Eastern countries, AI in law enforcement is mainly used for security and control purposes (in Hong Kong, intelligent CCTV can detect unusual behaviour, and wristbands are used to collect data on prisoners), in Northern Europe the trend is to build smart prisons where AI is used as a rehabilitation tool (in Finland, Virtual Reality is employed to help rehabilitation). Adopting a comparative approach, the aim of this article is to demonstrate that AI is a transformative technology that is provoking structural changes in criminal law enforcement – especially in prisons – and that these changes express two opposing tendencies, that could transform the essence of penalties.

Comparing bluegill growth among newly constructed, renovated, and established flood-control reservoirs in southeastern Nebraska

Perrion MA, Lebsock JR, Werner JP, Blank AJ, Miller BT. 2024. Comparing bluegill growth among newly constructed, renovated, and established flood-control reservoirs in southeastern Nebraska. Lake Reserv Manage. 40:57–65. Multiple reservoirs have been constructed in the last 10 yr in southeastern Nebraska for flood control and recreational purposes. In addition, other existing reservoirs have undergone major renovations in the same time period to remove sediment and aquatic invasive species. This situation created the opportunity to compare bluegill (Lepomis machrochirus) growth between newly constructed, renovated, and established reservoirs. This study analyzed bluegill growth data from 8 different flood-control reservoirs in southeastern Nebraska in 2021 and 2022. The study objectives were to (1) determine aging precision of scales and otoliths in bluegill and (2) evaluate bluegill growth among new, renovated, and established flood-control reservoirs. For all bluegill collected during the study, exact percent agreement for otolith ages between 2 readers was 89.6%, and percent agreement was 99.1% within 1 yr of age. For scales, exact percent agreement was 48.0% and 84.3% within 1 yr. Mean lengths at age for all reservoir types were similar for age-2 bluegill, whereas age-3 bluegill had longer mean lengths in renovated reservoirs than in either new or established reservoirs. Mean lengths of age-4 bluegill from new and renovated reservoirs were similar, but greater than mean lengths of age-4 bluegill in established reservoirs. Results of this study further demonstrate the greater precision of whole view otolith aging for bluegills compared to scale estimates and will benefit future managers making management decisions for bluegills. Managers can also use information ascertained from bluegill growth metrics to further manage bluegill populations based on reservoir age and management objectives.

MINN: Learning the Dynamics of Differential-algebraic Equationsand Application to Battery Modeling.

The concept of integrating physics-based and data-driven approaches has become popular for modeling sustainable energy systems. However, the existing literature mainly focuses on the data-driven surrogates generated to replace physics-based models. These models often trade accuracy for speed but lack the generalizability, adaptability, and interpretability inherent in physics-based models, which are often indispensable in modeling real-world dynamic systems for optimization and control purposes. We propose a novel machine learning architecture, termed model-integrated neural networks (MINN), that can learn the physics-based dynamics of general autonomous or non-autonomous systems consisting of partial differential-algebraic equations(PDAEs). The obtained architecture systematically solves an unsettled research problem in control-oriented modeling, i.e., how to obtain optimally simplified models that are physically insightful, numerically accurate, and computationally tractable simultaneously. We apply the proposed neural network architecture to model the electrochemical dynamics of lithium-ion batteries and show that MINN is extremely data-efficient to train while being sufficiently generalizable to previously unseen input data, owing to its underlying physical invariants. The MINN battery model has an accuracy comparable to the first principle-based model in predicting both the system outputs and any locally distributed electrochemical behaviors but achieves two orders of magnitude reduction in the solution time.

Key molecules regulating the blood meals of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) revealed by transcriptomics.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus, a repulsive obligate blood feeder, is a three-host tick inflicting tremendous damage. Blood-sucking initiates tick-pathogen-host interactions along with alterations in the expression levels of numerous bioactive ingredients. Key molecules regulating blood meals were identified using the transcriptomic approach. A total number of 744 transcripts showed statistically significantly differential expression including 309 significantly upregulated transcripts and 435 significantly downregulated transcripts in semiengorged female ticks compared to unfed ticks, all collected in 2021. The top 10 differentially upregulated transcripts with explicit functional annotations included turripeptide OL55-like protein, valine tRNA ligase-like protein and ice-structuring glycoprotein-like protein. The top 10 differentially down-regulated transcripts were uncharacterized proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed four associated terms in the cellular component category and 16 in the molecular function category among the top 20 terms. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in GO terms ID 0000323 (lytic vacuole) and ID 0005773 (vacuole). The top 20 enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways included metabolism, cellular processes, organismal systems and human diseases. The DEGs were enriched in the KEGG term ID: ko-04142 (lysosome pathway) associated with intracellular digestion in the tick midgut epithelium. Molecular markers annotated via comparative transcriptomic profiling were expected to be candidate markers for the purpose of tick control.

ГАРМОНИЗИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД К ПРИМЕНЕНИЮ БЮДЖЕТНОЙ КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ

The paper considers the issues of applying budget classification as an accounting tool necessary for separate accounting of income and expenses of commercial organizations. The budget classification can also be applied by commercial organizations for the purpose of internal control of the receipt and use of funds earned in the course of activities or subsidies and grants received from the state budget. The issues of external and internal financial control are relevant and are widely discussed by the professional community in terms of finding its effective mechanisms. The purpose of the study is to adapt a harmonized approach to the application of budget classification by economic entities of various groups: commercial organizations of the real sector, organizations of the budgetary sphere, non-profit organizations of the real and public sectors, as an instrument of external and internal control. The methodological basis of the study was the general scientific principles and methods of research: analysis and synthesis, logical linking, systematization. The proposed author's approach to the application of budget classification can be implemented both in the process of improving regulatory regulation and in the process of compiling external and internal reporting by economic entities. The main results obtained by the author allow us to improve the tools of internal control for commercial organizations of the real sector and non-profit organizations of the real and public sector. The classification of operations of the public administration sector is unified, as it reflects the economic content of the facts of economic life, and can be used for management accounting and budgeting by commercial organizations of the real sector, as well as for the control of targeted financing by non-profit organizations of the real and public sector. The harmonized codes of economic classification proposed in the work will make it possible to organize separate cost accounting, including when commercial organizations fulfill a state (defense) order.

Impact of Some Pre- and Post-Emergent Herbicides Applied to the Chickpea Crop (Cicer arietinum L.)

Because of its drought resistance, chickpea cultivation tends to become increasingly widespread in the current climate change context. The chickpea crop is easily taken over by weeds in the early growing season, as it has a slow growth rate and the plant does not have an imposing stature. This paper focuses on the importance and the main purpose of weeds control in chickpea crop in order to achieve a high increasing yield. The objectives during two years aimed at assessing the degree of selectivity and the efficacy of some simple, complex or associated herbicides, applied pre-emergently and post-emergently. The sample in chickpea crop consisted of pre-emergence application of aclonifen 600 g/l at a rate of 4 l/ha, s-metolachlor 960 g/l at a rate of 1.5 l/ha, isoxaflutole 240 g/l + cyprosulfamide 240 g/l at a rate of 0.25 l/ha, s-metalochlor 312.5 g/l + terbuthylazine 187. 5 g/l at a rate of 4.5 l/ha and in post-emergence application of isoxaflutole 240 g/l + cyprosulfamide 240 g/l at a rate of 0.18 l/ha, pyridate 450 g/kg at a rate of 1.2 kg/ha, quizalofop-p-tefuryl 40 g/l at a rate of 1 l/ha, 40 g/l, imazamox 40 g/l at a rate of 0.8 l/ha. Chickpea crop was infested by a large number of weeds, as well perennial dicotyledonous species hard to control like: Convolvulus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis etc. The best weeds control was obtained when preemergently applied herbicides were followed by those postemergently applied. Perennial dicotyledonous species weren`t sufficiently controlled in any variant. Phytotoxicity symptoms were recorded at herbicide imazamox, 40 g/l, applied in post-emergence, which delayed the harvest and provided low yields.

Suppressing the Vortex Rope Oscillation and Pressure Fluctuations by the Air Admission in Propeller Hydro-Turbine Draft Tube

For the purpose of automatic generation control (AGC), a portion of the propeller hydro-turbine units in China is adjusted to operate within a restricted range of 75%-85% load using computer-controlled AGC strategies. In engineering applications, it has been observed that when a propeller hydro-turbine unit operates under off-design conditions, a large-scale vortex rope would occur in the draft tube, leading to significant pressure fluctuations. Injecting air into the draft tube to reduce the amplitude of pressure fluctuations is a common practice, but its effectiveness has not been proven on propeller hydro-turbine units. In this study, a CFD model of a propeller hydro-turbine was established, and 15 cases with different guide vane openings (GVO, between 31° and 45°) under unsteady conditions were calculated and studied. Two air admission measures were introduced to suppress the vortex rope oscillation in the draft tube and to mitigate pressure fluctuations. The reason for the additional energy loss due to air admission was then explained by the entropy production theory, and its value was quantified. This study points out that when injecting air, it is necessary to first consider whether the air will obstruct the flow in the draft tube. Finally, based on simulation and experimental data under various load conditions, pressure fluctuation analysis (based on fast Fourier transform, FFT) was conducted to assess the effectiveness of air admission measures. This study can provide an additional option for balancing unit efficiency and stability when scheduling units using an AGC strategy.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО КОНТРОЛЮ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ З ПРОКАТУ МАЙНА

The article examines the peculiarities of the organization of internal control at property rental enterprises. The main elements of the internal control system of property rental enterprises are determined – control environment, goals, functions, tasks, principles, subjects, objects, control procedures, methods and users of control information. The organization of the internal control system of rental business enterprises is defined as a set of actions aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of a set of interconnected and interdependent elements, thanks to which internal control acquires rational characteristics necessary for the implementation of the tasks and achievement of the goals set by the owners and management of the enterprise. Attention is drawn to the fact that approaches to the organization of internal control will depend on the policy followed by the owners and management of the enterprise in order to establish an effective mechanism for the functioning of this control system. The purpose and goals of internal control in the information provision of the management system of the decision-making process in order to create conditions for the effective operation of rental business enterprises are specified. Determining the functions of internal control. It is recommended to start the organizational process with the setting of control tasks, based on which the control objects and the list of control procedures that will be used in the process of their verification are specified. The need to implement all stages of the organization of internal control in compliance with the key principles of control was considered. Attention is paid to the world practice of using the COSO model of internal control construction, with the definition of the conceptual basis of risk management and the goals it is focused on achieving. The importance of identifying risks associated with the functioning of control objects of property rental enterprises is revealed, which directs the attention of internal control to those areas where financial losses are most likely to occur. Attention is focused on the need to define the circle of persons who carry out control, i.e. control subjects who will perform specific tasks of control of property rental activities. It is recommended to distribute powers between control subjects in accordance with job duties in the organizational structure of the enterprise or internal control service, with the establishment of information links between all control subjects. The possibility of organizing internal control at rental business enterprises under outsourcing conditions was considered.

Brain computer interface for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology has progressively emerged as an influential instrument for addressing the challenges faced by individuals with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic loateral sclerosis (ALS). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the standard BCI system and its modules, discussing their pivotal role in decoding brain signals for device control or rehabilitation purposes. It also delves into the transformative potential of BCIs in replacing or augmenting compromised CNS functionalities, specifically emphasizing their applications across various neurodegenerative disorders. Research advancements such as the application of BCIs for Alzheimer’s patients using classical conditioning and the development of deep brain stimulation technologies for Parkinson’s disease are explored. Furthermore, the review sheds light on the trajectory of BCI advancements for ALS patients, emphasizing it’s not merely as a tool for restoring lost functions but also as a holistic solution to enhance their overall quality of life. The synthesis of these discussions underscores the transformative role of BCIs in the therapeutic landscape of neurodegenerative disorders and the opportunities it offers for future research and practical applications.

Measles IgG Avidity Assay.

Measles IgG avidity assays determine the overall strength of molecular binding between measles-specific IgG antibodies and measles virus antigens. Avidity results can distinguish recent from distant measles virus infections. Individuals who are immunologically naïve to measles virus develop low-avidity antibodies upon measles virus infection or first-time vaccination. Within 4-6months, antibodies mature to high avidity. Measles avidity assays are most useful in the context of measles elimination. In such settings, avidity and epidemiological and clinical information are used to classify measles breakthrough infections for control and surveillance purposes and to assist in case confirmation when other laboratory results are inconclusive or nonexistent. We present a highly accurate end-titer measles avidity assay that delivers results based on IgG quality (avidity) that are independent of IgG concentration.

Pharmacological evaluation of combinational treatment of herbal medicines with 5-fluorouracil for therapeutic enhancement in an animal model of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent cancer in developing and developed countries. Chemotherapy acts on a few biomarkers, but CRC develops and progresses because of multiple genetic and epigenetic dysregulation. The animal study was conducted according to Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals and Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines. CRC was induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine at 35 mg/kg in all Sprague-Dawley male rats for 10 weeks except for normal control. Later, treatment is given for 5 weeks with standard 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and test drug (Polyherbal mixture) alone and in combination to check synergism effects. Important parameters related to carcinogenesis, such as change in body weight, modified Bowen’s score, colon length to weight ratio, liver and spleen index, complete blood count, estimation of uridine phosphorylase-1 enzyme, tumor necrosis factor-α, β-catenin by ELISA, and histopathology, were evaluated. Polyherbal mixture inhibited the UPP-1 enzyme, decreasing 5-FU toxicity on normal cells. Also, tumor necrosis factor-α and β-catenin levels were reduced significantly by combination compared to monotherapy alone. Combining chemotherapy with natural products may help reduce chemotherapy’s dose and the cost of the treatment due to toxicities and hospitalization. Standard drug (5-FU) combined with a polyherbal mixture at a high dose produces a synergistic effect and reduces 5-FU toxicity.

НЕЙРОСЕТЕВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЗНАНИЙ ИЗ ТЕКСТОВЫХ СООБЩЕНИЙ В ИНТЕРЕСАХ ЗАДАЧИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЫНОЧНОГО ХАОСА

This paper discusses the use of technologies based on neural networks to automatically extract information from text messages for the purpose of control in unstable conditions. A review of the use of artificial neural networks in text mining tasks is provided. The task of extracting information from text data for management has been formalized, taking into account the specifics of the environment. The structure of the system for preliminary processing of text documents and training data has been developed. The effectiveness of using neural network technologies for extracting information from text messages in the context of predictive asset management in the electronic Forex market has been assessed

Relay demonstration on board for final year student

The present invention relates to a relay demonstration board, characterized by a microcontroller, numbers of relays are connected to the microcontroller by a plurality of switches, wherein the first relay is connected to a light bulb for controlling the lighting of the bulb and the second and third relay are connected to a DC motor for controlling the rotational direction of the motor. Accordingly, these objectives may be achieved by following the teachings of the present invention. This invention relates to a relay demonstration board for teaching and learning purpose. An electrical relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can control a much bigger current and thus enable both circuits to be electrically isolated from each other. Relays have been used in wide variety of applications such as home appliances, digital computers and automation system due to its simplicity, long life and high reliability. The project present invention relates to a relay demonstration board. It is developed to allow students to understand the function of relay and how to connect relay in circuit. The major components include three relays, one light bulb and one direct current (DC) motor. The relays are used for control purpose while the light bulb and DC motor are used as the output. Furthermore, the light can be connected in alternating current (AC) or DC circuit to show students how to connect AC circuit and DC circuit. Besides, this tool are invention can be connected to an external microcontroller such as an Arduino board to provide input and or signal to the circuit.

Modeling of Photovoltaic-Thermal Systems Using Multivariate Polynomial Regression

A challenge prevalent in the photovoltaic (PV) system applications in the domain of control engineering lies in the formulation and refinement of their models. Among the esteemed configurations in this domain, the photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system emerges as particularly noteworthy. Furthermore, the appeal of employing a modeling approach with minimal complexity is noteworthy in this context. To achieve this objective, there is a growing trend in utilizing machine learning (ML) approaches, known for their data-driven modeling capabilities and minimal complexity. In this paper, the application of the multivariate polynomial regression, a straightforward ML method, has been employed to model the PVT system. This choice aims to address the challenge of model complexity inherent in conventional mathematical method, enabling its utility for control purposes. The proposed method is implemented using empirical data derived from laboratory PVT setups, incorporating geographic inputs situated in Sion, Switzerland. A comprehensive comparison with the conventional method has been undertaken for evaluation purposes. The results, encompassing electrical and thermal powers of the PVT system, indicate that the proposed method achieves significantly greater accuracy compared to the conventional.

Simulation modeling of a synergetic chemical reactor control system

One of the promising ways to solve the problem of synthesizing control systems for nonlinear dynamic objects operating under conditions of exogenous uncertainties is the use of methods based on the synergetic principle of target self-organization for control purposes. The paper examines the problem of synthesizing effective control algorithms for a chemical reactor, which is the main element of petrochemical production, subject to the influence of various uncertain factors, when implementing a series-parallel reaction. The goal of the synthesized control system is to ensure a stable concentration of the target component at the output of the reactor under the influence of uncertain disturbances on the object, as well as to transfer the apparatus from one productivity to another (specified) while maintaining the required quality of the target component.

Green and High Throughput Assay Using 96-Microwell Base to Determine Metformin Hydrochloride in the Tablet Dosage Form.

Metformin (MET) is an oral antidiabetic drug widely used as the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While various spectrophotometric assays exist for determining MET in pharmaceutical formulations, they often have limited throughput for quality control purposes. This study describes the validation of a 96-microwell plate spectrophotometer method using charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) with chloranilic acid (CLA) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) for the quality control and detected of MET. This reaction was carried out in 96-microwell plates, and the absorbance of the colored complexes of CLA and DDQ were measured at 530 nm and 460 nm, respectively, using an absorbance microplate reader. This study aims to identify and quantify the use of a 96-microwell plate spectrophotometer analytical technique for assessing complicated formulations. The method was successfully used for the quantification of MET in the tablet dosage form. The results showed good correlation coefficients (0.996 and 0.997) with CLA and DDQ, respectively. The present method showed high precision with RSD % not exceeding 2.17%. The accuracy of the method was obtained by recovery percentage, with percentage values less than ±5%. The Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) was used to evaluate greenness of the assays. The result show that the microwell assay method is greenness and suitable for handling large samples on a daily used with high throughput analysis. The use of the 96-microwell-plate method is superior to the existing method in terms of simplicity of the procedure, the low economic cost, and its consumption of low amounts of reagents and organic ethanol solvent, making it an environmentally friendly method. Therefore, these advantages make them suitable and rapid alternatives method to current methods for routine metformin analysis in quality control laboratories.

Preparation and Characterization of PVA/ CNC/ ε-Polylysine Biocomposites for Potential Food Packaging Application

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on creating sustainable and biodegradable materials for use in food packaging. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of incorporating Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)/ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) additives into a Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) matrix for food packaging. Different filler concentrations and PVA/ε-PL ratios (5:0.3 wt%), (5:0.6 wt.%), and (5:0.9 wt.%) were used to produce the PVA/CNC/ε -PL nanocomposite films through solvent casting. Additionally, PVA and PVA/CNC were prepared for control purposes. The thin film samples were then characterized using a visual inspection, thickness, optical microscopy, FTIR-ATR and XRD. Visual inspection of the nanocomposite films against the logo showed that the increasing weight ratio of CNC/ε-PL did not significantly affect the transparency of the nanocomposites, while those under the polarized optical microscopy exhibited the birefringent patterns observed in the samples with CNC. The FTIR-ATR analysis of the nanocomposite films revealed the functional groups associated with the PVA, CNC, ε-PL, and the mixtures are consistent. The tensile test demonstrated a substantial enhancement in the presence of CNC and CNC/ε-PL. In summary, the PVA/CNC/ε-PL nanocomposites present a promising potential as biodegradable materials for food packaging applications.