Commercial Purposes Research Articles

Continuity Amid Commercial Buildings in Yeonnam-dong, Seoul

This study tracks changes in commercial buildings in Yeonnam-dong that have undergone commercial transformation, examining these shifts within the context of urban organization and their relationships with economic and socio-cultural flows. It also analyzes the architectural elements that reflect the placeness characteristics of an area. On-site surveys were conducted to assess the continuity and discontinuity in the characteristics of 62 renovated and 40 newly constructed buildings. Additionally, shifts in social perceptions regarding physical changes were explored through an analysis of commercial districts and interviews with visitors, store owners, and architects. Yeonnam-dong has a distinct physical environment, as well as economic, social, and cultural characteristics that distinguish it from mainstream areas, such as large apartment complexes and typical commercial zones. The area, with its winding alleyways from the pre-modern period and low-rise housing—marginalized from large-scale development—evoked nostalgia and created a distinctive sense of authenticity or placeness, which was further enhanced by the presence of exotic restaurants, cafés, ateliers, and creative activities of early gentrifiers. However, rapid commercialization has led to the displacement of these early gentrifiers, an influx of new investments and construction, and shifts in commercial flows. Consequently, the area’s authenticity has become diluted, and visitors’ perceptions of it have changed. Despite this, architectural elements observed in renovated buildings are preserved and incorporated into newly constructed ones. Features such as semi-basements, exterior straight stairs, and brick façades continue to reflect the locality. Detached and multi-household homes from the 1960s to the 1990s have evolved into a new hybrid commercial–residential form designed for commercial purposes. This is a response to small plot sizes in Korean residential areas and reflects the current economic and cultural demands of commercial gentrification. The urban and architectural characteristics of this area are not only a unique physical environment but also hold socio-cultural significance as ordinary heritage. Therefore, this study proposes institutional measures to preserve urban and architectural continuity while controlling the ongoing commercialization.

An In-depth Analysis of Luteolin Regarding its Preclinical, Clinical and Nanoformulations Perspectives

A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism- that is, found in nature. The term natural product has also been prolonged for commercial purposes to refers to dietary supplements, cosmetics and food produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients. Luteolin, a bioflavonoid found abundantly in various fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential pharmacological properties. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted aspects of luteolin, encompassing clinical studies, experimental research, kinetic analyses, nanotechnology-based formulations, and synergistic interactions with conventional drugs. The introduction section describes the various sources and biological functions of luteolin and emphasizes its importance in the realm of medicine. The clinical studies section provides insights into the therapeutic potential of luteolin in various human diseases, highlighting its efficacy, safety profile, and potential mechanisms of action. Experimental studies exploring luteolin's mechanisms of action, cellular interactions, and therapeutic effects in various disease models. It elucidates underlying the biological mechanism of luteolin, shedding light on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, a detailed pharmacokinetic study examines the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of luteolin, offering valuable information for optimizing its dosing regimens and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The integration of nanotechnology in luteolin formulations is discussed, focusing on innovative nanoformulations that improve its solubility, stability, and targeted delivery, thus enhancing its bioavailability and efficacy. Additionally, this review delves into the synergistic interactions between luteolin and conventional drugs, emphasizing the potential for combination therapies to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce adverse effects. The synergistic mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence, and future prospects of these combinations are explored in detail. Future applications of luteolin appear to be very promising in a variety of fields, including personalized medicine, disease-specific medicines, and preventative healthcare.

3D technology applied to preserve cultural heritage: Historical monument Castelul Fermecat

New research strategies for the conservation and 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage allow the implementation of virtual web navigation systems that are useful for their virtual realization. In this paper is presented an optimized workflow for 3D modeling and scanning of the historical monument Castelul Fermecat located in the Nicolae Romanescu National Park in Craiova, Dolj County, Romania. 3D scanning was performed both inside and outside the building, topographic measurements were made for integration in the National Stereographic Projection System 1970 and in the final part all the obtained data were combined resulting in a complex 3D representation of the building. 3D scanning of the Castelul Fermecat was carried out with a view to its inventory by the Craiova City Hall - Heritage Department and its promotion by the owner for tourism and commercial purposes. Castelul Fermecat, together with the Nicolae Romanescu National Park and other objectives in it, is on the list of historical monuments with identification code DJ-II-a-A-07924.

Swine clones: potential application for animal production and animal models.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), or cloning, is used to reprogram cells and generate genetically identical embryos and animals. However, the cloning process is inefficient, limiting its application to producing valuable animals. In swine, cloning is mainly utilized to produce genetically modified animals. Indeed, recombinant DNA technologies have evolved considerably in recent years, with homologous recombination and gene editing technologies becoming more efficient and capable of recombining both alleles in a single cell. The selection of appropriate cells and their use as nuclear donors for SCNT is the most common method for generating edited and genetically modified animals for commercial and research purposes. This article reviews current applications of swine cloning and shares our personal experiences with the procedure in this species.

Navigating English as a Medium of Instruction Practices in a Public School

The Implementation of English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) in public schools has been connected with teachers’ competence, teachers’ professional development and teacher learning processes. The study adopts the qualitative case study to explore EMI practices in a classroom of a public school through the lenses of Vygotsky’s (1978)social interactional theory. The study looks into the experiences and practices of teachers, students, and other stakeholders in EMI classrooms. The research findings show that teachers are unable to make their pedagogy meaningful as the textbooks of private publications are entirely designed for commercial purposes; as a result, the students are quiet and passive due to the fear of EMI in the classroom. The study also reveals that newly appointed teachers have a zeal to enhance professional development and network among the teacher community to uplift students’ levels. Lastly, the paper paves the way for in-depth debate on EMI policy and practices in public schools.

Study on the "Gender Misplaced" Characters in Chinese Comedies

In 2015, with the expansion of the Chinese film, comedy films gradually gained popularity among the public due to its relaxed cheerful styles, those film also suitable for all ages. Moreover, comedy genres has been continuously changing in response to market requirement. However, following the rise as one of the most favored genres, comedies' merits were increasingly exploited for commercial purposes. Consequently, an influx of low brow and crude comedic works results in a decline of indigenous comedic films’quality.This paper focuses on Mahua Funage Films, the representative of Chinese comedic films, gained exceptional success and have positive reception by audiences from 2015 to 2023. According to Maoyan film rankings(film statistics website in China), among the top 30 domestic comedy films in recent years, there are 9 films in which Mahua Funage (including the production team or actors) participated, and the scores are as high as 9.1, achieving in both box office and reputation in nearly 5 years. Notably, some of Mahua Funage’s films related to the themes of ”Gender Misplacement”.Thus,this paper aims at scrutinizing portrayals with ”gender misplaced” in Mahua Funage's comedies while delving into historical background behind their comic allure and analyzing factors contributing the decline of the reputation by abusing “gender misplaced".

Tinjauan Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran Hak Cipta Dalam Penggunaan Lagu Atau Musik Instrumental SKJ88 Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Hak Cipta

Legal protection of Intellectual Property (IPR), especially Copyright, is an important element in the legal system that reflects the aspirations and goals of the state to recognize, respect and protect the intellectual works of its citizens. This protection includes economic rights and moral rights attached to the work, which not only provides benefits to the creator, but also has a positive impact on social and economic development. Considering that IPR is traded globally, strategic steps are needed to protect these rights from misuse or detrimental violations. The copyright infringement case that occurred in the song SKJ88 by O Shop, which was used without permission in product promotion, is a clear example of the importance of legal protection for intellectual works. This case underscores the urgency of more effective law enforcement, including the need for compliance with copyright registration procedures and collaborative publishing arrangements to prevent piracy. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of legal protection for copyright in preventing and dealing with violations of the use of intellectual works for commercial purposes without permission

The Lawfulness of Using Inventions for Generative AI Training : A Case Study of a US Lawsuit against OpenAI and Perplexity AI

Copyright protection in Indonesia is governed by Law No. 28 of 2014 (Law 28/2014), encompassing moral and economic rights. This law imposes limitations on the use of works for education, law enforcement, or technological development as long as such use does not harm the legitimate interests of the rightholder. The development of generative AI (GAI) poses challenges in determining the legality of using copyrighted works for GAI training. This study examines copyright regulations concerning GAI through normative, conceptual, and comparative legal approaches, including case studies on lawsuits against OpenAI and Perplexity AI. The findings indicate that the legality of using copyrighted works depends on the data input process and output (responses). Data scraping is considered an economic right of the rightholder, classified as reproduction under Article 9 of Law 28/2014. If such acts are conducted without the rightholder’s consent and for commercial purposes, they are deemed unlawful under Indonesia’s current copyright law. GAI outputs may also infringe copyright if: (1) the source is not cited, violating Article 7 on copyright management information; (2) substantial portions of the work are reproduced, violating the rightholder's economic rights under Article 9; or (3) the work is distorted in a way that harms the rightholder’s honor, infringing on moral rights under Article 5. To accommodate AI development, specific regulations integrating AI transparency principles outlined in SE Kominfo 9/2023 are required. These regulations could include obligations for AI companies to release summaries of training datasets, include Uni EropaLAs that define the responsibilities of AI developers and users, and provide disclaimers regarding AI's limitations. Regarding the fulfillment of rightholders’ economic rights, a non-exclusive blanket license through Collective Management Organizations (CMOs) as stipulated in Permenkumham 15/2024 is necessary. These regulations should be synchronized with related policies to establish legal certainty that adapts to technological advancements.

Sculpting Light: The Impact of Photographic Lighting on the Perception of Musculature and Physical Aesthetics Through the Homo Gaze

This study explores the impact of photographic lighting on perceptions of musculature and physical aesthetics through the homo gaze among 350 openly gay men in Bangkok. Employing three advanced lighting setups—split and fill, Rembrandt with black foam, and split overhead non-fill—this research methodically assesses how different lighting conditions influence visual perceptions across three body types: endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph. Participants rated muscular definition in images using a structured scale: defined, less defined, or unchanged. A comprehensive mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, captures detailed emotional and aesthetic reactions. The findings demonstrate that lighting not only significantly alters perceptions of musculature but also shapes broader beauty standards within the gay community. By illustrating the crucial role of lighting in photographic art and design, this study contributes to visual culture discourses. It underscores the importance of inclusive aesthetic standards and the enhancement of visual communication for commercial purposes, offering strategic insights for engaging diverse markets.

Delving into the dietary delights of cucurbits: A nutritional and therapeutic exploration

For a well-balanced diet, vegetables are essential, especially as a source of minerals, dietary fiber, vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B9, C, D and E) and phytonutrients which are vital to human nutrition. They constitute a sizable percentage of the diet and nutrition. The Cucurbitaceae family of plants include a wide variety of vegetables that have been valued for their nutritional and culinary versatility. They are been grown for commercial purposes round the year. Cucurbits are preferred by many people and can be eaten raw or cooked because of its high water content and low fat content, they facilitate for weight management and hydration. They are utilized in a balanced diet since they have good nutrient profile and little calories. Cucurbits have been shown to be high in dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, making them suitable for intake by persons of all ages. They have strong antioxidant activity as well as a number of therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antitumour, anti-diabetic and anti-ulcer qualities. Understanding the nutritional characteristics of cucurbits is imperative to make aware about the most of their health benefits and including them into diet plans that aim to improve overall health and well-being. Cucurbit nutrition, emphasizing key nutrients, health-promoting qualities and possible effects on human health are the topic taken for discussion in this review.

Eggshell Quality Traits and Transcriptome Gene Screening Between Yunnong and Jingfen Chicken Breeds.

The eggshell quality traits in avian species, including Yunnong chickens (YN), are crucial for commercial and breeding purposes. The use of advanced biotechnologies, such as gene sequencing, has become increasingly common for identifying genetic markers and comparing specific traits in livestock. However, genetic markers related to eggshell traits in YN chickens remain unexplored. This study aimed to compare eggshell quality traits and identify genetic markers in YN chickens versus commercial Jingfen chickens (JF). A total of 400 chicks (200 per breed) were reared for 300 days under controlled conditions. At the end, 60 eggs from each breed were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to examine eggshell cross-sections and mammillary layer structure. Tissue samples from kidneys and eggshell glands were collected from six hens per breed for RT-qPCR analysis to study gene expression profiles. Results showed that YN chickens had significantly higher eggshell strength, thickness, mammillary density, and effective layer thickness than JF chickens (p < 0.01). Despite this, YN chickens had a thinner mammillary layer. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed five candidate genes related to eggshells (LSS, NSDHL, MSMO1, SQLE, and FDFT1) that play an important role in this process. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment in several biological processes, including steroid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, purine metabolism, and thiamine metabolism. Based on these results, the YN chickens have strong eggshells with better thickness, mammillary density, and effective layer thickness. In addition, genomic and pathways analysis suggest a complex interaction of metabolic, immune, and cellular processes potentially influencing eggshell quality traits in poultry.

Gene Silencing via Ingestion of Double-Stranded RNA in Wireworm of Agriotes Species.

Wireworms are the most destructive soil insect pests affecting horticultural crops. The damage often renders them unsuitable for commercial purposes, resulting in substantial economic losses. RNA interference (RNAi) has been broadly used to inhibit gene functions to control insect populations. It employs double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to knockdown essential genes in target organisms, rendering them incapable of development or survival. Although it is a robust approach, the primary challenges are identifying effective target genes and delivering their dsRNA into wireworms. Thus, the present study established a liquid ingestion methodology that efficiently delivers dsRNA into wireworms. We then investigated the effects of four target genes on wireworm mortality. The highest mortality rate reached 50% when the gene encoding vacuolar ATPase subunit A was targeted. Its transcript content in the fed wireworms was also significantly reduced. The mortality rates of the other three target genes of vacuolar ATPase subunit E, beta-actin, and chitin synthase 1 were 28%, 33%, and 35%, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating an efficient feeding methodology and the silencing of target genes in wireworms. Our findings indicate that RNAi is an effective alternative method for controlling the wireworm pest, and can be used to develop field treatment strategies.

CREATION AND PROMOTION OF AN ARCHITECTURAL BRAND ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PUERTA AMERICA HOTEL IN MADRID

The work is dedicated to an important architectural object – the Hotel Puerta America in Madrid. Modern trends in architectural practice, mainly for commercial purposes, are characterized by the creation of architectural objects that are distinguished by very vivid imagery, sometimes even excessive. Such buildings are called landmark or iconic. It has been proven that Puerto America is just such an object. The article traces the stages of creating an architectural brand, promoting its image on tourist sites and perception by visitors using the example of a hotel. At the concept stage, the hotel was conceived by the executives and managers of the Spanish firm Silken Hotels as an iconic building, a place that combines different perspectives on architecture, design and art. A brief description of the main design features of the exterior and rooms, as well as public spaces such as lobbies, restaurants, bars, lounge areas, etc. is provided. What is unique is that individual authors and teams worked on the design of the hotel, implementing their ideas within the strict limits of the already existing structure. Brief information about the authors of architectural solutions is provided, among which are four Pritzker Prize laureates – Norman Foster, Zaha Hadid, Jean Nouvel and Arata Isozaki. The result of such a creative experiment was not an object belonging to any style direction, but rather a museum of architecture and design or even an architectural attraction. An analysis of the representation of hotel rooms for booking on the relevant sites has been presented, showing the inconsistency of lofty ideas, their implementation by outstanding masters in the field of architecture and design, and the quality of information about it, the lack of understanding by the managers of these sites of the uniqueness of architectural and design solutions and the importance of professional and full coverage of the main advantages of the hotel. Keywords: architecture, design, advertising, brand, hotel, artistic image.

Can the Suspension Method (Tenderstretch vs. Achilles Tendon) Enhance Horsemeat Quality?

This study investigated whether the suspension method (tenderstretch, TS or Achilles tendon, AT) can improve the quality of horsemeat by analyzing longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles. A total of 25 horse carcasses were considered experimental units and split longitudinally, with one half suspended using the TS method and the other half using the AT method, which enabled a direct comparison within the carcass. After 7 days of aging under commercial processing conditions, the LD and ST muscles were analyzed for pH, color (L*, a*, b*), water-holding capacity (drip loss, thawing loss, cooking loss), tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear force), and sarcomere length. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure in SAS, with Bonferroni correction applied for post hoc comparisons. Significant differences were found between the muscles: LD had higher tenderness (39.28 N vs. 49.77 N, p = 0.0011), lower cooking loss (23.56% vs. 27.04%, p = 0.0002), and higher thawing loss (12.38% vs. 9.72%, p = 0.0021) compared to ST muscle, which had a lighter color (L* = 41.90 vs. 37.73, p < 0.0001) and longer sarcomeres (2.22 μm vs. 1.74 μm, p < 0.0001). While the TS suspension method significantly increased sarcomere length (2.05 μm vs. 1.92 μm, p = 0.0020), it did not lead to significant improvements in other quality attributes such as pH, water-holding capacity, or tenderness. The results indicate that although the TS method affects muscle structure by elongating sarcomeres (with an average difference of 0.13 μm), it does not significantly improve the overall quality of the horsemeat compared to the AT method after 7 days of aging. A combination of factors beyond suspension methods, such as optimizing aging periods or considering additional processing techniques, may therefore be required to improve horsemeat quality. This study provides insights into the specific attributes of LD and ST muscles and their response to suspension methods and contributes to a better understanding of optimizing horsemeat quality for commercial purposes.

A framework to nurturing digital entrepreneurs: Demystifying critical factors that influence tech-driven business behavior

Technology and the internet have altered business activities by enabling organizations to reach customers, develop markets, enhance profitability, and raise brand awareness. With 167 million social media users, Indonesia’s internet economy provides numerous entrepreneurial possibilities; however, just 0.43% of entrepreneurs are technology-based. This demonstrates the need for digital entrepreneurship education and effective social media use, particularly among tech-savvy college students. The present study aims to examine the effects of social media utilization, digital entrepreneurship education, and attitude toward digital business on the technology-based entrepreneurial behavior of Indonesian university students, using the frameworks of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and the theory of planned behavior. This study employs quantitative research using a non-probability sampling method with a judgmental technique, focusing on 391 university students engaged in entrepreneurial activities using social media. The study employed SmartPLS to analyze the research data. The results indicate that social influence, work and performance expectations, and attitude toward digital entrepreneurship positively influence the use of social media for technology-based entrepreneurial activities. Moreover, the paper unveiled that the provision of digital entrepreneurship education and the utilization of social media for commercial purposes had a beneficial influence on behavior that is predisposed toward technology. The present study demonstrates that the adoption of social media functions as a mediator in the association between digital entrepreneurship education and the adoption of social media, therefore exerting an impact on technology-based entrepreneurial behavior. AcknowledgmentsThe research team would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for providing funding for the research program based on Decree number 0667/E5/AL.04/2024 with university internal decree number: 0038-RD-LPPM-UMN/P-HD/VI/2024, and Universitas Multimedia Nusantara for supporting the implementation of this investigation.

Ethics of Procuring and Using Organs or Tissue from Infants and Newborns for Transplantation, Research, or Commercial Purposes: Protocol for a Bioethics Scoping Review.

Ethics of Procuring and Using Organs or Tissue from Infants and Newborns for Transplantation, Research, or Commercial Purposes: Protocol for a Bioethics Scoping Review.

Development of a Protocol for In-vitro Regeneration of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

The experiment was conducted to find out an effective combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators for in vitro regeneration of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a medicinally important, zero-calorie value, sweet tasted and an antidiabetic herb. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP and NAA were used for shoot regeneration using shoot tip as explant. The highest shoot regeneration percentage (83.33%) was obtained from the MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l NAA followed by 72.92% of shoot regeneration from MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP + 3.0 mg/l NAA. The lowest percentage (29.17%) of shoot regeneration was observed in MS medium with 0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA. Significant numbers of healthy and vigorous shootlets were proliferated showing normal phenotypes. The in vitro proliferated shoots were inoculated on MS medium supplemented individually with 0, 1.0, 6.0 mg/l IBA for root initiation. Among the treatments used for root initiation, the highest percentage (75%) of root formation was observed in MS medium supplemented with 6 mg/l IBA + 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l NAA followed by 71.43% in MS medium with 6 mg/l IBA + 3.0 mg/l BAP + 3.0 mg/l NAA. In contrast, the lowest percentage (14.28%) of root formation was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 6 mg/l IBA + 0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l NAA. For mass production of healthy Stevia plantlets, MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l NAA, in combination with MS media supplemented with 6 mg/l IBA + 1.0 mg/l BAP + 2.0 mg/l NAA could be used for further proliferation of the plantlets for commercial purpose.

Enhancing Heat Transfer Efficiency Through Controlled Magnetic Flux in a Partially Heated Circular Cavity Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanofluid and an Internal Square Body

Applications including aircraft systems and electronics cooling depend on effective heat transfer. This study investigates magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convection and thermal radiation for heat transfer in a circular cavity filled with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanofluid and containing a square obstruction. This study examines the impact of the internal geometry on heat transfer and fluid flow dynamics under three distinct boundary conditions, and it presents a comprehensive analysis based on a wide range of Hartmann (Ha) and Rayleigh (Ra) numbers. MWCNT nanofluid with high thermal conductivity was employed to enhance heat transfer efficiency, using a solid volume fraction (SVF) of 4% for MWCNTs and assuming Newtonian behavior for computational simplification. Magnetic properties were imparted to the nanofluid by assuming the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in a base fluid containing magnetic nanoparticles. Other walls were insulated, the bottom wall was heated, and a magnetic field (MF) with Ha ranging from 0 to 100 was applied. It was observed that raising Ra from 103 to 106 improved the Nusselt number (Nu) from 0.08 to 7.1 using the Galerkin finite element method. Ha increased from 0 to 100 and reduced Nu by 35%. Three boundary conditions for the square body showed that the heated conditions provided the largest Nu. By means of an increase in SVF from 0 to 0.04, the MWCNT nanofluid improved heat conductivity by 18%. Radiation effects with the radiation parameter Rd = 0.5 increased heat transmission by 22%. These results underline the importance of considering MHD and nanofluid characteristics in maximizing heat transfer for commercial purposes, and the approaches employed in this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the behavior of thermal systems under the influence of MHD and internal geometry.

Antibacterial Activity and Anti-inflammatory Activity VitexNegundo (Nirgudi) Plant Extract

Vitexnegundo is commonly known as Nirgundi. It belongs to family Verbenaceae. Its plant is branched, deciduous shrub found in all parts of India. Nirgundi possess various medicinal properties. It is also well known to possess antibacterial properties. The aim of present work is to evaluate the antibacterial property of Nirgundi plant parts. Themethanol extract of Nirgundi stem, leaves and flowers were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It was reported in the study that the methanol extract of Nirgundi plant parts possess potent antibacterial property compared with the Streptomycin as a standard.Therefore, it is suggested to develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases and Nirgundi plant parts can be used more and more for commercial purpose. The present study was undertaken to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Vitexnegundo roots in rats. The anti-inflammatory action was studied by Plethysmometer method. The ethanolic extract of Vitexnegundo roots was screened for phytochemical analysis and revealed the presence of all components. The adult rats were divided into four groups of six each and maintained under ideal laboratory conditions. Group I was taken as control and group II treated with the standard drug Indomethacin (10 mg/kg), the ethanolic extract of Vitexnegundo root 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were fed to group III and IV. It is observed that the ethanolic extract of Vitexnegundo roots shows considerable anti-inflammatory effect by using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The higher dose groups of Vitexnegundo root extract (400 mg/kg) were revealed more activity than their corresponding lower dose

A Beginner’s Guide to Producing and Saving Open-Pollinated Seeds for North Florida Farmers and Gardeners

Seed saving is the art and practice of preserving and sharing seeds from desired open-pollinated plants. Saving seeds has many benefits and motivations that may include improving the adaptability of a crop to a region or microclimate, preserving cultural traditions and foods, growing for nutrient density and flavor preferences, saving on the cost of seed purchases, and connecting to local communities through seed sharing. For example, you may start saving seeds to preserve a beloved heirloom variety with flavors that remind you of home or to improve on a crop that performed particularly well. Saving your own seeds can save money, as one good growing season can produce many years' worth of seeds. This publication is for farmers and gardeners interested in producing, using, or donating seeds from open-pollinated plants. It recommends practices to produce, harvest, and store seeds from annual vegetable, fruit, and herb crops. This guidance is not intended for commercial purposes.